Feminism and Marxism (1976)

Home was the area where all the people of the gens lived in large buildings communally. The men left the home to hunt for food in the form of big game. Even when the men were fortunate enough to bring something back, it was the women who learned to use fire for cooking, develop utensils for eating, storing and preserving, processing leather for warm clothing plus an infinite variety of other necessary, useful and highly creative labor. Because the men were not always successful on the hunt, the women found other forms of food, first as a supplement to the hunt and later as a replacement. They learned to dig for potatoes, yams and other roots. Later they learned field cultivation and consciously planted a variety of foods. They first caught small bugs, lizards and animals for food and later learned to domesticate animals and breed them. This barely even touches on the enormous development they brought about in production and tools and a variety of useful labor. Engels: woman first to articulate speech Women worked together. A development or discovery of one was a development for all. They not only learned from each other but they taught the children and the men what they learned. Engels even speculates that it was probably women who first articulated speech. It was the men who were more isolated on the hunt and had to spend much time in silence. It was the women who were constantly experimenting and exchanging experiences and teaching the children who participated in the work as soon as they were old enough. Women were never thought of as being unable to do heavy work. It has been established that it was they who physically built the large community houses. There appears to have been no competitiveness between the sexes.


Feminism and Marxism (1976)

Not only did this not appear to cause any loss of femininity in the eyes of the male or female, but on the contrary, earned her equal respect, and because of her childbearing capacity, greater than equal respect. And particularly the most respected members of primitive society were the old women whose advice and consideration were considered of prime importance in every significant undertaking. Development of the pairing family Engels explains that natural selection operated to gradually reduce the circle of marriage between large groups to its last unit, one man and one woman, known as the pairing family. Although this sounds like the modern family unit, we must remember once again not to look at primitive society through property-tinted glasses. This pairing family existed within the gens which meant that the woman was not materially dependent in any way on the man. The gens was responsible for the material subsistence of all its members, and also mother-right still prevailed. The marriage tie was very loose and could easily be dissolved by either party. If they separated the man would go back to his own gens, (that of his mother or his sister) and could take his personal property which most likely consisted of his instruments for procuring food. The household goods, the most important property, stayed with the woman in her gens, and so did the children. There was a similar procedure if one of them died. It provided no material problem for the woman. In this way her choice was as free as the man’s on whether to live with him or not. The pairing marriage, Engels points out, placed at the side of the natural mother, the authenticated father for the first time. “Tf,” he continues, “no new social (his emphasis) driving forces had come into operation, there would have been no reason why a new form of the family should arise out of the pairing family.


Feminism and Marxism (1976)

But these driving forces did commence to operate.” Development of surplus — beginning of wealth There came a point when the men no longer went hunting. Learning from the women to domesticate and breed animals, they applied this knowledge to the larger animals. They developed herds of horses, camels, donkeys, oxen, sheep, goats and pigs. Such possessions required merely supervision and only elementary care. The animals could be bred in larger and larger numbers and provide much more than enough milk and meat than was needed for immediate or imminent use. Hunting was no longer a necessity. It was now only a luxury. To whom did this new wealth belong? Undoubtedly, says Engels, to the gens. At the time of the first available written literature, the Bible itself, as well as other literature and art, 1t becomes clear that everywhere herds were already the separate property of the family chiefs. After the herds developed, more people were needed to tend the cattle. And as field cultivation developed, more people were needed to care for the fields. The development of production had led to the development of a surplus of the means of subsistence. For the first time in history, they produced more than what it cost to maintain themselves. And so slavery was invented. In earlier times, when wars broke out among tribes (a multiple grouping of gens) the vanquished were either killed or adopted with their wives and children into the victorious tribe. Slavery was unheard of. <Chinese textile mill> nt factory> <New York garme Origin of private property -- destruction of mother-right Near the end of the development of primitive society, people found that not only were slaves useful to tend cattle and fields, but they could be bred like cattle. The accumulation of riches, “once they had passed into the private possession of families and there rapidly multiplied, struck a powerful blow to a society founded on pairing marriage and mother-right gens.


Feminism and Marxism (1976)

The man seized the reins in the house also; the woman was degraded, enthralled, the slave of the man’s lust, a mere instrument for breeding children. This lowered position of women . . . has become gradually embellished and . . . clothed in milder form, but by no means abolished.” Inheritance And so as property was transformed from public to private, and descent through the male was instituted to authenticate the heirs for purposes of bequeathing the property, the institution of the family was established. Despite all the protestations of state and church to the contrary, the origin of the family is rooted in material conditions and the development of private property—and not in religious or spiritual conceptions. The origin of the word “family” meant slave, and the family included a man, his wife, children and slaves. The women were acquired into this economic unit for the purpose of procreating heirs to whom to bequeath private property—and as such, the family served the interests of the possessing class. This was the real origin of the family. When social production became transformed into private production, the nature of the family changed from a socially cooperative foundation as it existed under the matriarchy to the private foundations of the patriarchy. This does not mean that human nature was more humane under the matriarchy. The material conditions required productive cooperation for survival, which was then reflected in the social relations. How private property made slavery The conversion of social property to private property eventually meant even the conversion of humans to private ownership. For primitive women, childbearing not only provided a greater impetus for her to participate in social production, but was virtually a form of social production itself. The husband had no authority over her, and she was never dependent upon him economically or materially.


Feminism and Marxism (1976)

Usually, the female portion ruled the house. ...The stores were in common; but woe to the luckless husband or lover who was too shiftless to do his share of the providing. No matter how many children, or whatever goods he might have in the house, he might at any time be ordered to pick up his blanket and budge; and after such orders it would not be healthful for him to attempt to disobey. The house would be too hot for him; and... he must retreat to his own clan (gens); or as was often done, go and start a new matrimonial alliance in some other. The women were the great power among the clans (gentes), as everywhere else. They did not hesitate, when occasion required, ‘ to knock off the horns, ’ as it was technically called, from the head of a chief, and send him back to the ranks of the warriors.” Excerpt from The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State by Frederick Engels. Despite all its exploitation and brutality, the capitalist system, more than any of the preceding social systems, is dependent on constantly revolutionizing the productive forces, even where this flies in the face of its most cherished religious and moral prejudices. Capitalism constantly perfects its technology, not in the interest of social progress, but rather of super-profit. <Los Angeles, “Ma Bell’s” first woman installer.> The development of the contraceptive pill, like many previous inventions and discoveries, has brought about a virtual revolution in the social relations of many women, particularly as it affects the younger generation. The Pill — weapon against involuntary procreation The fact that the Pill may not yet be fully perfected and may subject the user to hazards is another matter. The significant fact is that its simplicity of use has enabled the woman to control to a large degree her procreative function, and with little or no effort or discomfort.


Feminism and Marxism (1976)

It is in fact, for her, a technically revolutionary development in her centuries- old struggle to achieve release from the slavery imposed upon her by her inability to control this vital body function. Despite the fact that this country is steeped in ancient prejudice and warped by what Marx called the “malignant furies” of private material interests, a wide variety of statistics show how fully and quickly women understood and welcomed the Pill. It is interesting that a substantial number of young women in particular have taken this new opportunity to venture forth into the world and participate in all phases of life with the same freedom from unwanted pregnancy as men. The development of this simple contraceptive has enabled many more women to break through the overgrowth of prejudice and hypocrisy and gain greater freedom in sex relations, more nearly equal to that of men. For women, the accessibility of the Pill is in the nature of winning a civil right in the struggle for the rights of women. It obviously does not end oppression and discrimination against women, nor does it put an end to the ideology of male supremacy, but it helps clear some of the ground for the further development of the struggle. "Free-love” us. freedom to set love free Much of the attack by bourgeois elements on the use of the Pill centers on the alleged fear of the growth of promiscuity, as well as the fear that it will injure the “sanctity” of the bourgeois family. Substantially the same arguments were used in earlier controversies on what they called “free love.” It is easy for most women to see that what is for the most part being attacked is the possible promiscuity of women. Promiscuity for men has existed as part and parcel of the monogamous family since its inception and has never been considered as affecting the so-called sanctity of the bourgeois family to any substantial degree.


Feminism and Marxism (1976)

The woman now needed the man for economic survival. And so, as Engels said, the final transformation of mother-right to father-right (descent through the father rather than the mother) marked the world historic overthrow of the female sex. The origin of bequeathing wealth to heirs This now powerful father was stimulated to bequeath his wealth to his heirs. To ascertain his heirs, he demanded complete fidelity of the wife under pain of death, while he pursued his own polygamous and adulterous adventures unendingly. And so the primitive pairing family of communal social relations under the matriarchy became transformed into the individual, monogamous family under the patriarchy. This development was the beginning of a new social and economic unit in the history of humanity. Marx said that this family unit contained in embryo form not only slavery, but serfdom also, since from the very beginning it is connected with agricultural services. It contains within itself in miniature all the antagonisms which later develop on a wide scale within society and its state. In his Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, Engels traced the origins of, and analyzed the concrete conditions of the ancient Greek family, supposedly the most civilized and highly developed people of antiquity. He said this study showed monogamy “was not in any way the fruit of individual sex-love with which it had absolutely nothing in common, for the marriages remained marriages of convenience as before. . . . The rule of the man in the family, the procreation of children who could only be his, destined to be the heirs of his wealth—these alone were frankly avowed by the Greeks as the exclusive aims of monogamy. For the rest, it was a burden. “Thus monogamy does not by any means make its appearance in history as the reconciliation of man and woman, still less as the highest form of such a reconciliation.


Feminism and Marxism (1976)

It is the cellular form of civilized society, in which we can already study the nature of the antagonisms and contradictions which develop fully in the latter.” Thus we can see that the modern family today is not what it is preached to be—a unit of sex-love, marriage and fidelity. Rather it is the bourgeois outgrowth of what Engels describes about Greek antiquity. The modern monogamous family, like the ancient one, contains within it all of the class contradictions and class antagonisms which are characteristic of class society as a whole. It is in no way divorced from the incubus of private property in the epoch of imperialist decay. On the contrary, all the contradictions rampant in capitalist society are projected into the family relationship. Transformation of the family The family has of course undergone changes, and these changes are concomitant with the stages of development of class society. Just as class society has been transformed from slave society to feudal society, and then to capitalist society, each stage demarcated by a qualitative advance in the development of the means of production, so it is that the family, as an economic unit of private property, has also changed. Initially women were purchased by men for the purpose of procreating heirs to inherit the wealth of the owners of property. For the ruling class today, for the bourgeoisie, this basic purpose has not changed. Few indeed are the rich who marry outside their class. For the workers, however, the situation is different. They do not have the problem of procreating heirs, since they do not own the great sources of wealth. But their marriage relations nevertheless conform to the norms of bourgeois society, as very often do their aspirations. Marx explained that the ideas of any epoch reflect the ideas of the ruling class.


United in service : reflections on the presbyteral council.

Consensus / 16 Conclusion / 16 Introduction The Second Vatican Council, which so explicitly high¬ lighted the collegiality of the episcopate in the Church, also gave a new form to the life of priestly communi¬ ties, joined together by a special bond of brotherhood and united to the bishop of the respective local Church. The whole priestly life and ministry serve to deepen and strengthen that bond, and a particular responsibil¬ ity for the various tasks involved by this life and ministry is taken on by the priests’ councils, which ... should be functioning in every diocese. 1 These words of JohnPaul II setthe tone for this reflection on the presbyteral council. A bond of brotherhood exists between priests and bishops. They are united in service by the sacrament of orders through which they share, in dif¬ ferent degrees, the priesthood of Christ. The presbyteral council, uniting priests and the diocesan bishop, is a visible expression of this sacramental bond. It represents the pres- byterate and aids the diocesan bishop in the governance of the diocese. Priests and bishop cannot remain in isolation from each other and expect to respond adequately to the pastoral needs of the people of God. Presbyteronun Ordinis of the Second Vatican Council recommended such a council. The motu proprio, Ecclesiae Sanctae (1966) and the Code of Canon Law (1983) mandated that there be a council of priests in each diocese. According to John Paul II, the diocesan bishop should establish a presbyteral council “to seek and obtain counsel and sugges¬ tions from his priests, as well as insights into many serious diocesan problems and help in solving them.” 2 The presbyteral council is not just another administra¬ tive structure in the Church. Rather, it is an expression of the profound sacramental communion that exists be¬ tween the bishop and his priests. They are united as co-workers and friends in the same ministerial priest¬ hood.


In apostolic vicariates and prefectures the vicar or the prefect is to establish a council of at least three missionary presbyters whose opinion is to be heard in more serious matters, even by letter. Can. 496—The presbyteral council is to have its own statutes approved by the diocesan bishop, in light of the norms issued by the conference of bishops. 2 The diocesan bishop is required to establish a pre¬ sbyteral council (see c. 495.1). The council represents the entire presbyterate of the diocese and functions like a senate to the bishop, aiding him in providing proper pastoral care for the people of God. Thus, the presbyteral council has a relationship to the bishop, to the presbyter¬ ate, and to the particular Church. The presbyteral council is described in law as a body of priests. Only the bishop and priests, since they have a unique relationship rooted in the sacrament of priestly ordination, may be members of the presbyteral council. The presbyterate necessarily includes the person of the bishop, since he is the fullness of the priesthood in the local Church. Lumen Gentium stated that “priests, prudent collaborators with the episcopal order and its aid and instrument, consti¬ tute one presbyterate with the bishop”(28). Canon 495.1 calls the presbyteral council a “ coetus sacerdotum .” The use of the term sacerdos and not presbyter emphasizes the unity of priestly ministry shared by the episcopacy and the presbyterate. Deacons are not members of the presbyteral council because, even though they share in the sacrament of orders, they are not ordained to the priesthood (see LG, 29; CD, 15). Although some presbyteral councils in the past have included deacons as a recognition of the valu¬ able ministry they perform in the Church, this is not envisioned in the present law. The statutes of the presbyteral council, which may be drafted by the council members themselves, are to be drawn up “in light of the norms issued by the conference of bishops” (c. 496).


These three bodies need careful coordination in the diocese, if they are to be effective. However, the Code of Canon Law gives no comprehensive guidelines to assist the bishop in his responsibility for coordinating them as well as other consultative bodies in the diocese. The diocesan pastoral council, when present in a diocese, is useful for discovering the major and urgent issues facing the diocese and for discerning what the faithful arc thinking. It provides a good forum to plan policy. The bishop might assemble the college of consultors, since it REFLECTIONS ON THE PRESBYTERAL COUNCIL 11 is a relatively small group, to discuss some delicate issue or an urgent problem that needs an immediate response. Finally, the bishop might consult the presbyteral council for several reasons: first, to seek counsel concerning the pastoral governance of the diocese; second, to encourage and to be encouraged by his priests, to listen to their concerns, and to be solicitous about their spiritual and material welfare. Bishops differ in the ways they coordinate the pre¬ sbyteral council and the diocesan pastoral council. Some dioceses use a two-tiered administrative approach: (1) the presbyteral council and the diocesan pastoral council work together in creating and developing poli¬ cies and programs; and (2) diocesan agencies, with the help of the deans, consultors, and the episcopal council (where it exists), implement them. Other dioceses have a coordinating office that acts as a secretariat for the presbyteral council and the diocesan pastoral council. The secretariat keeps abreast of what each group is working on and informs the bishop of its activities. In conclusion, we have seen that the canons give more general than specific norms regarding the presbyteral coun¬ cil. Most of the procedural details are determined by par¬ ticular law in each diocese with the approval of the diocesan bishop.


Trust The effectiveness of the presbyteral council demands trust between the bishop and the council, among the members of the council, and between the council and the presbyterate. The collaboration of priests and the diocesan bishop working for the welfare of the diocese through the pre¬ sbyteral council is linked to their primary priestly obli¬ gation: the proclamation of the gospel of Christ to all people (see LG, 25 and PO, 4). The importance of the work of the council requires that all participants strive to develop an attitude of trust. When the presbyteral council meets in an atmosphere of trust, it becomes a valuable element in the decision¬ making process of the bishop. Because decision making is a process that involves several individuals, a variety of abilities, and many stages, trust is vital to the process. Trust between the bishop and the presbyteral council. At times, it may be difficult for the bishop to use the consultative process with his priests and for priests to share the sense of responsibility, which weighs upon the bishop. Positive experiences with the presbyteral coun¬ cil, characterized by mutual respect, dialogue, and the free exchange of opinions, serve to strengthen the trust between the bishop and the council and to convince the participants of the value of the council. The diocesan bishop as head of the presbyterate should actively participate in and preside at the meetings of the presbyteral council. Since the council is necessarily depen¬ dent on the bishop for the way it functions, it is incumbent upon the bishop to convey his trust in the council and his willingness to collaborate with it for the good of the Church. He should welcome and actively seek its advice. It is When the presbyteral council meets in an atmosphere of trust, it becomes a valuable element in the decision-making process of the bishop. essential that he communicate clearly his need for the assistance of the council.


Similarly, the council must avoid a passive posture, whereby it fails to express the concerns and experiences of priests. Trust among the members of the presbyteral council. Many of the issues a presbyteral council addresses are complex; council members will have differing understand¬ ings about them. It is, therefore, important for members to encourage each other’s diverse gifts for the good of the whole Church. Acollective discussion of ideas raises a wide variety of approaches that can enrich diocesan pastoral programs and foster creativity. If the council’s work is to be beneficial, it is necessary that all parties engaged in it practice humility, charity, and patience. When members of the presbyteral council speak hon¬ estly and thoughtfully to one another, the council can be a forum for dialogue, mutual support, and mutual chal¬ lenge. It can also provide an opportunity for intellectual and spiritual growth. The reading of background mate¬ rial, the study of theological positions, and the discussion REFLECTIONS ON THE PRESBYTERAL COUNCIL 13 of plans and policies can be a kind of continuing educa¬ tion for the participants. Trust between the presbyteral council and the rest of the presbyterate. Members of the council must strive to discover the experiences and concerns of the otherpriests of the diocese. Anewsletter and occasional meetings with groups of priests can keep open the channels of commu¬ nication. The presbyteral council should consider care¬ fully the ways it consults with otherpriests in the diocese. It is critical that the presbyterate elect those priests as representatives to the council who have the requisite spirituality, interest, energy, and commitment. In order to ensure a genuinely representative body, it may be advis¬ able to nominate candidates according to geographic location, type of ministry, age, ethnic and racial back¬ ground, and diocesan or religious affiliation. The dioce¬ san bishop should exercise care in making appointments to the presbyteral council.


The statutes should specify how the agenda is to be drawn up and indicate specific ways various segments of the diocese 14 UNITED IN SERVICE can be encouraged to suggest matters for the agenda. The council is to interest itself in the concerns not only of the local Church, but of the Church in the United States and, indeed, of the universal Church. A genuine ecclesial spiri¬ tuality helps priests broaden their vision beyond their own parish or particular ministry to the wider Church. The agenda, with appropriate background material, is to be distributed before the meeting to allow the members sufficient time to study the material and to consult with others. It is helpful if the agenda distinguishes between action items and information items. Canon law does not prescribe restrictions concerning items to be discussed by the presbyteral council. That decision is left to the discretion of the bishop. However, the Code of Canon Law, as we saw earlier, says that matters of greater moment and certain cases defined by the law are to be brought before the presbyteral council (see c. 500.2). Canon law does not prescribe restrictions concerning items to be discussed by the presbyteral council. In the early days of presbyteral councils, much time was spent on discussion of such issues as clerical salaries, health insurance, pension plans, stipends, sabbatical pro¬ grams, alternate living situations, and the seniority sys¬ tem. The presbyteral council, however, should not con¬ centrate solely or even primarily on the personal needs of priests. The council needs to be interested in the varied facets of diocesan life for which the bishop and priests are responsi¬ ble. Thus, any matter dealing with the pastoral governance and welfare of the diocese may be on the agenda, even though itmay also be discussed by otherconsultative bodies in the diocese.


Conclusion This reflection has reviewed the historical, theologi¬ cal, canonical, and practical dimensions of the presbyte¬ ral council. It has focused on the idea of communion, which primarily refers to participation in the life of God through Christ in the Holy Spirit Because of incorpora¬ tion in Christ, Christians are united, and the Church itself is rightly called a communion. Ecclesial authority is at the service of this communion, and the purpose of all forms of ministry in the Church is to foster communion. The presbyteral council, sharing in the responsibility of the bishop as it does, makes an important contribution to communion in the local Church. The ideas and suggestions made here are intended to improve the effectiveness of the council in the local Church and to stimulate further study. It may be useful for the diocesan bishop to organize a forum or workshop for priests to discuss this document The presbyteral council needs continual evaluation and renewal if it is to serve the needs of an ever-changing society and Church. As a sign of unity in ministry, the presbyteral council enables the diocesan bishop and his priests to work collaboratively in preaching the saving truth of the gos¬ pel. Presbyteral councils have developed much in the years since the Second Vatican Council. Priests and bishops are to be commended for their generosity, enthu¬ siasm, and dedication in this particular priestly aposto- late. The bond that unites bishops and priests is rooted in the mystery of Christ and sustained by it. The Second Vatican Council says it clearly: By sacred ordination and by the mission they receive from their bishops, priests are promoted to the service of Christ, the Teacher, the Priest, and the King. They share in His ministry of unceasingly building up the Church on earth into the People of God, the Body of Christ, and the Temple of the Holy Spirit (PO, 1).


Microprocessor control of a fast analog-to-digital converter for an underwater fiber optic data link

This was true regardless of whether the A/D converter and encoder operate in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. There were three possibilities considered for implementing the control portion of the system. They were a hardware implemented control logic circuit, an Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM) controller and a microprocessor controller. Early in the project all three seemed feasible. The hardware controller could consist of a logic circuit with status inputs from the A/D converter, the signal multiplexer and the Manchester encoder. These inputs would generate appropriate control outputs back to the three main components to ensure synchronous operation of the entire system. This hardware controller would be simplified if all circuit components were supplied timing by one common clock. 15 An EPROM controller would simply consist of an EPRQM with its address bus connected to a clocked counter circuit and possibly the status lines from the three svstem components. The data bus -from the EPROM would provide the necessar / control inputs back to the components. By appropriate programming of the EPROM, system control could be achieved as the counter sequentially accessed the EPROM' s addresses. This controller implementation could possibly reduce the required hardware components and also allow for easier correction of design mistakes or future svstem expansion. The microprocessor controller is the most flexible of the three considered possibilities and probably the most expensive. A microprocessor could be used to control the system's components directly via the components' control inputs or to control the data bus and the components' access to it. The growth of the level of complexity of the system would seem almost endless with a microprocessor controller and this might very well be a hindrance in the Prototype's initial design. However, a microprocessor controller would provide the highest number of possible solutions for problems encountered during the initial design as well as flexibility in future system growth. 16 D.


Middlebury Campus 1972-01-28 : Volume LXVII, Issue 11

Hunt also had to gain approval from the Vermont Highway Dept, for a access to Route 7, which involved turning lanes, center islands, and traffic control signals. The necessary arrangements for sewage disposal, water, and rubbish removal were also made. By December, the only remaining approval required before construction could begin was from the District En¬ vironmental Commission which was set up by Act 250. The title of Act 250 is “An Act to create an Environmental Board and District Commissions.” It was passed in 1970 to aid in state¬ wide control of the environment of Vermont. One way in which the act works is in the area of controlling land developments. Any person wishing to develop an area greater than ten acres (for other than personal use) must submit an application to the Environmental Commission as well as to the local planning commission. The proposed shopping center came under the jurisdiction of District Com¬ mission which covers Addison and Chittendon counties. The Commission must then have a public hearing at which all persons can discuss the pros and cons of the proposal. On the basis of this and subsequent meetings, the Commission must then ap¬ prove or deny the application. Its decision is made on the grounds of specific criteria stated in Act 250 : l ) air and water pollution, 2) availability of water for the development, 3) soil erosion, 4) traffic conditions with respect to existing or proposed highways, 5) the effect on aesthetics, natural beauty, historic sites, and rare or irreplacable natural areas, ti) conforms with land use. regional, or local plans. The burden of proof rests either with the ap¬ plicant or with those opposed to the project, as outlined in Act 250. 0(H) Cars The final plans of the shopping center were given to the District Environmental Commission prior to the scheduled Jan. 17 meeting. The site is 10.4 acres, of which 8.4 will contain buildings or paved area for parking.


Community Council Approves VPIRG BY RICK vo n A The Community Council decided at its meeting of January 19 to declare the Middlebury Public Interest Research Group a school group pending the sub¬ mission of a constitution. This approval, however, does not solve the problem of how the group will be funded. Paul Gionfriddo and Richard Prario were present to represent the group and to lobby for ap¬ proval of the proposed funding system. This system entails the raising of the Student Activity Fee by six dollars each year. This fee would be refunded to any student (or student’s parents) upon request. A petition made earlier this year revealed that 56% of the student body endorsed both the concept of VPIRG and the proposed funding arrangement. The opposition to this proposal lies in the interpretation of exactly what a student activity is. By definition, a student activity is an on-campus organization. The VPIRG representatives felt that their organization, while based in Montpelier, would in¬ volve a group of Middlebury students in a rewarding and educational experience. While it is a political organization, VPIRG is non-partisan and strictly for exposing inadequacies on both sides. Baseless Argument In Prario’s words, "VPIRG is an exciting new type of student activity." He went on to say that the off campus issue was a “very baseless argument.” "Some things must be based on their own merits." he said The issue, therefore, is no longer just the validity of VPIRG. The whole question of what a student activity really is has become a major issue A future meeting will have to solve the problem of funding, thereby deciding whether VPIRG will become a viable and influential organization. As Gionfriddo stated after the meeting, "Any decision will have to live up to the expectations and goals of both the college and the members of VPIRG.” middleburv campus E 0 HEWS composting -- an alternative?


This production is scheduled for March 2-5 as part of the Miss Julie observes his demands and will therefore be doing the show in the Hepburn Zoo where a close and comfortable at¬ mosphere can be created. Simon Barenbaum. the director of Middlebury's French plays, is advisor to the production, which features Linda Headley. John Martinuzzi and Lyon Filmer Bart Teush and Erie Volkert are also advisors to the project and have volunteered their time to the development and evaluation of the work. The students are experimenting with various ap¬ proaches to the creation of a dramatic Concert Film Drama Series. The show has already undergone some interesting developments and Mr. Volkert indicates that it may be a pointedly unconventional interpretation Andrew Bloch will por¬ tray Hamlet. The cast includes many newcomers to Middlebury’s stage and the successful though dearly won approval of this third accredited production for the year is a great boost and encouragement to students who might not otherwise participate. We hope Middlebury will continue to sponsor at least three production seminars a year. Dance There are several non-dramatic per¬ formances in preparation during this term as well. The Music and Motion course led by Mr Todd and Miss Gulick is doing an evening of dance in relation to contrasting forms or periods of music. The students will dance in McCullough Gym on Feb. 2. Peter Driscoll, in addition to acting in Hamlet, is studying mime. He works with daily exercises and speaks of an informal workshop of stylized movements and illusions, tools of the mime, and the development of the situations which make up the mime’s performance. Peter has been discovering the capacity of the body to say what words cannot. Still, despite a month’s work, he feels he is just beginning to scratch the surface of art in movement.


The paper would concentrate on those areas presently not well-served by Vermont's media. These areas would include longer feature articles on human conditions in Vermont, investigative journalism, environment, a heavy coverage of the summer cultural scene, and a thorough study of some of the institutions in the state such as tax structures, the correctional institutions, the school system, and so on. While creative and independent in spirit, the paper would be low in tone in order to appeal to a broad segment of Vermont's population, and would document heavily its assertions of fact. The barriers to such a paper are many, not the least of which is financial. Even if the cost of the paper can be met. it is unlikely that participants in the project can be paid. Housing costs can probably be kept to a minimum, however, and personal expenses will probably not be high. Despite many frustrating problems that must be solved, the idea is promising and deserves an attempt. But it will need intensive and immediate attention. There will be a working meeting of people interested in such a project Monday at four in Proctor Lounge. Please bring ideas of specific areas in which you would like to work. page 4 ‘THE CAMPUS' INTERVIEWS : Dean Lillian Johnson BY JAY Hl'LME The Dean’s office has been strenghthened this year by the addition of Lillian Johnson, assistant Dean of Students. Tulsa Oklahoma is her hometown, and she graduated from Howard University in 1971, where she was a Political Science major. Dean Johnson feels that for her present work. Political Science was quite beneficial because it taught her about politics and government and also gave her a different perspective on people. When asked about Middlebury in general. Dean Johnson said that the tirst word that comes to mind would be “classic”, regarding the surroundings, serenity, and beauty of the campus, but there are other aspects as well.


Dean Johnson, who is on the President’s Health Service Committee, is also in favor of having birth control medication prescribed at the infirmary, and cannot understand why it is not being done now. When asked if she thought that she was hired because she is black, she replied "I know I was hired because I'm black “ She feels that between Blacks and Whites on campus there is an ignorance of each others' cultures. Dean Johnson believes that Blacks and Whites really would like to get to know each other but are afraid to try. Ignorance, she suspects, is the cause of this hesitation. The “Black Table" at Proctor is an example of this division, and she felt that a lot of Whites would like to sit down at this table, but will not simply becuase they are scared. Dean Johnson does not think that any group can solve this problem, but rather a fusion of the two cultures must occur on an individual basis. With regard to exact numbers, there are 1802 students on campus, 57 of whom are black, making Middlebury 3% black; Dean Johnson would like to see that percentage increase to about 10% and remain there as the college grows. She does not feelt that there is any racial discrimination in the admissions procedure, as the pictures in the ap¬ plication forms are only used for things like “New Faces.” Blacks who come to Middlebury , she said, are helped by such things as the summer orientation program and also an Inter-Departmental Course which is open only to incoming freshmen. This course, which meets 5 times each week, gives four weeks of study in each of three dif¬ ferent departments, and is a two credit program. Even with these programs, Dean Johnson believes that the key to Black-White understanding is in the obliteration of the ignorance that exists between them in society.


I will simply describe one experience which presented to me some of the less visible (more covered up) realities of life in the Soviet Union. Through this description I hope to be able to convey to you something of the feeling of being in the Soviet Union, for these realities were indeed the sights and sounds one could have feelings about. We had been in Moscow for several days. We had been given tours of the city and of several major points of interest. All of us, at one time or another (at all hours, night and day) had haunted Red Square, gasping at St. Basil's Cathedral (with the multi-^lored onion cupolas, group such as ours, earnest students all, this attempt could only fail. We also knew that Intourist (our guide, mother hen, and keeper, depending on your point of view) was not about to present us with any "stark realities" that could survive all the postulating of fifty clumsy sociologists. Therefore, when the invitation came to spend an evening in the suburbs at the home of a friend of one of our group, I accepted readily. Mische, a smiling, confident young man of twenty-five met us at our hotel. He seemed unaware (or superaware) of the situation: talking to Americans in a very public place, but he remained soft-spoken and warm behind his horn-rimmed glasses, underneath his fur hat. He greeted us easily with very good English and we were drawn to him. As our group wa’erfall was curiously peaceful, for above and below the swarm and noise were fantastic. So we rode like the chosen few from one melee to the next. The Moscow Metro system is beautiful and efficient, and the walls of the station are devoid of grafitti. Some of the art work is questionable (gilded statues of men and women carrying machine guns), but this again is a matter of perspective.


Instead, it is glutted with the waste we have thrown off, both material and human. Materially, we are burying ourselves in our own trash, and choking our own bodies in a bath of our effluents. We are hated throughout the world for our endless greed for more material things. The same is true of our human resources. For centuries we have wasted the resource which consists of the minorities of our society— Blacks, women, Indians, and Chicanos. We have wasted our productive minds by becoming obsessed with material things. These things are true for all society. They are true at Middlebury College. It is encouraging to see that in some areas, we are gradually learning that using our natural resources as efficiently and non-exploitatively as possible does not make our life worse. Instead, it adds to the quality of our existence, because we can feel a sense of harmony with our environment that would be otherwise impossible. At Middlebury, people are trying to use their resources less wastefully. We are discovering that it does not lower the quality of our lives to use a recycling box or to turn off a superfluous light. Slowly, we are discovering that to move ourselves with our own energy is better than to let the auto¬ makers haul us. Campaign GM, the movement for VPIRG, ancyhe Environmental Quality group are manifestations of student desire to bring our society into closer harmony with our surroundings. Our system of education, however, is moving in a direction that is causing more waste of an absolutely precious resource— the ability of students to teach themselves and others. Our system is becoming increasingly fascinated with technique, and as a consequence is becoming less human. We build Science Centers to teach the involved techniques of Science, but refuse to discuss the nature of Science.


Likewise the editors of the Campus are entitled to endorse whatever candidate they wish to. but such an endorsement should appear on the editorial page, not as implied in a "news article”. Douglas Rooks (Editor's note' : The present policy of this newspaper is to follow the “equal time" principle in the coverage of candidates. It has also been decided that it is best to allow the candidates to stand on their own feet with regard to issues; therefore, the Campus will attempt to offer the can¬ didates' own statements and criticisms on the issues. Last week's article came from pro-McGovern sources This week s statement isee page 2) comes from Muskie Campaign headquarters. We will attempt to solicit statements from all candidates and to present them fairly, in addition to any editorial in¬ terpretations that might be forthcoming. The date of Sept. 24. 1971 given as the time of McGovern's speech is inaccurate; a typographical error on our part The correct date is September 24. 1963 'erse Musical Elements nonization of the melody. (Counterpoint uses a second melody running underneath the first melody for harmony. This is opposed to traditional harmony which consists of melody plus chords. > In this case, the bass player supplied most of the harmonizing second melody. One of Bach’s and Mozart's simplest variation techniques was to fill in the intervals between the notes of their melodies with scales and trills. This is exactly what Neil Wolfe did in his im¬ provisation section of "All the Things You Are.” Ternary Form The improvisation section ended as abruptly as it had begun, and the Trio swung back into the big show-tune style they had started with. This is a ternary form, A-B-A, where the A represents the show-tune style which opened and closed the arrangement, and the B stands for the middle improvisation section.


As mentioned above, Neil Wolfe often borrowed the brassy, exciting circus- music sound which opens Broadway shows. He also borrowed rhythms from many styles of music. He used waltz time from Old Vienna, a modified boogie- woogie rock beat, the dance rhythm of the jitterbug, the impressionistic broken chord bass used by Debussy, definite rock continued on page 13 To the Kditor: Last week's Campus article entitled "There is a Difference” did a disservice to both Senator Muskie and Senator McGovern. It was unfair to Senator Muskie because it distorted his views on two issues. It was equally unfair to Senator McGovern because it seems as though a juxtaposition of distorted Muskie positions to actual McGovern statements was the only way to stress the positive aspects of Senator McGovern’s cam¬ paign. Particularly outrageous was the use of a statement Senator Muskie made in 1%f> as an accurate representation of his position on the war Senator Muskie has realized the error in his former position and has sincerely deplored the Indo- Chinese war in no uncertain terms as a moral, political, and military debacle. He has called for the f ixing of a terminal date for American involvement in Indo-China. Senator Muskie's position today— and that is what is most important— is second to none in opposition to the war On the question of amnesty. Senator Muskie's views are also misrepresented if the reader does not pay particularly close attention to the wording in both the Muskie and McGovern statements. Muskie believes that the terms of am¬ nesty should be discussed after the war is over. Notice how little substantive dif¬ ference there is with McGovern s position which calls for amnesty "at the end of the war.” Turning to the question of a black vice- president. it is necessary to consider Muskie's statement in the context in which it was said; Muskie was responding to a question before a group of California black leaders.


Throughout the concert, the great rapport between Taylor and his very competent bass player, Walter Robinson, was highly evident. This communal feeling included the audience as well, contributing to the overall quality of excellence of the concert. Taylor was called back for two encores, in the first of which he played a jazz version of “Greensleeves” on the flute, thus proving himself not only a master of the guitar and the piano, but a competent flautist as well. In an interview after the concert, Taylor commented, “I can safely say that Cats slip by Panthers By Tim Katzman Perlman pulls off near-masterpiece 3 -O 3 On an unseasonably warm January evening, an emotionally charged Middlebury hockey team took to the ice at Gutterson Field House, in Burlington. Led by their acrobatic ace, Larry Perlman, the Panthers played an aggressive forechecking game, only to fall, 2-1. Outshot, outskated and generally outplayed, the Pan- fc* there were not out hustled. Led by " the forechecking of Rob Mc- Callum, Charlie O’Sullivan and Bill Everett, the Panthers were not embarrassed. £ The Catamounts displayed a crisp, heady passing attack that left the Panthers one step behind. But through gutsy, dogged hustle, tne Panthers were usually able to re-group and bolster Perlman’s superb net-minding. The truth of the matter is that Middlebury, for the umpteenth time, ran into a superior team. The Cats possessed greater size, quicker shots, harder skaters and a more efficient team effort. With all their combined hustle and desire, the Panthers did not exactly blow Vermont off the ice in the opening period. At the onset of the game, Middlebury was extremely cautious; they appeared to be somewhat hesitant to go with the puck. Perhaps they felt they were unable to do so. Midd got untracked somewhat at the expense of an interference penalty to Tom Stillman at 5:19 into the period.


Gamefan's Killer Instinct 2 Strategy Guide

You can still speed up the endspecial via hold-release in KI2, or you can just perform a speed combo. To perform a speed combo, you must actually input the commands faster than usual, this is known a "Buffering". After an opener con- nects, immediately score auto doubles, or manual auto dou- bles and interrupt the animation with your next move, either a linker or Endspecial. You are essentially buffering your next move, and by performing it early, speeds up the rate that it animates. The advantage of speed up combos, is that the window of opportunity for a combo breaker appears much quicker, and makes it harder for your opponent to rec- ognize which auto doubles to break. It also speeds up the endspecial without having to perform it as a hold release move. To really intimidate your opponent, open them up with a speed combo, throw in a super linker, speed up your auto doubles, and finish it with a slo-mo endspecial. CHARGE MOVES Charge moves are Special Moves which require the player to charge back or forward on the joystick for a few seconds, then immediately move the joystick the opposite direction while pressing the desired Punch or Kick button to perform the Special Move. damage from your opponent. It's best to keep а -KI2 as -Slo-Mo | or I SUPER BAR The addition of a Super Gauge adds a new level of gameplay to KI2. It consists of six blocks, and can be maxed out to twelve blocks. A full flashing red bar indicates the first level, a flashing indicates a second level Super gauge 12. It's designed to the Super gauge is only limiting themselves. Many characters have Special Super Moves that are Specifically designed to balance them out against more powerful characters. To charge up the Super gauge, you must either perform a Special Move or Pressure Combo on a blocking opponent, or take Endspecial dramaticall N ? | Slowly connects.


HOLD RELEASE MOVE To speed up the rate a Special Move is performed, hold the required Punch or Kick button down, perform the joy- stick motion to achieve the Special Move, and release the Punch or Kick button at the point you would normally press it. This also applies to Endspecials and Ultras. Another use for hold-release moves is to first Open an opponent with a Punch or Kick attack, and hold the but- ton while performing an Opener joystick motion, then release the button at the end of the joystick motion to speed up the Opener. This is also referred to as a "Two-in-One". An example with Maya would be her low Medium Punch to Savage Blades Opener. First connect with a low Medium Punch while charging back and hold the button; the instant the low Medium Punch hits, move the joystick forward and release MP for her Savage Blades. Two-in-Ones are very useful when in close combat, and are yet another way to start Combos. SUPER MOVES One of the many refinements in KD is- ition of Super Moves. These moves are usually Super versions of regular Special Moves and do much more damage than regular Special Moves. Super Moves require 6 blocks, or one level of the This means up to two supers can be stored for later use. Due to uper Moves inflict, the motions to perform them are actice they can become second nature. up Moves. If timed right, they'll suck sombos or using them as Air Juggles is also very useful. - Each character also has a few Special Moves which require energy from the super gauge to perform. These moves are less damaging than Super Moves, but do more damage than conventional attacks. ULTRA The Ultra is a Special Move that can the Ja ofa the opponen is NO MERCYS Returning to КІ2 are Kl's No Mercy moves and Ultimate Combos.


Age: 31 With the return of the demon lord to the land, Tusk leaves the arena to issue his challenge. Only by defeat- ing all adversaries can a hero earn the right to face the evil Gargos. Tusk is perhaps one of the most damaging characters in К/2, as well as being the epitome of manliness. His only real weakness is not having any full-screen projectiles, but his Boot Kick and Skull Splitter are ideal for get- ting in close. His best Two-in-Ones are a low or high Medium Kick to a Medium Boot Kick or Fierce Punch Weh of Death. Tusk's Skull Splitter travels nearly a full screen's distance, and passes through Fireballs. The Skull Splitter also hits high; opening up a crouch- ing opponent and doubles as a Juggle Move. It can be Two-in-Oned after a Fierce Punch Overhead Move and when done out of range of Auto- Doubles, the Skull Splitter should be finished with an Endspecial or Quick Punch Conqueror. The Web of Death is also a very effective move. It's very quick and is а, close to medium-range attack. However, you have to be close to an opponent to score an Auto-Double hit. If you are close enough to con- nect an Auto-Double, try using a Medium Punch or Kick as your Auto- Double, or go to a standing Fierce Kick to Medium Punch or Kick Manual Auto-Double. If, on the other hand, the Web of Death hits your opponent but you're too far to connect an Auto-Double, it's best to finish your Combo with a Quick Punch Conqueror, followed by the Skull Splitter Juggle Move. If the Web of Death is Two-in-Oned out-of Auto-Double range, go for an Endspecial followed by a Juggle Move.


Not only does” this move juggle your opponent, it is also a Linker. : The Conqueror is probably Tusk's most powerful and annoying Special Move due to its incredible range. Tusk's Quick Punch Conqueror can be used either as a Juggle Move or a Combo Finisher. It can then be followed by the Skull Splitter for a second Juggle. When performing the Conqueror, try to time it so it connects with the opponent when Tusk's sword is horizon- tal. This particular frame has the longest range in Tusk's Conqueror anima- tion. Knowing this range is crucial in playing Tusk efficiently. Tusk's Fierce Punch Conqueror is also an Endspecial. The Boot Kick is also very powerful and can knock down mid-air oppo- nents. It can also be used as a Juggle Move. Tusk's best Opener is a Medium Boot Kick because it's easier to Two-in-One, and it's also very quick. It's best to Two-in-One it after a Manual Crouching Fierce Kick/Medium Kick Chain, because the Fierce Kick will stop Overheads. Tusk's Fierce Boot Kick is too slow to Two-in-One, hut its range is almost full-screen. His Quick Boot Kick has little range but is very fast and can he Two-in-Oned. The Quick and Medium Boot Kicks act as Linkers, and the Fierce Boot Kick doubles as a Juggle Move and an Endspecial. Tusk's Back Stab is his least-used move in most arcades, but skilled Tusk players know that this is one of his best Openers. Although it only works when you are close to your opponent, it's a great move to use against char- acters with charge moves, who will often find themselves walking right into the Back Stab. It also works wonders on players who "turtle," so learn to use it.


Age: 23 Made Queen of the land of Amazonia after her part in banishing the Dark Lord Gargos. Cast out by her tribe as Gargos returns, Maya must vanquish him to regain her throne. Maya, the Queen of Amazonia, may also be informally addressed as | the "High/Low" Queen. Her close attacks are quick and are easily Two- in-Oned with any of her devastating Special Moves making her ideal for = an aggressive player. Maya's Flip Kick Special Move is one of her Opening attacks and is also a Linker. Although the Flip Kick isn't a long range attack, it is very speedy. It's best to alternate the Flip Kick and the Savage Blades spe- cial moves in Pressure Combos. By randomly switching between these two Openers, you will decrease the chance of a Pressure Counter and raise the chances of scoring an Opener. You can also Manually Chain Maya's Flip Kick after a standing or crouching MP, FP, MK or FK. Another effective use of the Flip Kick is to Manually Chain it after her overhead FP. This is one of Maya's quickest Openers and is ideal for starting her speed-up Combos. Maya also has a Super version of the Flip Kick called the Tree Cutter. Not only does the Tree Cutter move faster and have greater range than the Flip Kick, it also does much more damage. Unlike the Flip Kick, which is an Opener, the Tree Cutter Finishes a Combo. Her Savage Blades Special Move is very effective because of its long range and decent speed. The Savage Blades is a very important part of Maya's "High/Low" game. For example, you could start off a Combo with a crouching “low” MK, MP or FK and two-in-one it with the "high" hitting Savage Blades. As a further extension of the "High/Low" game, try alternating the Savage Blades with the Mantis (which hits crouching opponents).


Mixing up the TJ Tremor with the Super KO Move (which dizzies the opponent) keeps your opponent guessing whether to block or jump. Combo's Cyclone Move is back, but in К/2 the Cyclone is much PAN i Ka more effective. It requires less charge time than be pressing back and then forth as you release Fierce takes a step forward for additional range. The Cycl used as an Air Juggle, followed up with a Powerlini tating double Air Juggle. | But perhaps TJ's greatest improvement the-Back move. Similar to Tusk's Backstab, can get you out of some preti. hairy Press Kai m ly, the Behind-the-Back Move can a daches for your opponents. For examp around to the back of your opponent, you could еш quick cheese with a throw, go for an easy Two-in-( Fierce Kick or Medium Kick, or go for an Opener to sta or you could even come in with the Pressure Move and there. This is Combo's greatest advantage, and is. ‚also makes him one of К/25 most aggressive characters. | As far as weaknesses go, Combo does lack a Fireball. However, if he is played aggressively, getting around a Fireball hurler is no big problem. One questionable move added to Combo's repertoire is his Fake Dizzy. The | y this is because the Dizzy Move can only be done when you're standing, and for your opponent to think they've magically made you dizzy by not touching you is a joke. If it works on someone you're play- ing against, please escort them away from the machine and let a real gamer jump in. My biggest gripe with the Fake Dizzy is that it could have really been an effective move, if it could be buffered with another move and/or done as your character is rising from being knocked down.


If you dow р forward and then immediately perform the Wheel, Sabrewulf perfor Manual Super Wheel that rotates twice instead of once. By using dee, not.only can you surprise the oppo- nent, but also do double the damage in the process. Although Sabrewulf can’t throw, he has a Dizzy Move which (unlike Combo's Dizzy Move) will stun the opponent from any part of the screen if they are not blocking. While this move may, be cheap, he needs it for overall balance. This is great.to use against Fireball-happy opponents, and works great as a Cross-Up Move as your opponent is rising from a fall. Sabrewulf also has a Sabre How! and a Fake Sabre Howl. Performing the Sabre Howl charges up Sabrewulf's Super gauge (hold- ing down the button will continually charge the Super gauge) but he is vulnerable to attacks during his Howl. The Fake Sabre Howl only leaves Sabrewulf vulnerable for a split second, yet it doesn't charge up | the Super gauge. A good use for the Sabre Howl is to perform it right after knocking down an opponent. If done correctly, Sabrewulf will fully | recover before the opponent can attack him. You can also use the Fake Howl to get your opponent to commit to an attacking move and then counter them. Mix up Fake Howls with real Howls to keep your oppo- nent guessing. Confident players can also use the Fake Howls in Combos for style points or as taunts. Overall, Sabrewulf is one of the easiest К/2 characters to learn and is an excellent character for beginners. His easy-to-perform, no-charge moves are instinctive and give new players a chance to discover the depths of К/2 rather than spend time and money mastering basic moves. His explosive nature is also appealing to experienced and aggressive players as well. 4 + TM SABREWULE Ы Standing Í Quick Punch Crouching Quick Punch Jumping Quick Punch Standing Medium Punch Gi ‘Crouching Medium Punch Close mE LL.


Resurrected by Gargos and forced to serve him, he goes up against the tyrant to win his freedom. Returning to K/2 is КЇ refinement done to Spin motions for Special Move Spinal has a new Skeleskewer Special Move. of its speed, and the fact that it doesn't look like a Special Move, this a useful Opener. It has excellent range and a quick recovery time. А good use for this Opener is as a Two-in-One move. Because it sends Spinal lunging toward the opponent, it almost always puts you in range to score Auto-Doubles or a quick Finisher. A crouching MP Two-in-Oned into a Skeleskewer is very effective. To expand on this (and make the move more effective against overhead Counters), start with a crouching FK to MP Manual Chain, and Two-in-One the MP with a Skeleskewer. The new Flame Blade Special Move can be used as a cheap tactic. This Special Move shields Spinal from almost all jump-in attacks. Because Spinal is stationary when performing this move, it's better to use it as a Counter rather than an Opener. It's also one of Spinal's Linkers and can be Two-in-Oned. If the Flame Blade is too far away to score an Auto-Double, try using a standing FK to MP for the Manual Chain triple. Spinal's new Skull Skrape Special passes under most Fireballs, and works as a Juggle Move. Oddly enough, the Skull Skrape can also be performed with a crouching FK, although it has limited range and does- n't work as a Juggle Move. Alternating between the two Skull Skrapes can surprise opponents walking towards you. Although Spinal lacks a Parry Move, he still has his Power Devour. This will absorb most Special Moves, and add skulls to Spinal that rotate around his body, which powers him up for the Skeleport, or they can be thrown as projectiles.


With Nintendo at the helm, do you feel that you've lost anything you could've had or done if you stayed an independent company? How has it been working with Nintendo? А: To the development staff nothing has really changed, other than the fact that the company has steadily increased its staff. We still work in the same manner as we did before the Nintendo investment and this is thanks to their trust and faith in our gaming knowl- edge and ability to pro- duce some of the most exciting games today. They know us well enough to let us get on with the job. We enjoy working with Nintendo and appreciate their support and assis- tance with many of our products. Q: Which Nintendo games do you like, and which ones (if any) influenced any of Rare's games? A: It’s not often that a Nintendo game comes out that we don't like. We enjoy all the popular clas- sics like Mario, Zelda, Pilotwings, Super Metroid, etc., but there's also some of their other titles which perhaps aren't so prominent or didn't receive the kind of glory they should have, like Kirby's Dream Course or Super Punch Out, which we think are both excellent games and still go back to play today. Nintendo has an incred- ible ability to structure their games that just makes them so much bet- ter than anything else on any other game system. When you ask which titles have influenced our products, you should also ask which Rare titles have influenced Nintendo prod- ucts. Did you ever see Atic Atac on a Sinclair Spectrum? The first Zelda games show some simi- larities! 0: With Rare іп England and Nintendo literally on the other side of the world, have you experi- enced any difficulty com- municating with them? A: Phones and faxes are marvelous inventions which always allow us to come to an amicable agreement or solve any problems at the end of the day.


Q: Have you been working at all with NCL, or has it been strictly an NOA/Rare affair? A: The majority of our communications are through NOA but we cer- tainly have strong links with NCL and in particular Mr. Miyamoto, who had some involvement with the Donkey Kong games. Q: What future changes in Rare do you see resulting from the Nintendo invest- ment? A: The main change will evolve in the next two years, when we should hopefully have a new building designed and built for us, which will allow us to expand up to 200 people. It will be constructed on land about a mile away from our cur- rent site, so we will still be situated in the country- side, where we believe we supply the best possi- ble working environment for our staff. This will lead to more, and hopefully even hetter, Rare products. A STAR IS BORN Q: When speaking to other developers, they voice a huge amount of respect for Rare that dates back to the early eighties. Take us back to that time. A: When home computing first really took off in the early '80s with the release of the Sinclair machines, Tim and Chris Stamper transferred their skill and experience they'd acquired through working with arcade boards to the Spectrum, and "Ultimate—Play the Game" was born. Ultimate was to attain near-legendary status among game players and critics alike over the next few years and it set out to establish its name from the very start with the launch of Jet-Pac in the summer of '83. This first release was a massive hit, selling 300,000 copies over a small UK user base, a practically unheard-of figure at that point in time. A string of 14 hit games followed, mainly on the Spectrum between "83-786, each one earning critical acclaim and huge sales.


Fashion International, May/June 1993

Standouts include the sleek black jersey full pants and matching tank, the midriff inset with sheer organza, and the long bias cut gown, also in black jersey, punctuated with triangular black satin waist detailing. ROBERT DANES is a relative newcomer to fashion, but not to the concept of cut and shape. Trained as an architect, his silhouettes and origami-like folding and pleating clearly echo this early influence. A simple form-like black crepe mid-calf dress features overlong sleeves, cut into geometric notches, with matching back- slit. In ivory crepe, a collarless jacket ripples into fluted pleats at the back of its long peplum, and is paired with coordi- nating easy pants. A navy crepe mid-calf dress with long sleeves incorporates a circular cut out neckline at the cleavage, and rises up to a high collar. A black crepe pantsuit features a cardigan-style jacket which buttons at the waist, revealing a black lace tank beneath. The sleeves on the jacket are extra long, extending over the fingers. In an Edwardian mode, an elongated fitted jacket with tailored, pleated peplum has a stand-up structured collar, and is teamed with a mid-calf matching black crepe slim skirt. For evening, he pleats and overlaps layers of sheer organza in a navy blouse and a long burnt orange sarong, creating an ethereal effect where no edge of the fabric is on the same level as another. And talking of ethereal ... what could be more so than the sleeveless, moss green organza, layered handker- chief hem dress, worn over a black lace catsuit. TRACY FEITH utilizes gray solids and pinstripe, beige, navy, red, brown, green, orange, and lots of black, together with a “newspaper” print. Fabrics include wools (from felt and knits to crepe), as well as denim and velvet.


Fashion International, May/June 1993

The mood is one of "70s whimsy in this ultra contem- porary collection: Vests are key in this collection, often paired with bell- bottoms, or going solo over a sweater. One ankle-length black wool vest buttons down the front, is ruched into pleats and tied with leather thongs at the back, and tops a brown sweater. A black wool crop top backless jacket is paired with bell- bottoms that are seamed at the thigh, and feature button-on wool felt panels at the hem. Taking us back to psychedelic times is the multi-fabric patchwork long coat in hues of red, with matching shorts. A long A-line skirt combines contrasting tones of green in horizontal panels of wool and velvet; while slim flared pants are overlaid with matching beige wool "apron" which buttons onto the pants via grommets (reminiscent of chaps). Metal grommets also provide an accent on a long cape (actually two flaps), which affixes it to a belted jacket with side-slits, all in navy or red wool. The inspiration for KENNETH RICHARD’s Fall collection is Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven,” creating a Gothic mood in black, plum, stone gray, white and peat wool crepe, viscose, acetate, cotton, wool knit, georgette and chiffon. The bird in question is inter- preted via feathers which adom an exotic neckpiece of black jersey with crisp cotton stand-up collar. But the beautifully man-tailored separates and dresses stem from the Edwardian era, exemplified by the "dandy" tailed single-breasted jacket with abbreviated, notched front. There’s another version of this, with a short rounded tail which curves smoothly up to continued on page 4 "The Innovation Generation" continued from page 1 tropical wool. A gray wool knit crop top, with crocheted panel, tops a long gray wool wrap skirt; while an evening column in burgundy wool has a see- through bodice with crocheted sleeves.


Fashion International, May/June 1993

High- lights include: an empire line, long wool jacket with gently curving hemline in black/gray stripe and long “hobble skirt” in black wool with slit back; a period influenced “bustle back” suit in black and gray striped wool; and a forest green tapestry print long cutaway jacket with military stand-up collar, in velvet, with matching slim pants. There’s also the option of a riding jacket in that same color/fabrication. Another vintage look takes the form of a 3/4 length black coat with spider lace trim and matching long, lace skirt. DEREK FARRAR Derek Farrar pays tribute to Audrey Hepburn in this ladylike, elegant collec- tion of gabardine, wool jersey, taffeta, and gazar, presented in red and black with white accents. A black jersey catsuit acts as the first layer under a red gabar- dine pant that looks like a skirt! Topping it off is a black squared-off gabardine vest. In a salute to the ‘50s a full, black gabardine long circle skirt pairs with a matching scoop neck vest, worn over a black jersey catsuit. And for a sparkling night on the town... look for the hand- beaded top and full black taffeta “ballgown” asymmetrical skirt, complete with train. continued on page 6 3 FALL '93 continued from page 2 a single-button closure— both neatly top the slim button cuff or slightly pegged cuff pant. Tails are also a feature on the fitted vest, and a slim skirt which is cut into a button-front “V” dipping into points at the back. As a contrast, another jacket with an airy silhouette incorporates a high back-slit, and side-slits that rise to 4 inches from the armholes: A single- breasted style, it’s extremely flattering for any size woman. High front and back- slits are also a feature on a long slim skirt, giving the illusion of culottes/ palazzos.


Middlebury Campus 1977-04-27 : Volume LXXIb, Issue 18

The monetary saving is considerable. In addition to monetary and fuel savings, Eaton pointed out other benefits resulting from a spring closing. They include the reduction of electrical con¬ sumption during a shut down, the availability of the plant for necessary repairs, and a savings in manpower costs by scheduling vacations. Campus Bars Proposed By JOHN CRAWFORD Members of the Middlebury College community responded with mixed emotions when asked how they felt about the proposed “Rathskeller Bill” now pending in the Vermont State Legislature. The bill, according to State Senator Hubert Ogden, would give colleges in Vermont the privilege to operate a drinking establishment on campus. It will be held over until the legislative session next January due to the lack of time before adjournment. Ogden, who is a member of the Senate Finance Committee which will study the bill in the future, predicted a very close vote in the Senate next year. The bill has already gone through both the Military and General Affairs Committee and the Appropriations Committee of the Vermont House of Representatives. The bill will have to be okayed by the Senate Finance Committee, approved by the Senate, and signed by Governor Snelling to be enacted into law. The only problem that Ogden foresees for the bill is if the state choses to raise the drinking age from eighteen to either nineteen or twenty. “I think the Finance Com¬ mittee and the Senate would feel hesitant to facilitate drinking in such a case,” remarked Ogden. Two members of the ad¬ ministration reacted negatively to the bill. College Treasurer Carroll Rikert, who testified at a Senate Finance Committee hearing against the bill, feels that Middlebury has little interest in seeing the bill passed. He em¬ phasised, however, that he testified on behalf of the ad¬ ministration and not the student body.


Last year, a Jeffords amend¬ ment passed Congress setting supports at a minimum of 85% parity. The legislation the amendment was attached to called for quarterly adjustments. That legislation was vetoed, on the advice of then Agriculture Secretary Earl Butz. “When Earl Butz was trying to destroy the small farmer, the committee fought against his policies,” Jeffords said. “Now the new Administration is trying to do essentially the same thing, arxi the majority of the com¬ mittee has caved in. This is pure hypocrisy, and partisan politics at its worst.” Jeffords said he does not blame the current agriculture secretary, Bob Bergland, as the Administration's policy in this area is being set by the Office of Management and Budget. Even in its altered form, Jeffords said his amendment, as approved by the committee, “is certainly better than nothing.” Tony’s Pizza DELICIOUS- Italian Food and Pizza Check Mama Neri's Specials Nightly Open 7 days a week me imuuieuuiy The Middlebury Campus, page 4 Aprii 27, 19 Editorials Wilderness Valuable Man’s collision course with his environment has been vividly described by many writers. Politicians, economists, and conservationists haveaB pointed out the inevitable dangers of our modern growth ethic. We have become so con¬ cerned with maintaining and increasing our production and consumption of energy that we have ignored both the present realities and the unavoidable consequences of continued growth. The present realities are that while we concern ourselves with decreasing only the growth of energy consumption in the US from 4.6%o 27annually, millions of people in the world are doing without even the minimal amounts ot energy wmch could be used to support their impoverished, unstable societies. Ifwe continue in our present direction, we will damage, perhapseven destroy the ecosystem which supports us. The growth ethic by definition precludes possibilities of satisfactory growth. Increased production has always entailed increased pollution, and perhaps more dangerously, increased incentive lor consumption.


The more we get, the more we want. Five or six years ago, there was no energy shortage. Not having immediately to confront an impending shortage of non-renewable resources, our society became more concerned with the protection of our rcmainhg wilderness and the restorationofacceptableenvironmental standards to places we haddamaged. Today there is an energy shortage. Having to make a decision between protection of our wilderness and production of more energy, we seemingly h ave decided to attempt the production of more energy. Although some emphasis has been placed on conservation of existing non—renewable resources and development of alternative renewable resources, we have accepted the tenets of thegrowth philosophy. This decision has been madeat theexpense not only of our environment, but also at the expense of other members of the human communit v. The environment we know now is the only one nature provided us Our modifications are often irreversible and often undesirable. The root ot our continued modification is our acceptance of the growth ethic. The importance of wilderness throughout our energydebates has been dual. It offers solace to individuals seeking relief from the industrial society, andean be a collective symbol of a decision to disengage the growth mechanisms. When this society makes a commitment to wilderness, it will be proof that it has seen the dangers of the growth ethic. And presently wilderness is viewed as a mystical temple for the communion services of organic pagans. We must realize that wilderness supports us. The earth is not outs to tame; ta ming it would probably result in our destruction, because we arc so loolish. Even developing renewable resources from solar energy, wind, and water power will not reverse our course, because once energy becomes unlimited, the tendency toward societal self—destruction will continue. Until mankind learns how to control itself, and share its resources and prohts, it will benefit from renewable energy only through a decrease in the pollution ot its environment.


The Campus commends the 20 Middlebury students who will testily beiore Congress this week on behalf of the protection of the Alaskan wilderness. They are indicative of the type of educated, committed individuals who should lead cur generation in the years ahead. Student Forum Reform During the next week, various students will be running for the Student Forum. Resumes of candidates are due in at the Office of the Deans by Fnday if they are to be published in next week's issue of The Campus. Two students—Ken Peters and Curtis Singleton—have already madeknown iheir candidacies for the Forum and are determined to conduct a visible cam¬ paign. The Campus supports their aim of making the election of Forum members a more meaningful and representative process. Students often are dissatisfied with the responsiveness of the Forum to their interests. Rather than being the fault of the individuals, we believe such unresponsiveness is primarily the result of structural defects in the Forum. As it stands now, the Forum election process is not a readily visible process. Fomm representatives are not widely known by their student consUtuents. Little direct effort is made by representatives to sound out student opinion—and stu dents arelax themselves in making their views known to their representatives. Greater visibility and responsiveness can perhaps be achieved through certain reforms. First, elections for at least the at-large delegates to theForum must take the form of an actual election campaign. Political campaigns are a vakiable, educative process. They serve both to generate awareness of issues among voters and also to force candidates to come into contact —and become informed—ot a community’s views and moods. Rather than simply posting candidate resumes on the buletin board in Proctor, Student Forum should sponsor a series of class meetings and other activities in which candidates can publicly make brief statements of their views and then beavailable for questions from students at large.


By SALLY NICHOLS College President Olin Robison emerged from his office on Tuesday, April 19, just long enough to deliver a short speech in commemoration of the late Martin Luther King Jr. ceremonial garb for the occasion, appeared at the pulpit ready to deliver his address. He looked confident and had a slight smile on his lips. His hair was cropped close to his ears. He befit his image as a sharp, young president, and seemed slightly majestic. Robison began his speech with a series of readings from the Hebrew Prophets and American Presidents Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Lyndon Johnson. He talked about freedom, and his quotes enun¬ ciated the nation’s historical struggle toward equality. Robison then began to discuss thelifeof Martin Luther King, Jr. He drew a parallel between the revival meetings that King founded, and the crowd gathered in the Chapel. He asserted that the meeting was a “public re-commitment” of faith in the principles that King lived for. Students were asked to take a second look at themselves, for Robison remined them that King “was called to ask this great nation to sit in judgement on itself.” Robison then directed his speech toward the students, and began to pinpoint the strides that Middlebury has made in providing an educational op¬ portunity to students of minority backgrounds. He said King’s influence was a direct cause of Mid die bury's new consciousness. The Statement of these advances was more self-glorification than emphasis on the deeper ideological implications. Robison's final point came from the biblical story of James and John. The moral of the story said that you don’t have to be near power to understand the needs of the people. Adding a bit of humor, Robison quoted a friend by saying, “It’s hard to remember that your central task is to drain the swamp when you're up to your waist in alligators.” Robison returned to a serious level on the subject of King.


For a brief moment, lie reflected on the personal convictions of the great man, his faith, understanding, and firm belief in the struggle for human freedom. Robison ended his speech with an appropriate quotation from King, “The arc of the universe is long, but it bends toward justice.” The speech was short and perhaps sweet, it became ob¬ vious that Robison was not going to state specific achievements and details of King’s life. Perhaps he could have illustrated his point better by citing just a few of the details, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, or his Letter from Birmingham Jail, for they were decidedly significant. Some students felt cheated; they wanted more Robison and less politician. Perhaps students expected ioo much from their president that day; like a rare bird, they wanted to see all his colors. Robison's central task, however, was simply to com¬ memorate Martin Luther King Jr. At this task he did not fail. News Analysis The Chapel was not jam- packed, but Middlebury students made an impressive showing. Some students went because of their deep conviction in King’s principles; others went because special time was allotted for it and the SDU’s were closed down. Perhaps a few even wondered what their fearless president looked like. Robison, dressed in full Minority Hiring Discussed Although Middlebury is not legaBy bound to make special efforts, the College yearly “af¬ firms as an act of good faith its intent to comply with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964” in an Affirmative Action statement included in the Handbook. It also appoints an Affirmative Action officer who is currently Vice- President of the College Paul Cubeta. “Some aspects of Affirmative Action are easier for us to fulfill than others,” said College President Olin Robison. Saul explained that the market for blacks and women is very competitive.


Most of these people opt for large universities in an urban environment which leaves a very small portion that will even consider a small, rural college in Vermont. “We honestly publicize our openings,” Saud said, “We make every attempt to reach minority and women candidates. But then we have to wait and see who answers—it's a problem of at¬ traction.” The College recruitment procedure does not leave much room for the discrimination for or against minority and womfen candidates. Department chairmen advertise openings in professional journals cross¬ country. After all applications have been received, four can¬ didates are selected and invited to the campus. Saul explained that the can¬ didate’s race and of ten even their sex are not known until the person comes for an interview on campus. Robison said the important thing was to make opportunities "available and not specious.” He added that he’d sensed no resistance to Affirmative Action, but a great deal of f rustration. The percentages of women and blacksclearly are low. McKinney suggested that the program’s effectiveness could be improved if an administrator were given a much more central role in Af¬ firmative Action. Saul speculated that it would be possible for department chair¬ men to write letters to people they knew at other colleges who could help recruit minority and women candidates for Mid¬ dlebury. “But I’m not sure it’s a proper way to proceed," he said. "Are we dealing with reverse discrimination?” Saul also mentioned that all women and minority faculty members were clearly the most qualified choices at the time of their appointment. “All appointees were honestly and legit imately the finest people we could find in their fields," he said. By CAROL HUBREGSON Women and minority professors can bring “a diversity of viewpoint and outlook” to any college community said Vice President for Academic Affairs George P Saul.


One of the important things is that people have a direct experience (with wilderness), and failing that, an indirect experience. In the conservation organizations and elsewhere we can still bring the wilderness to the people if we can’t take them to the Yes, the energy crisis, the proliferation of nuclear weapons, the population problem are primary, immediate problems. But if while you’re worrying about this you lose wilderness, then you’ve won those for nothing, because you’ve lost one of the most im¬ portant resources we have: the wild places on the earth where the forces of life have come through essentially uninterrupted by man and his technology. What we have is all that there will ever be; there are not going to be any more where they came from, and we can live on this earth without doing them in, if we have any capability at all. David Brower is the Founder and President of the environmental organization Friends of the Earth. wilderness. You can do that withpoetry, with music, with descriptions, with painting, with photography. This is the way you have to communicate things in our civilization and I think we can continue to do so. We should bear in mind that a good many people on earth still know what wilderness is all about. Those are primarily the ecosystem people, who have learned how to live with their en¬ vironment so that the wild things are still there, not overwhelmed by humanity. Part of the example then is to show how well in balance and how weD adjusted these people are and then relate them with the other forms of life—without which we’d be in very serious trouble practically, and emotionally, too. We can tell the story, and make it believable, that without wilderness the world becomes a cage. ‘A good many people on earth still know what wilderness is about CAMPUS: What sort of alternative energy sources do you advocate for the salvation of the human race and protection of the wflderness?


We've been hunting the only living yellow¬ breasted Killadillo for four years and we finally caught up with him on the campus of Middlebury College!" were Terrence Bar- naby's words at the end of a busy day which didn't lead to the killing or the capture of the terrifying beast. "The yellow¬ breasted Killadillo is as smart as it is rare," explained the Earl of Garth, "it lives to be several hundreds of years old and eats its own weight in human flesh every 37 minutes. When the hunting party started, we were over 50, nc nv only two of us are left." he continued. Terrence Barnaby added that the Killadillo is the only bird which picks its nose: "no other bird has hands to pick its nose with/' he commented. As the Killadillo flew off into the sunset, Barnaby announced: "I quit—where can I get a good drink?" Four years of hunting works up a healthy appetite and the two adventurers celebrated their defeat in the best restaurant in town: Mister Up's. After delicious long drinks on the recently-opened terrace, our heroes had a sumptuous feast and they particularly enjoyed Mister Up's excellent imported house wine. After a few bottles, they commented: "We're not drink!" In a flash of generosity, they decided to give a case of this house wine to the student who can find it on campus. It has been hidden outside within the space delimited by a line which joins Old Chapel to Gifford to Mc¬ Cullough gym to Voter to Hep¬ burn and back to old Chapel. Draw a map, it will help. Terry and Earl hope it won't take you four years to find it! In case you don't find it, they recommend Mister Up's as the best place to celebrate your defeats and vie tiories.


Following their arrival in Fairbanks, the two were flown in a Super Cub to a point twelve miles from the base of the mountain. Because of the tur¬ bulent weather they could land no closer. They started out hiking amidst freezing blasts of air to reach the morraine of Gillam Gla cier at the base of Deborah: a mass of nibble that had been pushed out and to the side of l,he glacier as it scoured the valley. The following day, skiing, they first reached the base of the north face. “The thing was just awesome," Radford recalled. "We camped there that night and tried to plan our route." "Looking around the basin, we could see an avalanche about every two minutes. The route onto the ridge that led toward the face passed through an ice fall. We saw a serac"-a pinnacle of iceon a glacier--"topple over and 'cause a huge avalanche that swept across our route. Because of the avalanches arid the fact that “our packs were too heavy, because we would have to take eight days supply of food," Radford and Kitson decided to abandon the idea of scaling the north face. “So we went to the northwest ridge, started up the buttress, and got hit by a pretty incredible storm. The wind was just screaming, blowing sixty miles per hour. We decided to go back down to the base and set up a tent. There was a lull once when the wind shifted...then on the other side of the glacier we could hear a gust coming, steadily increasing. We were thinking that obviously a tent’s got to go down sometime, but it was a good tent. Itheld-although completely bowed in the middle-even though there were times when we couldn’t even stand up. “The next day was windy again and we were soaked.


Minnesota logging utilization factors, 1975-1976 : development, use, implications

Brad Smith, Associate Mensurationist RESULTS Saw Logs Logging utilization factors for saw logs were devel- oped for five species groups — white and red pine, other softwoods, aspen, other soft hardwoods, and hard hardwoods. For each species group, 95 percent or more of the saw log volume comes from growing stock; the remainder is from nongrowing stock such as tops and limbs of growing stock trees, cull trees, and cull logs. For each species group, except aspen, 92 percent of the saw log volume from growing stock came from the saw log portion of sawtimber growing stock trees (table 1). Aspen saw log output is distinctly different. One-fifth comes from poletimber, an indication of the strong competition for aspen that pulpmills have ex- perienced from sawmills. Growing stock logging residue is four to five times higher per unit of logs produced for soft hardwoods and hard hardwoods than for aspen and softwoods. Lack of markets for mixed hardwood pulpwood in Minnesota may be the cause. More than 50 cubic feet of nongrowing stock resi- due is generated per thousand board feet of "other soft hardwood" and red and white pine saw logs cut. Most of the nongrowing stock logging residue is in tops and limbs. Excluding aspen, hardwood cull trees and logs are significant sources of nongrowing stock residue. Less logging residue is created per unit of log out- put in aspen than in any other species group. Well- developed markets for joint products — aspen pulpwood and saw logs — may be the key reason for the low residue production. Per thousand board feet of log output, less growing stock (in cubic feet) is cut from white and red pine than for any other species group. This reflects the large high quality trees being harvested and good markets for pine saw logs. Pulpwood-Conventional Logging Pulpwood factors for conventional logging were established for four species groups — pine, other softwoods, aspen, and other hardwoods.


The sample volume included all growing stock in a sample tree plus all nongrowing stock from that tree that was used for pulpwood or saw logs. Saw log and pulpwood volumes in the sam- ple were recorded in their respective product catego- ries and growing stock logging residue was assigned to the major product cut from the tree. For example, if more saw log volume was cut from a tree than pulpwood, the growing stock logging residue was credited to the saw log sample requirement. Because the degree of tree utilization can vary between public and private land, the sample propor- tion for each owner class in each Survey Unit was approximately the portion of commercial forest land in that owner class for that Unit. Logging operations were found by talking to public timber sale administrators, sawmill operators, Figure 1. — Survey Units in Minnesota and number of loggers and trees sampled during conventional logging. pulpwood procurement personnel, and others know- ledgable about logging operations in a given area. At each logging operation, sample felled trees were measured until approximately 200 cubic feet of sam- ple was measured or until the logging was completed, whichever occurred first. The last sample tree on an operation was completely measured even though, as a result, the sample total went above 200 cubic feet. Large logging operations were those using feller- bunchers, or those using several fellers, and the num- ber of felled trees generally exceeded 10 at any given time. On large operations, every fifth tree per feller was measured and the sample volume per feller was limited to approximately 200 cubic feet divided by the number of fellers. On small logging operations, where the number of felled trees seldom exceeds 10 at any given time, all felled trees were sampled until the required volume was measured. Each tree was classified as live merchantable (poletimber or sawtimber), sapling, cull, or dead.


DEFINITIONS Bolewood. — Wood fiber in the central stem of a tree. Commercial forest land. — Forest land produc- ing or capable of producing crops of industrial wood and not withdrawn from timber utilization by statute or administrative regulation. Includes areas suitable for management to grow crops of industrial wood generally capable of producing in excess of 20 cubic feet per acre of annual growth. This includes both inaccessible and inoperable areas. Cull trees. — Live trees that do not contain at least one merchantable 12-foot saw log or two noncontigu- ous 8-foot or longer saw logs, now or prospectively, because of roughness, poor form, or rot. Growing stock. — Sawtimber and poletimber trees on commercial forest land. Growing-stock volume. — Volume of sound wood in the bole of sawtimber and poletimber trees from a 1-foot stump to a minimum 4.0-inch top diameter outside bark, or to the point where the central stem breaks into limbs. Hard hardwoods. — Dicotyledonous species with a hardness factor of 80 or more including white ash, green ash, yellow birch, hickory, hard maple, oak, and black walnut. Limbwood. — Volume of sound wood in limbs of trees. Logging residue. — The unused portions of trees cut for products. Nonforest land. — Land that has never supported forests, and land formerly forested where forest use is precluded by development for nonforest uses, such as cropland, improved pasture, residential areas, and city parks. Also includes improved roads and adjoin- ing rights-of-way, powerline clearings, and certain areas of water classified by the Bureau of Census as land. Unimproved roads, streams, canals, and non- forest strips in forest areas must be more than 120 feet wide, and clearings in forest areas must be more than 1 acre in size, to qualify as nonforest land. Nongrowing stock. — Cull trees, dead trees, sap- lings, cull sections of growing stock trees, limbwood, tops, stumpwood, and timber on nonforest land. 7 Poletimber trees. — Live trees of commercial spe- cies on commercial forest land at least 5 inches in diameter at breast height but smaller than sawtim- ber size, and of good form and vigor.