I can offer no clear rules or reliable techniques for doing this; but examples may help, and the main purpose of this section is to provide some. (1) Locke was an empiricist about meanings: he held that no classificatory word makes sense to us unless either (2) we have sensorily encountered things to which it applies, or (b) we can define it in terms of words which satisfy (a). I shall discuss this theory, in Hume's version of it, more fully in chapter IX; just now, one aspect of it will serve to illustrate the sensory-intellectual assimilation. According to Locke, one makes sense of a word by associating it with a kind of idea, and ideas are also the items one has in ordinary perception; and so he can drastically oversimplify meaning-empiricism by taking it to say merely that one cannot have ideas in one way without first having them in another. A doctrine which is so complex that no one has yet stated it adequately thus appears to Locke to have the same logical form as the simp/e untruth: 'You cannot see a mm@Vicleslelay) Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com play without first reading it.' This spurious simplicity of meaning-empiricism probably also increases Locke's confidence in its truth. Any kind of idea must have entered my mind in the first place--ex nihilo nihil fit-which is just to say that it must have entered from the outside, i.e. have first been had in sensory encounters with things. So we find Locke saying: If it shall be demanded then, when a man begins to have any ideas, I think the true answer is,--when he first has any sensation. For, since there appear not to be any ideas in the mind before the senses have conveyed any in, I conceive that ideas in the understanding are coeval with sensation. © The words 'there appear not to be' suggest that Locke is offering a tentative empirical conjecture (see § 47 below).


Locke, Berkeley, Hume Central Themes, Jonathan Bennett

But auditory intensity is just volume; and hearing a tune in the mind's ear is not, for me at least, exactly like hearing it played extremely quietly. Nor, for many people, is seeing something in the mind's eye just like actually seeing it in conditions which give the colours a washed-out appearance. Proposals other than Hume's seem likely to meet the same fate, namely challenge by someone who says 'That is not what the difference is in my case’. The question 'How does one's state when forming an image of a o differ from one's state when perceiving a 6?' may not admit of a general answer. The differences may vary from person to person, or from sense to sense for a single person, or even from time to time with respect to one sense of one person--so that his 'mind's-eye' visual images differ from his visual sense-data sometimes in one way and sometimes in another. Any or all of these possibilities would be consistent with our having a public use for ‘see in the mind's eye’ and the like, and they would explain our failure to agree on any general account of how the images of imagination differ from those of perception. Anyway, I shall leave it at this: when someone voluntarily forms an image of a 6 he is Significantly like the way he is when he perceives a 9. I suspect that the 'significantly like' cannot be replaced by any one more specific expression; but even if it can-even if it serves merely to hold the place open for a still-undiscovered empirical or analytic theory- -still we can advance from mm@Vicleslelay) Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com this point to a better grasp of what it is to form an abstract or undetailed image.How much detail can be omitted from an image of a o?


The following suggestion (made to me by Michael Tanner) seems right: one can omit from an induced image of a o only such details as one could fail to notice when actually perceiving a o and noticing that it was a o. This suggests an answer to the deeper question of what it is to form an undetailed image of something, i.e. the question of how the third of these relates to the first two: 1. I have an image of a face 2. I have an image of a smiling face 3. I have an image of a face, but not one of a smiling or of an unsmiling face. If we want to translate these in accordance with the anti-reification thesis, while also employing the notion of noticing, the following look plausible: 1. Iam significantly like the way I am when I see a face and notice that it is a face. 2. Iam significantly like the way I am when I see a smiling face and notice that it is a smiling face. 3. Iam significantly like the way I am when I see a face and notice that it is a face but do not notice whether or not it is smiling. I offer those as instances of a general analysis of the notion of abstractness or undetailedness as applied to images. The use of ‘significantly like' may represent an incompleteness in the analysis; and ‘notice’ may need to be replaced by something more careful--I have not attended to differences between noticing, being aware of, taking in, etc. But I submit that the analysis solves in principle the problem of what it is for an image to be abstract; that it shows how imagined things, like fictional things, can break the law of excluded middle. (Soberly speaking, no thing breaks that law: ‘imagined things' and ‘fictional things' ought not to be reified, are not things.) mm@Vicleslelay) Are you a developer?


Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com example, of a supposed key phrase in Locke's metaphysics Berkeley says: To me it is evident those words mark out either a direct contradiction, or else nothing at all. And to convince others of this, I know no readier or fairer way, than to entreat they would calmly attend to their own thoughts: and if by this attention, the emptiness or repugnancy of those expressions does appear, surely nothing more is requisite for their conviction. 48 45Principles, Introduction § 25. 46First Dialogue, p. 194. 47Second Dialogue, p. 222. 48Principles § 24. There, in the context of a ground-floor philosophical argument, Berkeley makes an explicit methodological remark betraying wholly Lockean assumptions about meaning. Also here: It is but looking into your own thoughts, and so trying whether you can conceive it possible for a sound, or figure . . . to exist without the mind, or unperceived. This easy trial may make you see, that what you contend for, is a downright contradiction. #2 Nothing would be known about public meanings if Locke were right about them, and so Berkeley cannot actually apply the inaccessible criteria laid down by Locke's theory. Like Are you a developer? Try out the HTML to PDF API pdfcrowd.com everyone else 22 he must base his specific judgements about meanings on criteria which are available to him, i.e. the ones highlighted by Wittgenstein, and this fact naturally Shows up in some things he says. But he does not make anything of these passing nonLockean remarks: he does not see as a live possibility the replacement of an associated-idea theory of meaning by a comprehensive theory which relates meaning to use. In response to a suggested definition of 'matter', for example, Berkeley says: I answer, you may, if so it shall seem good, use the word matter in the same sense, that other men use nothing, and so make those terms convertible in your style.


Substance BERKELEY attacked Locke's doctrine of material substance, as everyone knows. But Locke had no doctrine of material substance: he was the victim of exegetical and philosophical mistakes initiated by Berkeley and inherited by many later writers. Locke did discuss the concept of substance, and he had a theory of reality. These two bits of work contributed to the hybrid which Berkeley called his theory of 'material substance’; and in this chapter I shall expound them, stressing the issues raised by Berkeley's mistake. In Chapter IV I shall consider the third ingredient in the doctrine of ‘material substance', namely Locke's theory about primary and secondary qualities. Only then will it be possible, in Chapters V and VI, to focus on the work of Berkeley's which most interests us today, namely his dislodgement of Locke's theory of reality. First, then, the concept of substance. Locke entertained--I would not say adopted--a 1 certain line of thought about substance, which runs as follows. = What concepts are involved in the subject of the statement that The pen in my band is valuable? Certainly, the concepts of being a pen and of being in my hand; but these are not all, for the statement is about a thing which falls under these two concepts. What thing is this? It is the purple thing which I now see; but when I say that the purple thing I now see is a pen and is in my hand, I speak of a thing which is purple etc., and so I have still failed to capture the whole concept of the subject in my original statement. Any further expansion along these lines can only be a delaying action, for it must omit an essential element from the concept of the pen in my hand. What will be missing from any list of descriptive concepts is the concept of a ‘thing which.. .': this is an /ngredient Are you a developer?


Dark Dominion 04 1994

Why was his best friend a bag lady named Mercy? Granted, it was a fas- cinating story, which is par for DEFIANT, but I felt like I had missed something. This was supposed to be the first issue, after all. Anyway, I waited a few weeks, and finally my local comic shop received two boxes of the Zero Issue Trading Cards. After much debate and indecision, I broke down and bought one of the boxes (with the agree- ment that the owner would buy back any unopened packs if I put together the set and had leftovers). At first I decided to open only five packs a day, but within an hour I was frantically cutting open pack after pack after pack, trying to fill in all the blanks of the story. I especially enjoyed the character cards, because a lot of the characters hadn't been introduced in the comic book, and the critters on the backs of those cards were hilarious! (Have they invented a spray to get rid of “Sexualice” yet?) As I got through 25 packs, I began to fill in the gaps, while building quite an impressive stack of doubles. Finally, with two packs left to go, I only needed one card to complete a full set. Although the odds of getting that card were ridiculous, I found two copies of it in the first pack I opened! I decided to bring the last pack back to the comic shop for resale, but then, a few hours later, changed my mind and opened it as well. To my surprise, there was a level-two chase card inside! What I'm trying to relate to you with this letter is the fun, excitement, and pleasure that I've gotten from your fan- tastic idea of putting out comics in trading card form.


Microprocessor as aircraft monitors

INTRODUCTION When loads are repeatedly applied to a metal specimen , failure can be produced at load levels which would not cause failure with only a single application. In aircraft, flight loads on the wing produced by maneuvers and wind gusts cause the wings to be cyclicly loaded through a random history, making fatigue a matter of serious concern in aircraft design. In actuality, structural fatigue is the factor that determines the life of the airplane and is often the driver in establishing dimensions of structural components. Each airplane of a given type flies such a completely different profile, although designed to perform the same mission, that the loading history is quite unique. As a consequence, there is a need to monitor every airplane and record the number, magnitude and sequence of the repeated loads. This requirement can be nicely fulfilled through application of an onboard microprocessor data acquisition system. The system which was developed is comprised of two major subsystems: the WRITE subsystem and the READ subsystem. The WRITE subsystem is tasked with the airborne collection of data. It makes use of a microprocessor, various components for signal processing, a magnetic tape recorder, and a strain gage network to monitor strain-generated signals, identify significant events, and record the collected data. The READ subsystem is tasked with the retrieval of the data from the WRITE subsystem recorder. A desk-top calculator and cassette tape reader accomplish this task, which includes the read-back of the magnetic tape, the pre-processing of data, and the operation of a data file retrieval system. A prototype system has been built and tested by controlling input signals and comparing them with the output which was retrieved. Consistent data correlation indicated that the system is feasible. The employment of the system, as envisioned, is discussed herein, as well as the options which already exist with the rapid advance of microcomputer technology.


Microprocessor as aircraft monitors

Peripheral Inputs The header switch is a two-position toggle switch used to advance the tape beyond its leader and to write identifying information at the beginning of the tape. Activating the switch advances the tape, ensuring that the tape leader does not interfere with the recording process. This also provides a blank portion at the beginning of the magnetic tape and further reduces the uncertainty involved in locating the recorded data when attempting to read it back. Deactivation of the switch causes the header information to be written on the tape, and the system enters the data collection mode. The thumbwheel switches are a series of six, 10-position switches. The six switches allow the 6-digit aircraft bureau number to be indicated. These switches then become a source for identifying information to be included in the header. The weight-on-wheels switch is a two-position switch, which indicates that the aircraft is on deck or airborne by sensing the extension of the landing gear oleo. The switch is activated while the oleo is compressed, which indicates to the system that a removal of power may be imminent. The system responds by recording the data which are located in the volatile RAM to prevent its loss upon removal of power to the system. Software Package The WRITE system software package is a single program of instructions for the 8008 CPU. The total number of instructions is less than 1000 words, which are stored in the four PROMs of the MPS-803 microprocessor. The pro- gram was written in PL/M, a higher-level programming language for micropro- cessors, and coverted to 8008 instructions by the PLM8 compiler, a resident program on the Naval Postgraduate School IBM-360 computer. The INTELLEC 8 microcomputer was used as the means for programming the PROMs and was also used as a developmental tool to simulate the MPS-803 microprocessor, since both utilize the 8008 CPU and 8008 instruction set.


Microprocessor as aircraft monitors

The first step of the poogram starts an initialization process which assigns the desired initial values for various variables used later in the program. Because the program operates by comparing successive signal inputs, the initialization provides for the first sampling of each channel to be stored in order to establish a basis of comparison for subsequent samplings. After initialization the system enters a repetitive process , which will con- tinue until the removal of power. The header switch is examined to determine its status. If it has been activated, the recorder motor drive is energized to advance the tape for approximately nine seconds, which is sufficient to ensure that the head of the recorder is positioned beyond the tape leader. Upon deactivation of the header switch, the thumbwheel switches are examined and the header information derived is recorded on the tape. The weight-on-wheels switch is then examined. An activated switch in- dicating the aircraft is on deck causes a programmatic timer to be started which provides for the recording of data at intervals of 30-35 seconds in order to prevent loss of data in RAM upon removal of power. An airborne indication results in the normal continuation of the program, which provides for the recording of data only when the RAM capacity has been exceeded. After the switches have been examined, the signal input channels are multiplexed. Each channel's signal is compared with its previous sample. If, as a result of this comparison, it is determined that no changes have occurred; then, the program continues by re-examining the header and weight- on-wheels switches and re-sampling the signal input channels repetitively until a change is identified. The change of a signal is the first indication that an event may be strain significant. The sign of the slope of the change is determined and compared with the sign of the slope of the previous change.


Middlebury Campus 1998-04-30 : Volume 96, Issue 21

Harrison’s team walked away as the fourth-place novice team at the tournament. The team of Wiser and Chini attained the first-place novice award and ninth place over¬ all. Additionally, Chini took the third-place novice speaker award and Wiser won the first-place novice speaker award. Middlebury sent two teams to the Columbia University Tourna-' ment held from October 31-No¬ vember 1. Wiser and Adil Husain ‘01 placed eighth out of the 20 novice teams competing. Novices Wiser and Husain upset a highly favored team from Co¬ lumbia Law School which made them the talk of the tournament. Wiser placed sixth in individual rankings out of 52 novice speakers. Gabe McCrary ’00 and Dwayne Nash ’99 pulled a surprising upset against Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Chini, McCrary, Harrison and first-time debater Darin Sands ’00 led Middlebury on the first trip north of the border, to the Couni- han Cup at Concordia University in Canada on November 14-16. The Counihan Cup was a Worlds’ Prep tournament, with eight-person British-style debate, and provided Middlebury debaters with valuable experience. At Brown University on Novem¬ ber 21-22, Husain and Wiser set out alone to defend the honor of Middlebury. Results from this tournament were never received. At the North American Debat¬ ing Championships at McGill Uni¬ versity on January 29-February 1st, Wiser, Harrison and Chini led Middlebury. The team of Wiser and Chini placed forty-ninth out of 84 teams present. Middlebury sent its largest group of the year to Georgetown University on February 7-8 and there “broke” into the quarterfinal rounds for the first time. Sands and Chini went 4-1 in The Middlebury debate team has enjoyed a challenging yet successful year. Retirement means little to Martin By Kate Barch Staff Writer In 1997, Professor Edward Mar¬ tin, known to his friends and col¬ leagues as Sandy, announced his re¬ tirement.


It’s a good thing he’s working 50 hours a week, buying-out small scale farms for Cargill International so he can afford such prestige. Perhaps I’m being a bit harsh, but from those I’ve met in the back- country riding in planes like that called SGA representatives and asked them if they knew enough about the case. Now, if the pro¬ ceedings at that hearing were meant to be impartial, with each case presented by each side so that members could make a objective decision, why was this petition passed out? If SGA members were going to hear each side of the story anyway, why Were those phone calls made? And so how am I supposed to have faith in the procedures of my student govern¬ ing body when one of its own rep¬ resentatives does not even have faith in it? I will not leave that question open for you to answer - I cannot. That being said, I know that one person could not have swayed the entire SGA. The fact of the matter is most SGA members had their minds made up before the proceedings even began. What members who voted against Lela’s resignation saw that night was a young woman, a senior who had five weeks left in school, and they said to themselves, “How can we ruin this woman’s life? She made a mistake.” Lela also said that work- and dressed as he is, I’d put my money on not being too far off. I flip through the pages only to further my disgust. The stories are all about these corporate hooligans on their fairy-tale escapes. Worst of all, the climax of the stories all describe the quantitative informa¬ tion of their catch, but don’t even touch on the qualitative.


One hundred years after the Civil War, which supposedly reaffirmed of this months past events) back on route to the aforementioned goals that we all agreed to make an attempt to reach upon ou^ enrollment or employment at Middlebury College. The events during the month of April either brought to light or began a situation on campus that has impeded our path towards the goals of a true Middlebury educa¬ tion. The Middlebury College Mission was also destroyed by the events of the month of April. There are students, myself includ¬ ed, that have had their ability for freedom of discussion (or speech, depending on your view) limited by these past events. Who is at fault in this situation is of no con¬ sequence to me at this point in time (we are well past that). What does matter, is the fact that while students roam freely throughout the campus, issues that affect all of us, should not be issues that separate us. We attend this institution of higher learning for the purpose of broadening our minds, and broadening our expe¬ diences. Open discussion and working together on problem solving within a diverse community is the only way to achieve any form of higher learning. However, the ways of reaching higher learning the United States Constitution’s claim that “all men are created equal,” African Americans stood up to white America and won. It was a battle fought in the court¬ rooms and the universities and even in the White House itself. It was not a revolution, it was an evolution long past due. But at the same time, it had a great many revolutionary ele¬ ments to it. Riots, demonstra¬ tions, assassinations... it was not a safe nor a pretty time to be politi¬ cally active in America. The judges, the politicians, and the educators of the time could not ignore this, and it seems to stand to reason that the “revolution” in America spurred the “evolution” of American law and politics.


At the same time, wind was spreading radiation throughout Ukraine, Russia and Belarus taking the lives of more than 7,000 people. Not until the Swedes noticed a dramatic increase in radiation in some parts of Sweden (700 miles away from Chernobyl) did the communist government of the Soviet Union admit the disaster. Had the wind blown on to Soviet Asia, the world would never have known about the tragedy. During the week that followed the accident, neither the citizens of Ukraine, nor those of Russia received any kind of warning or advice on precautions. Only on the third day was the population of the nearby villages and towns evacuated, but this delay was fatal in the extreme. Almost 800 chil¬ dren in the contaminated regions had developed thyroid cancer, and several thousands had been committed to hospitals for coun¬ seling and treatment of emotional trauma. As many as 65 million people in Russia received doses of radia¬ tion, and as many as 7,000 died immediately. Ukraine’s capital, Kiev, a city of four million people, located 80 miles away from the (see Dubok, page 10) Thomas apologizes for racial assualts, ignorance What really made me start thinking deeply about the current issues now swamping this paper was one of the flyers that was dis¬ tributed by the Student Coalition Emily Thomas ’98 for Community. At the top of the list, at the top of the page, it said, “Two women last year were called “niggers” by another student; no judicial action was taken.” Reading this made my jaw drop, because I was involved in this incident. It occurred outside of the Mill, during my term as presi¬ dent in the spring of 1997.1 want to apologize again to the students (in my recollection there were three) who, while passing by my social house, were verbally assaulted by someone (a non¬ member) leaving a party there.


Professor Cornwall is an outspoken member of the queer community here and moqa values his voice, but in no way can that be construed as direct affiliation with or spokesmanship for moqa. The two Student apologizes for bomb threat, stupidity (continued from page 6) have calmed myself down and told the truth then and there. I did not, and that was also wrong of me. The moments when I should have acted rationally were preceisely the moments when I acted com¬ pletely irrationally: I acted in a cavalier manner throughout the morning (I suppose in order to cover up my guilty conscience at having inconvenienced and scared so many people). My behavior was inappropriate, no matter what the circumstances; I should have acted very differently from the way I did. Fortunately, no one was hurt as a result of my actions. I confessed by about 1 p.m. that day—some seven hours after the alarm had been pulled, but by then the incident had become more than a college matter, and I became a police suspect. The police did not overreact in any way; I understand why people would believe that I acted mali¬ ciously—after all, I kept the full truth from the authorities for seven full hours. Two days later, I was having my mug shot taken and I got finger¬ printed. On Monday, April 20, 1998, I was arraigned at the Addison County Court House on this misdemeanor charge: initiat¬ ing a false bomb threat knowing that it would likely cause the evac¬ uation of Le Chateau. Some members of the College community were directly inconve¬ nienced by my actions. They became involved in what was, for them, a potentially life-threatening situation. I would like to apologize to my dorm-mates, the Residential Life Office staff, Campus Security, the Provost’s ©ffice, the Dean of Students’ Office, my teachers, and the rest of College community.


Some of you are very disappointed in me. I hope that I shall never dis¬ appoint you again, and I hope that I can work to slowly regain the past trust you placed in me. I have learned my lesson as a result of my stupid actions and inconsiderate behavior. I have become much more aware of the consequences of my speeches and deeds as a result of this incident; I have thought long and hard about my lack of common sense and about taking full responsibility for my actions; I have reflected on the way I interact with people, and on how I react to difficult situations. I made a terrible mistake. What one intends as a joke is not always per¬ ceived as a joke (e.g. telling a bomb joke in an airport or on an air¬ plane). I understand why people would think I was malicious. My irresponsible and even deceitful behavior could lead them to think that. I take full responsibility for their mistrust of me and my inten¬ tions. To the community at large, I again offer my sincere apologies. The lessons that I have learned these past weeks will remain with me for the rest of my life. These lessons will make me a better and more responsible individual. I only wish that there would have been a more appropriate and an earlier opportunity for me to have learned them—perhaps there was, but it took this jolt for me to real¬ ize it. I’m sorry that these hard- learned lessons came at the expense of so many other people. The self-reflection that I have been compelled to make this late in my College career has been the most intense in my four years here. I never fully realized until now how much.I still have to learn in order to become a truly serious and fully responsible person and citizen.


In regard to a question of popu¬ lar opinion, McCardell says, “That may be the opinion of one hundred people who gathered on a sunny day prompted by a specific group.....” (emphasis ours) We must assume that President McCardell is referring here to moqa since in all previous instances the “particular group” he refers to is moqa. And again, this assertion is erroneous, moqa did not in any way initiate the Rally. The impetus for the creation of that particular public forum was a discussion in a Women’s Studies class which included straight, white, queer, and black students. To address an earlier point, that this response “was coming less vigor¬ ously and vehemently and publicly from the students of color than from other groups,” we would like to say that, yes this is true and that this should in no way be used to slight support for the Rally. One reason is that the students of color had already made a very powerful pub¬ lic statement at the forum spon¬ sored by The Campus and the SGA. The other reason is that the women from that class who organized the Rally, and the students who partici¬ pated in it, took the initiative to step up to the challenge that it is time for others in the community to help shoulder the burden of fighting for recognition for students of color. They reailzed that it is not, in fact, the job of minority students to edu¬ cate the rest of the student body. It is the job of every individual on campus to educate themselves, to make everyone’s issues their own, and to take responsibility for creat- ing change. After several columns of print where no mention of the Rally, nor of moqa, has been made, McCardell says, “ Your private lives are your private matter, like your sexual ori¬ entation.


Why should someone’s sexual orientation be thrust in your face.....” In response, we would like to pose several questions for the President to consider: Do you wear a wedding ring? Do you have a pic¬ ture of you and your wife, or of your wife and children, on your office desk or wall? Did your wife take your last name in marriage? do you ever attend official functions as a couple? Do you mention your wife, your marriage, or your wedding anniversary in casual conversation? These are all public expressions of sexual orientation—in this particu¬ lar case, they happen to be expres¬ sions of the heterosexual orienta- (see MOQA page 11) D’Avella defends Campus majority (continued from page 7) ligence. And what of Frank Pandolfe. Well, he was voted to be removed but, that decision lies in the hands of Lela Moore. If you want to know why he has not been removed, as Dave Thomas asked the night of the hearing, ask Lela Moore. Now that I have gotten many people riled up, let’s address what some people may be thinking. 1. The majority of the editorial staff is just trying to save face and find a scapegoat. The definition of scapegoating is blaming someone without justification. First of all, find another word or phrase because there is ample justifica¬ tion for blame here. The editor is constitutionally positioned to accept blame. Second of all, we have always believed that remov¬ ing Lela Moore would not solve race issues on this campus or that it would cleanse our reputation and restore trust in The Campus. But, by failing to be an effective leader and by neglecting her defined obligations as editor-in- chief, we felt she should not be running the mouthpiece of Middlebury. 2. Viscount Mostar Baron Belgrade Damjan de Krnjevic y Miscovic ’98, SGA voting mem¬ ber, asked the question that.Tf the issue was anything else but race, would this have gone so far.


Never underestimate Thank you to Stephanie Hunt and you to every member of the teaching me how to deal with the you to Community Council for the power of protest, but never Nick Lauriat for helping me create General Assembly who wrote a devil. Thank you to John Bertolini helping me do it. Thank you to underestimate the power of the the Web page that I haven’t bill this year like you were sup- for managing to keep my comic anyone who wasn’t afraid to make system either. After this year, I touched since September. Thank posed to, and everlasting damna- book safe for an entire year, a little noise for the right reasons, suppose I can come out of the you to Dave Thomas, who is not tion to those of you who didn’t. Thank you to John Elder for being Thank you to Mom and Dad closet as an idealist. the founder of Wendy’s but man- Thank you to the Weird Sisters John Elder. Thank you to Stephen for unwavering support and for My definition of an idealist is aged a damn fine cookout despite — Jon Howard, Clark Freeman, Donadio for giving me a reason to being the best role models the one who works towards a better that, as well as all the Monks, hon- Matt Longman, and Alex come’ to faculty meetings. Thank Reverend President could wish future which s/he never expects to orary Monks, and non-cloistered Zwerdling — for keeping me sane you to Carla Mortensen for reas- for. Thank you to Steve and Sarah live to see. Whether you express persons who paid for it and and letting Mister Sister say the suring me that I have marketable for putting up with your older that by saying that you have a staffed it.


David Barreda Mountain surroundings provide a serene and cozy location for the College. ing. The level of apathy that most students seemed to share after the MOQA closet was destroyed during coming-out-week shocked me. The same incident at Swarthmore would' have been followed with a drastical¬ ly different response. I decided to apply for a transfer. I believed that Swarthmore was the place where I could grow intel¬ lectually, where I would be sur¬ rounded by students who would force me to expand my views. That weird quality in the students was something that I craved. I wanted to be challenged every day by my classmates, something that was not happening at Middlebury where I felt so comfortable. Since then, I have changed my mind about this school. My impres¬ sion of Middlebury students was based entirely on a small group of people with whom I spent most of my time. Once I made that realiza¬ tion and decided to attend more lec¬ tures, music performances, open fo¬ rums, and discussions, I saw a different Middlebury. Sure, many of us wear North Face jackets (under¬ standable considering Vermont winters), sure, many of us came straight out of a J. Crew catalog (for this there is no excuse). But we are a diverse community; you just have to look a little deeper into people. We can be challenged by our classmates, in and out of the class¬ room. This school has massive con¬ centrations of potentially-gifted stu¬ dents, dedicated, caring professors, and state-of-the-art facilities. Once I learned to take advantage of these resources, I realized how much I could do in my four years here. I am glad that I am at Middle¬ bury and I know I made the right decision. After all, there are much better looking girls here.


A model of career orientation for military Nurse Corps Officers.

In a recent review of 12 civilian and military turnover Stolzenberg and Winkler discussed the importance of gender in turnover studies. In studies of the civilian sector, "Gender... as a significant demographic factor, is held to have a significant impact on the extent to which workers quit in response to their job or personal characteristics" [Ref. 9: p. 37]. However, these authors then ignore this variable in their review of mili- tary turnover research. Although females represent less than nine percent of the military population, current plans propose to increase their numbers in the near future [Ref. 10]. Furthermore, most nurses are females. Therefore, studies of the factors which affect retention of a predominantly female group should be of interest to the military's decision makers. Military nurses have specialized skills and training which were primarily acquired outside the military. The nature of basic nursing education is recognized by civilian health care institutions. Consequently, the skills and training of military nurses are usually readily transferable to civilian nursing jobs. This is not necessarily true for most military officer personnel. A better understanding of the career decision making process for military officers in different occupational groupings would assist manpower plan- ners and policy makers to tailor personnel policies and accommodate for the differences which may exist in the career orientation of the diverse military occupational groups . Studies of nursing turnover and retention have described several factors which result in an individual's intention to leave a job. Most of these studies have been descriptive in nature and not prescriptive. They describe the demographic characteristics or the job attributes of nurses who leave or who intend to leave an organization. Some of the studies of nursing turnover include registered nurses as well as 13 para-nursing personnel such as nursing aides, orderlies and licensed practical nurses in the population sample.


TURNOVER TAXONOMY Turnover is measured as the number of persons hired within a period to replace those leaving or dropped from the working force. This meaning connotes a cyclical phenomena which is measured by a numerical ratio.. Price has defined turnover as, "...the degree of individual movement across the membership boundary of a social system" [Ref. 12: p. 4]. Implicit in this definition is the movement of an individual instead of an organization. The word 'movement' is a key to turnover as a dynamic concept, a flow of individuals. 15 Initially, turnover may be classified into a category of behaviors called 'withdrawal behaviors'. Other forms of withdrawal behaviors include absenteeism and tardiness. Muchinsky and Tuttle have suggested that some forms of with- drawal may act as a substitute for turnover it is difficult for the individual to leave the organization [Ref. 13]. Steers has suggested that these forms of behavior act as an escape from a dissatisfying job [Ref. 14]. In addition to absenteeism and tardiness, withdrawal behavior includes alcoholism, drug abuse, sabotage and work slow downs. Although this thesis considers only the intention to leave or remain in the military, the other forms of substitute behavior should be of special interest to organizations such as the military in which the members incur a very binding contractual constraint. In many cases the individual is unable to leave prior to the end of his contract without incurring severe disciplinary action. Perhaps the most common disaggregation of turnover is into voluntary and involuntary categories. If the indi- vidual 'quits' or 'resigns' the turnover is voluntary. Involuntary turnover is usually initiated by the organiza- tion. Forms of involuntary turnover include dismissals, layoffs, and retirements. Price, on the other hand, cautions against using a totally dichotomous view of turn- over and gives the examples of a wife who leaves at her husband's insistance.


This turnover is really initiated by the marriage partner. Involuntary turnover has been defined as, "...a residual concept that refers to all movement not initiated by the member" [Ref. 12: p. 9]. Seybolt et al. have reported that although some turnover is unavoidable, 64 percent to 75 percent of nursing personnel turnover is asso- ciated with voluntary causes [Ref. 15]. The assumption is frequently made that turnover is 'bad', i.e. it is dysfunctional for the organization. 16 Dysfunctional turnover is described as occurring when an individual leaves but the organization in which he is a member wants him to stay. Functional turnover occurs when the individual wants to leave an organization and his leaving may actually benefit the organization [Ref. 16]. Although functional turnover may also represent a cost to the organization, it is seen in the long run as a positive factor. Dalton et al. [Ref. 16] propose still another view in the taxonomy of the turnover phenomena by differentiating voluntary turnover into controllable and uncontrollable turnover. If the purpose of the turnover research is to enable the organization to reduce voluntary turnover, the assumption is made that turnover is under the control of the organization. It is also frequently assumed that voluntary turnover is caused by job dissatisfaction. This may not always be the case. Employees leave the organization for reasons other than job dissatisfaction. These authors give the example of individuals who leave to further their educa- tion, for family commitments, or for health matters. The question posed is whether or not this type of turnover is under the control of the organization even though it is voluntary in nature. If it is not under organizational control, should data about these voluntary leavers be grouped with data about the voluntary leavers whose termi- nation is caused by job dissatisfaction? According to these researchers, voluntary turnover does not sufficiently define the variable.


Therefore, it may be necessary to identify that part of voluntary turnover which is controllable. On the other hand, it seems that uncontrollable turnover may really be a disguise for controllable turnover. In Dalton' s example those individuals who leave for health matters may have developed health problems from job related causes. For example, job stress has been known to lead to 17 numerous medical problems including high blood pressure, strokes, heart attacks, as well as psychological disorders. Individuals who leave for family commitments may have found that job related conditions, such as unrealistic schedules or unnecessary shift rotations, interfere with family commitments. These are aspects of a job which could be changed. Finally, turnover caused by a need to further one's education may be readily solved by tuition assistance programs or changes in work schedules so that the employer does not have to recruit, hire, and train a new person. Several organizations, including the military, "grow" their personnel to fit the organizations needs for future manpower requirements in an attempt to keep the trained reliable worker who has demonstrated leadership, loyalty, and commit- ment through past performance. Turnover has been studied from various units of analysis and from multiple conceptual frameworks. It is considered to be an individual as well as an aggregate phenomena. As an aggregate phenomena, relationships are found between turnover rates and the level of economic activity, occupa- tional group, organization, industry, as well as geographic area [Ref. 12]. Each individual turnover occurrence is tallied for an annual period. The sum of these numbers represents an aggregate phenomena of interest to the military . A final note on the definition of the turnover concept is concerned with the measurement of turnover. One of the difficulties encountered with evaluating research on turn- over or empirical research on retention is to determine what measure of turnover was used in a particular study.


Expectancy theory developed by Vroom which utilizes a general cognitive framework to view the individual decision [Ref. 20] . 2. Causal models developed by Price of processes leading to voluntary separation using antecedents of job satisfaction [Ref. 12]. 3. Causal models of the space between job satisfaction and voluntary separations developed by Mobley et al. [Ref. 21]. 4. Research by Porter et al. on antecedents and conse- quences of a single variable, organization commitment [Ref. 22]. With the exception of expectancy theory which was used as an underlying cognitive framework for many of the models, most models of the turnover process deal with similar exogenous and endogenous variables. The primary differences appear to be in the sequencing of the causal order of variables and in the amount of variance in actual turnover behavior or inten- tion to leave explained by the various antecedents and intervening variables. Expectancy theory states that the attractiveness of an outcome (valence) and the perceived probability that a given behavior will lead to a specified outcome (expectancy) are multiplied together to determine the motivation for a person to act. Motivation to act = Expectancy X Valence A second cognitive framework for understanding voluntary turnover has been utilized by Stolzenberg and Winkler [Ref. 9] in describing voluntary turnover from military 21 service. This framework is based on Thibaut and Kelley's [Ref. 23] model of behavior of individuals who are thought to evaluate their experiences in groups, such as military organizations, according to the costs and benefits involved in maintaining membership in the group. The primary concepts involve a comparison level or CL, and a comparison level for alternatives, CLalt. Comparison level is "...the standard by which the person evaluates the rewards and costs of a given relationship in terms of what he feels he deserves." The comparison level of alternatives is "...the lowest level of outcomes a member will accept in light of alternative opportunities" [Ref. 23 :p. 21-22].


Stolzenberg has summarized the Thibaut-Kelley model as follows, The key point about the CL is that it determines whether or not workers are happy with their jobs, but it does not determine whether or not they leave them. The key feature of the CLalt is that it determines whether or not workers leave their jobs. but not whether or not they are happy with them. Accordingly, workers some- times leave jobs that they like, or stay in jobs that they do not like, depending upon the relative magnitudes of the CI and CLalt {Ref. 9: p. 8]. According to these authors , previous turnover research has focused on the comparison levels (CL), but future research should focus on identifying which job characteristics workers use when forming their comparison levels of alterna- tives (Clalt). Decisions to leave an organization will occur only when the attraction of the worker's present job drops below the comparison level for alternative jobs. Therefore, information about specific job characteristics which an employee uses in developing the CLalt may be espe- cially valuable for policy makers. The second cluster of turnover studies was developed by Price using path analytic techniques which attempted to determine causal sequencing of turnover antecedents. The Price model of turnover was developed and tested on nurses. 22 The following section of this thesis deals with nurse reten- tion and turnover. Consequently, the Price model will be discussed in greater detail in that section on models of turnover for nurses . The Mobley et al. model of turnover published in 1979 (henceforth called the 'Mobley model') is a comprehensive and sophisticated conceptual model of the turnover process.2 The purpose of the model is to identify factors which initiate the individual person's intention to leave an organization. The model attempts to understand variables involved in the complex relationships between job-related and non job-related factors that initiate the individual's decision making process.


The models previously discussed demonstrate the complexity of the turnover phenomena and the need for multivariate analyses to enable a better understanding of the variables which affect the turn- over process. The following review of studies on nurse retention and turnover will concentrate primarily on those published studies which utilized a multivariate approach to the problem. Weisman investigated organizational and non- organizational determinants of turnover in a twelve month longitudinal study of approximately 1000 staff nurses in two university affiliated hospitals. The conceptual framework was a causal sequence in which turnover was the result of individual characteristics, job attributes and work organi- zations. This framework is given in Figure 2.3. The vari- ables representing personal attributes included marital status, length of employment, number of children, first hospital position, baccalaureate degree, and internal control. Sex was not an attribute in this study because 97 percent of the sample was female. Job attributes included overtime worked, rotating shifts, position level, work load, proportion of baccalaureate nurses on the unit, proportion of nurses on the unit who were in their first position, head nurse responsiveness, communication with head nurse, and adequacy of time for professional development. Exogenous variables used as the dependent and intervening variables were autonomy, job satisfaction, intent to leave, and turnover. [Ref. 27] 28 Personal Attributes Job-Related Attributes > Turnover Intent to Leave Autonomy ^ Job Satisfaction Figure 2.3 Weisman's Theoretical Model. The framework shown in Figure 2.3 was tested using a series of regression equations. Findings indicated that the sequential decisions which lead to turnover include perceived autonomy, job satisfaction, and intent to leave. The only significant direct effects on turnover were intent to leave and short job tenure. The findings at both hospi- tals were quite similar indicating that the group of vari- ables had the same predictive power to both settings. Turnover increased the shorter the employment tenure and the greater the number of job hunts.


Job satisfaction predicted intent to leave and autonomy predicted job satisfaction. Perception of responsiveness of the head nurse was the strongest predictor of autonomy. The authors concluded the 29 turnover "...appears to create a vicious cycle, as turnover necessitates hiring new nurses to replace resigners who in turn are at high risk for resignations" [Ref. 27: p. 440]. Although the external environment was not included in the study design, it was noted to be an important factor in turnover "...as available job opportunities affect job hunting and job switching" [Ref. 27: p. 440]. Commitment predictors of nursing personnel's intent to leave was studied by Martin using a sample of registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and ward secretaries employed in a small rural hospital. Commitment is thought to increase organizational effectiveness by reducing turn- over. However, the concept of commitment can have several definitions. Four facets of the concept include community, career, organizational and job commitment. Community commitment is an attitudinal loyalty to one's geographic area. Career commitment involves a desire to adhere to a series of positions and increased responsibilities in one's occupation. Definitions of organizational commitment abound. Martin defined it as "...the degree of attitudinal dedication to the social institution where one's occupa- tional skills are regularly performed [Ref. 28: p. 1150]. Job commitment is the disposition toward a set of work tasks, given one's current occupation. Each of the above aspects of the commitment concept were measured by a 44 item questionnaire which also included a measure of intent to leave. Multiple regression techniques were used to determine the importance of each predictor on intentional behavior by determining the decrease in R-square which resulted when a predictor was removed from the equa- tion, and then testing the equation to determine its signif- icance. Results indicated that only job commitment was predictive of intent to leave.


Possible implications of this study may be that turnover may be decreased by 30 developing increased employee job commitment [Ref. 28]. However, the diversity of the sample population and size (110 nursing personnel) detract from any generalizations to a military nurse population or even to an all nurse popula- tion in the civilian sector. In a longitudinal study of approximately 1,110 non- supervisory nurses, Price and Mueller tested a causal model of voluntary nursing turnover. The variables which were identified are listed and defined in Table 2. An interpre- tation of the pluses and minuses in Figure 2.4 is that increased opportunity would increase turnover and an increase in routinization would decrease job satisfaction. The relationships in the model are depicted in Figure 2.4 Job satisfaction and intent are intervening variables between the determinants and turnover. The only determinant which has a direct effect on turnover was the availability of alternative jobs as defined by the opportunity variable [Ref. 29]. Seven determinants have an indirect effect on turnover through job satisfaction. All variables increase satisfaction with the exception of routinization. Three variables have a direct effect on intent to stay. Professionalism and generalized training variables relate to the strength of an individual's dedication to role standards and socialization and have a negative effect on intent to stay. Intent to stay is included as one indicator of commitment. Kinship responsibilities increase intent to stay. Data was collected using a questionnnaire which requested information on the factors listed in Table 2. Additionally, information was collected on age, length of service, and amount of time worked (whether full time or part time). The number of nurses who had voluntarily left 15 months after completing the questionnaire was determined. 31 TABLE 2 Price's Determinants and Intervening Variables Variable Opportunity Rout inizat ion Participation Instrumental Communication Integration Pay Distributive Justice Promotional Opportunity Professionalism General Training Kinship Responsibility Definition The availability of alterna- tivefjobs in the organiza- tion's environment.


Several factors related to retention or loss of novice Army nurses were studied based on the March-Simon inducement- contribution balance theory of organ- izational participation. The novice Army nurse was defined as a former member of the Army Student Nurse Program whose first nursing employment was with the Army. The sample consisted of nurses who had no more than four months remaining in their initial two-year or three-year Army commitment at the time of the data collection. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between expressed intention to remain in or to leave the military service and the expressed satisfaction with selected working and living experiences, controlling for importance, alterna- tives, and perceived ease of movement from the organization [Ref. 30]. Approximately 180 novice nurses completed a question- naire which contained biographical data, an index which determined ease of movement, and a 30 item index of working 35 and living experience data which was rated on three separate scales, importance to the individual, satisfaction with the Army and opportunity for satisfaction in a civilian job as compared to the Army. The respondents were grouped into two dicotomous groups according to their intention to stay or leave after completing their obligation. A second dicoto- mous groups consisted of the respondents perception of the degree of difficulty in moving from the Army into a civilian life and in finding the type of job he would like. Results of the research indicated that stayers were more satisfied than leavers (p<.001). Groups who perceived more difficulty in moving from the Army to civilian life were also more satisfied. However, the lack of significant interaction between satisfaction and perceived mobility indicated that the difference in satisfaction did not depend on the perceived ease of movement. Additionally, significant differences were found between stayers and leavers in perceived opportunity for satisfaction with alternatives.


Mysticism of Guru Nanak

He includes among these ‘transcendent powers of Mystics", premonition, precognition, telepathy or clairvoyance; a vision or & dream or a strange misic or rythm etc. CP. also Dean Inge: "Visions, locutions, auditions, and so forth are accepted as miraclous fact." Mysticism in Religion, p.28. = 162 = and cognitive faculties rendering him almost senseless, insane and md in the ywrldly sense;°° waiea actually speaking he is a hyper-sensuous and intensely passionate and enthusiastic person in his loving desire for the divine union. It is the intuition- al ‘faith’ in the loving and saving grace of the Divine Beloved that leads the mystic to acquiring gifts of these inner-powers called miracles. Goethe rightly says: "Miracle is faith's dearest chia." Guru Nanak, however, characteristically rejected the association of miracle-working to his name and personality because he regarded all pride in miraculous power as something extraneous to the mystic proper. To him it was utterly futile to possess or to display miracles because it would distract and confuse the true votary of God from loving Him whole-heartedly. It would create a spurious sense of ‘otherness’ and duplicity in the mind of the mystic -- a sort of easy compensation or reward for certain meritorious spiritual acts; a delimitation of 85. The great Sufi mystic Abu Said, referring to his severe penances and inner absorption, says: “In all my acts, I was a follower of the prophet. Every four and twenty hours I completed a recitation of the Koran. In my seeing I was blind, in my hearing deaf, in my speaking dumb. For a whole year, I conversed with no one. People called me a lunatic and f allowed them to give me that name, relying on the tradition that a man's faith is not made perfect until he is supposed to be mad." Nicholson, op.cit. p.15.


Mysticism of Guru Nanak

In hbanmai is there maya and in haumai is superstition (chhaya). By producing haumai, the world was created. If one under- stands haumai, he will find the door of salvation. Without true knowledge, the man tires himself by too mich talking. Nanak says, by Hykam are recorded the signs of fate, Just as God makes you see, you my perceive," 121 In the same composition another exquisite passage by Guru Angad on the subject of haumaj is worth quoting: "HWaymaji has this age? that in bhaumji man indulges in action. In hayumal this is the condition that it causes repeated rebirth, From where comes this haumail and how can it be discarded? Haymai is the same Hukam which causes preconditioned avocations. Haumaj is gadeep malady and the remedy also lies in itself. If it pleases God, then one contemplates the Sabpad. Nanak says, listen O' Friend, in this way, the sorrow is removed." 122 Haymai is basically speaking ‘the pride of selfhood' or the 'vanity of life'. A vain feeling of self-existence and the transient human powers added to it, create in the ordinary man a sense of false capability and a false Security which make him totally oblivious of an uncertain tS dee fupupe and a disastrous end. But if a man overcomes this spr ious complacency and abasement and instead takes refuge in the worship of God and the Guru, he is saved. When thre is no Self-pride, there is no change of self-abasement, in fact, of any entanglement or involvement whatsover , Guru Nanak says: 121, Var_Asa, Slok (Pauri 7, AG.,466. 122, Yar Asa, Slok (Guru Angad), AG. ,466. = 273 = "One who thinks he is, says Nanak, will be grabbed (by death). (While) I have no paumai and hence no chance of getting into rebirth." 123 The ruinous haumai which separates men from their has ruined myriads of beings, who lost their lives in mere indulgence: "Forgetting the Lord, they enjoyed sensual acts.


Mysticism of Guru Nanak

Cf. rattan Singh Jagei, op. cit., p.406. am sh sa = em ler UlUC OU lo eee ne Oe | | The first concern in the thesis under study is to ascertain and define mysticism as a higher branch of human knowledge and experience and in doing so, to verify and establish its nature and characteristics. Having recourse to the vrocess of elimination, the foremost point of discussion is to recognize two types of mysticism, the hicher and the lower and to state at once that our concern in this thesis is with the former. Though it is easy to distinguish the hieher mysti- cism from the lower, the latter oeing the corrupt or aberrant form and thus not mysticism proper, yet it is not enouzh to and the psychical mysticism The real question involved is to distinguish mysticism from its kindred and allied fields. Our next point of study relates to this matter. Mysticism is a subject of study in its omright. It is a suigeneris. It may have some common and corresnvonding points of similarity with Psychology, Spiritualism, Metaphysics, Philosophy and Religion, but it is not difficult to find out points of variance and divergence between mysticism on the one hand and these allied fields on the other. The nearest approach to mysticism, however, is the hightened or interiorized aspect of religion, which may be called inner religion or mystical religion. Then the problem of the indefinability of mysticism has to be tackled. There have been advanced numberless = 305 = definitions and countless notions and view-points in connection with this recondite subject. Some authorities have emphasized the intellectual or cognitive aspect while other have highlighted the emotional or esoteric aspect. These are, however, the two main areas of approach. But within this wide range, there are myriads of ramifications relevant to the subject.


Mysticism of Guru Nanak

Mvery mystic has to accent a mystical heritage or background, though as a mystic he transcends the bounds of Time, Space and causation, Guru Nanak's mysticism accordingly has to be correlated with and studied in the context of the rich Indian mystic tradition. Guru Nanak may have intuitively inherited or assimilated some of the fundamental principles of Indian mysticism (a postulate which cannot be intellectually perceived or ascertained) , yet it can be positively suggested and affirmed that Guru Nanak was not an eclectic or syncretic mystic, but a mystic in his own richt. The Indian mystic tradition beginning with the Upanishadic and Vedanta mysticism (which may be called the fundamental matrix of all Indian mysticism, ancient and modern) gradually passed through an historical evolutionary pageant comprising Bhagavadgita mysticism, Yoga mysticism Bhakti mysticism and Sufi mysticism Guru Nanak's mysticism, as sugzested by Dr. Mcleod, can be properly placed in the - O07 = historical and spiritual context of the Nirgun-Sant tradition which evinced a close affinity with the Nath-Yoga mysticism and the Bhakti mysticism on the one hand and with sufi mysticism on the other. Guru Nanak, however, steered his mystical path clear of all these earlier and contemporary cults and in many respects, evolved and constructed an original mystical system of his own to match his own peculiar conditions within his soul as well as outside, in his particular milieu. Guru Nanak's mysticism may be regarded as predominantly a Devotional (Bhakti) or Love mysticism, though it has also many other manifestations such as God mysticism, Nature mysticism, Soul mysticism, and Bsoteric mysticism. (Chapter III), The real problem, however, starts with the study of Guru Nanak as a mystic. It basically involves consideration of the person or personality of Guru Nanak as a Fakir or Wali, Sant or Bhagat, Guru or Gurmukh, Mero or Teacher, God-man or Perfect-man and above a11, as a mystic.


PATTERN : a system for land management planning

The home is located 10 miles from the school and 8 miles from the major shopping center. The family is outdoor oriented— skiing, camping, fishing, and hunting. They have a dog that often travels with them. The car they are driving now is 1 1 years old and needs a major overhaul. James spends 1 hour each day traveling to and from work. He needs a car that is easy to handle for all weather and road conditions. He is interested in a car with low maintenance, because his free time is limited and he is dependent on the car for transportation. Because of this dependency, he has decided to replace the car every 3 years; so he wants a car that will also have a good trade-in value. This briefly covers the Walsh's situation. You should be able to picture the needs and desires for transportation. To use PATTERN you must first construct what is called a relevance tree. To keep the example simple, we will forego several options that could be developed in this tree. A simple relevance tree might look like figure 1. We have purposely limited the number of automobile makes and models. In actual practice, these choices can be limited because of availability, agreement of concerned parties, or by the fact that these might be the reasonable choices. Once the tree has been developed, we can present it in matrix form or table (fig. 2). The axes of the matrix have special names: first-order and second-order relevance components. First-order relevance components are the most important items to consider and are listed down the left-hand column of the matrix. The user ranks each first-order component on a percentage basis according to its importance to the objective within the confines of the situation described. Second-order relevance components are those listed along the horizontal axis of the matrix.


To apply the system to land planning, we could utilize the same general sequence of events outlined in the car example. First of all, we need an objective for the specific land area in question. We would also need a statement outlining the planning situation, including available resources, area being considered, and outputs expected. A separate statement should be developed for each planning alternative anticipated in the planning activity. In the following example, the alternatives and the statements will be purposely less complete than they might be in a real planning situation. Nevertheless, these examples should indicate how the process might be used in land planning. Our general statement might go like this: you are developing a multiple-use management program for an undeveloped roadless area. The area is several townships in size, with virtually no developed access. It is adjacent to an established wilderness area. Potential resources include timber, wildlife, water, range, and recreation. One management alternative emphasizes timber and wildlife, with the use of other resources as appropriate. A second management alternative emphasizes wildlife and recreation, with modest utilization of timber, and utilization of remaining resources as appropriate. The third management alternative considers wilderness the primary management objective. Having outlined the general situation and three broad management alternatives, we can proceed to utilize PATTERN in our planning. Again, as in ourexamplefor pur- chasing a car, we must develop the relevance tree for ranking the importance of various components. Figure 5 depicts a relevance tree for our situation. Several variations on this basic relevance tree certainly could have been developed; however, we decided that we would discuss resource potential for the planning area, which includes the traditional values, and then the site factors and forces that change resource flows, depending upon how they are developed. We therefore must consider basic site factors, basic biological factors, and dynamic forces that affect the site and biological components.


AN OPERATIONAL EXAMPLE Let us suppose you want to use this technique in your land management planning. It might be useful within the interdisciplinary team to develop individual and team values. The tool could also be used with special interest groups as an objective means for quantifying relative values. Once the planning objectives are developed along with the situation description, the general procedures for PATTERN are outlined to the group. A very simple example of PATTERN might be presented to the group, perhaps similar to the car example. Work a sample exercise, allowing enough time to insure that everyone understands the process. This example can be used to show participants how relevance trees are developed and relevance values are determined. Before moving into a land management PATTERN exercise, answer all questions. Based on our own experience, this introductory exercise is well worth the time. Upon completion of the sample exercise and question period, the real exercise can begin. All participants can be told something similar to the following: Review the situation statement and the planning alternatives. Remember, decisions are usually made using an array of inputs. The relevance tree may not be all inclusive. Inputs from several other individuals and sources and feedback may be desirable. However, your general responses are provided on the basis of the factors considered most important in the planning and management of the described alternative. The participants can then be told: Indicate the relative weights (in percentage) of each of the components for the planning alternative described. Values you assign to the site factors and forces in the left-hand column should total 100 percent. (These values are called first-level relevance scores.) It is not necessary to have numbers in each cell; some cells may be left blank and will be treated as if zeros had been entered.


The quartile summary for this situation shows a clus- tering of upper quartile values. The upper quartile accounted for over 50 percent of the total tree. Critical Decisions Our use of PATTERN has illustrated the respondents' opinions of important considerations for one planning alternative. Agreement and disagreement can be identified among, between, and within various respondent stratifi- cations. These relevance tree data provide the interacting priorities for the management alternatives presented. In our example, 25 percent of the adjusted relevance scores accounted for approximately 50 percent of the entire rele- vance tree value. Pooling data for all respondents tends to to mask the diversity found on a stratified basis. The smoothing further tends to hide internal differences. Data generated by this technique can tell managers and planners how others view alternatives. These kinds of data can also help indicate important constraints in various situations. Through a more complete understanding and a more objective evaluation of important factors, planners and managers can better evaluate activities as well as better understand the public perceptions. The relevance trees, quartile diagrams, and other types of data stratification depict the respondents' concepts of the various relationships of pertinent factors. As indicated by Shafer and others (1974), this type of analysis can also be helpful in developing decision games for evaluating the consequences of various alternatives. Furthermore, results can be used for determining changes in attitude in the future. The technique used, PATTERN, appears to be useful for developing individual management plans. The process provides an objective procedure to assess, order, and even- tually integrate multiple factors in a two-dimensional matrix. Planning teams can use such a procedure to quanti- tatively assess their posture or the position of various publics on various planning issues for which relevance trees can be constructed. Individuals outside of planning might also be included in the process, especially in situa- tions of great diversity of opinion.


Southern Cross 1981-07-09

The priest suffered a broken leg April 8 during a motorcycle crash, and had been hospitalized ever since. Doctors said the injury probably did not contribute to his death, but an autopsy was performed. 55 killed at mission. KAMPALA, Uganda (NC)— Ugandan soldiers killed 55 people and wounded 100 when they attacked a Catholic mission ‘station in northwestern Uganda June 24. The mission is run by the Verona Fathers, an Italian missionary order. A Red Cross worker said the attack had been preceded by shooting in the vicinity between the troops and guerrillas loyal to deposed dictator Idi Amin. Because of the recent fighting, about 10,000 people had taken refuge in the mission, the worker added. Western diplomats in the capital of Kampala speculated that the soldiers had suspected the mission was harboring guerrillas. In a tradition going back to the apostles, the bishop placed his hands upon the heads of each, and by the sacrament of holy orders the new Fathers Navarra and Orsborn were ordained priests of the Roman Catholic Church for the Diocese of San Diego. ONE BY ONE the other priests . filed past the two new priests in silence, each in turn laying on his hands in a gesture which expressed the unity of the priests with each other and their bishop. And in what seemed almost like a reversal of roles at the end of the ordination Mass, Bishop Maher knelt before Father Navarra and Father Orsborn. They in turn placed their hands on Bishop Maher’s head, imparted their first priestly blessings and were embraced by the bishop. THE ORDINATIONS of both young men represented years of study and preparation on their part, and the efforts of the many people who contributed to the joy and solemnity of the liturgy at Our Mother of Confidence. Father Navarra, 28, was born in San Diego, and is the son of James and Maria Navarra of Our Lady of Guadalupe Church.


Southern Cross 1981-07-09

FIRST BLESSINGS — Bishop Maher knelt in turn before Father Navarra (left) and Father Orsborn to receive their blessings, the first each gave as a newly ordained priest. Bishop Maher then embraced both young men: THE BODY OF CHRIST— Fathers Orsborn and Navarra distributed Communion after joining Bishop Maher as concelebrants of the Mass and for the first time saying the words of consecration over the bread and wine. PROUD PARENTS — As the ordination Mass began, Peter Navarra (left of center aisle) stood next to his parents, James and Maria, while on the other side Bruce Orsborn was with his mother and father, Patricia and James. July 9, 1981, Southern Cross—3 Editorial By Brother William Bilton, CIM Will there ever be an Irish solution? As the starvation deaths in Northern Ireland mount up, the violence mounts and the influx of recruits to the IRA mounts. Will there ever be an answer? ‘Not long ago, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was not in favor among the average Irishman. They were considered terrorists and destroyers of any hope of peace. But the rigid stance of the government on IRA prisoners has so alienated the nationalist population that the IRA is receiving support as the best way to defend its own community. The pleas of the Irish bishops for an end to violence go unheeded, even though the longing. for peace is real enough. _ The division of the sides into Catholic and Protestant is a journalese short-hand to distinguish the two factions more easily. It does so happen the sides are Catholic and Protestant, but their continuing struggle is political, not religious. Ireland has a unique political history, spanning some 800 years, which includes a 1921 treaty which granted a measure of independence to the 26 counties of southern Ireland—the Irish Free State. In 1949, the Irish government enacted a law naming the state the Republic of © Ireland and withdrew from the British Commonwealth.


Southern Cross 1981-07-09

Scotch Presbyterians had been encouraged to settle in the six northern counties of Ireland, and they became a majority loyal to the British and were established as the | province of Northern Ireland. Less than half of the population of Northern Ireland is Catholic, whereas 94 percent of the Republic of Ireland is Catholic. The Republic of Ireland is not convinced of union with ~ the six northern counties, because the IRA not only seeks the union of all Ireland, but is calling for the replacement of ‘the present government and constitution of the Republic. Is the situation in Ireland an unsolvable curse or can something be done about it? It seems almost too late. England holds the answer, according to those who try to _ come up with a cool-headed solution. For the 60 years of the existence of Northern Ireland, England has held the purse strings. The province would have long ago passed into history,-if it were not for the steady flow of a constant British subsidy. Irish Catholics and Protestants have gotten along well in the rest of Ireland, and around the world, where they live next door to each other. Never has the British government seriously demanded that the two factions come together. Never have they issued an ultimatum that the differences be settled or the subsidies will stop. The British were very successful in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia) with the ultimatum ‘‘Live in peace or go it alone.’ For some time, a new peace-keeping force has been suggested from the Common Market countries. More daring yet, the suggestion has been made for a non- Christian force from some newly-independent nation. Some positive, daring move is needed and needed at once. ‘ Southern Cross Official newspaper of the Diocese of San Diego. Published every Thursday except the first Thursday in July and the last Thursday in December.


...Mirror : Waltham High School

He was working at the White House on Bacon Street when he was appointed Principal of Waltham High in 1967. He is married and has one daughter. In 1 970, the Jewish War Veter- ans voted him their "Man of the Year;" and in 1978, we proudly dedicate the "Mirror" to him, our principal. Memorial Dedication Fondest Memories of Our Friend Ricky Poirier "To have known him was to have loved him," He made you feel next of kin. His days of life were full of love, With the light of his love like the flight of a dove. He fought hard to win his battle, Ready and willing with bull and saddle. Why so young and eager at heart, As he pushed and pushed that hefty cart. Harder and harder were we to pray, Hoping our voices were heard each day. Our voices were heard hour after hour, When Ricky was taken and given special power His friendship remains within our minds, For he was much more than kind, Memories we share are stronger than force, That we some day will also follow his course. As different each course can and will be, We share and cherish each memory. In Memory of Our Friend Greg Aborn God took you from this earth Without explaining why. There must have been a reason Why he chose you to die. You were such a young man With a whole life to live. You never did take much Yet you had so much to give. You'll always be remembered By that twinkle in your eye, That silly smirk, your sense of humor It's hard to say good-bye. Those of us who knew you well Are hurting deep inside, For we've lost such a dear friend Whom we'll remember with pride. We love you, oh, so dearly And know you love us, too.


Monterey news

Pearson Sketches at Town Meeting by Edith Wilson CHURCH NEWS In the last issue | commented on the symbols of closet, house, sanctuary and street, and how they represented a__ holistic view of the church’s ministry. May has been a time for our congre- gation to explore these symbols in preparation for planning the direction of our ministry. We took a large empty box and transformed it into a closet, then a house, a sanctuary and then added a street. Each week in worship we focused on the shape of our ministry. After all that preparation we met together to plan programs that would affirm expressions of individual faith (closet), the need to learn and share together in small groups (house), the congregational gathering for celebration and ritual (sanctuary), and the commitment to reach out and minister to the needs of others (street). Here, then, are the priorities we saw in each area: CLOSET: 1. share devotional materials by establishing a library of printed and taped resources. 2. continue utilizing the Sunday bulletin as a meditation booklet. 3. hold retreats / workshops that emphasize spirituality and meditation. HOUSE: 1. expand bible study on a regular basis. 2. have monthly, Sunday potluck dinners that include fellowship, study and recre- ation. 3. develop an “Adult Forum” series where people can learn about and share their views On important issues. SANCTUARY: 1. expand our music program by hiring a piano/organ accompanist. -2. involve more lay people in the planning and participation of worship. 3. plan special worship events on specific 7 themes that emphasize creativity. STREET: 1. develop an organized response (mission) that addresses specific social issues and the needs of the Monterey community. 2. create a calling program that would reach ~ out to people in the community utilizing personal and printed contact. 3. continue and expand our ministry to children through the “Good News Gang.” As of now these are only priorities.


Monterey news

Ona path in the woods? No doubt the person who swats, bombs or otherwise obliterates ants in the kitchen will leave them alone in the woods. This situation reminds me of a definition I once read of a weed: “a plant out of place.” Hot spring weather, after a cool rainy spell, has brought quite a few plants out of place to my garden, as well as ants to the kitchen, I’m fighting the weeds, tooth and claw, but the ants | leave alone. For me this represents an attitudinal evolution. | have not always enjoyed ants in the house. We built this house ten years ago of red pine logs, cutting and peeling each one ourselves, hauling them in to our site, pulling them onto the walls with a block and tackle and ramps. We thought long and hard about pesticides and fungicides for our sill logs before bolting them down to the concrete founda- tion walls where they were sure to gather moisture. In the end we sold our gallons of wood preservative to a brave neighbor who was also building. He was afraid of carpenter ants and dry-rot; we were afraid of dioxins and cancer. In a few years we had ants. They scrounged meals in our kitchen and ran along the logs in long single-file trails. When we discovered they were carpenter ants, Camponotus herculeanus pennsylvanicus, we got worried. It was easy, when the sills were new, to say we'd rather die by house-collapse than by dioxin-induced cancer. Now that the little creatures were actually at work, we realized we weren't quite ready to die either way. Carpenter ants are big black ants. They do not eat wood, the way termites do, but they have a similar “economic importance” because they are so destructive to wood.


Monterey news

There was so much traffic on it that where it crossed our own path into the house it left a discernible cleared track about half an inch wide. It was only travelled at night, so | went out witha flashlight and discovered the ants, big black carpenter ants, left our house, crossed the path, went up the hillside through pine needles and saplings and finally right up a big poplar tree. We were so relieved not to have found a hole in a sill and a big pile of sawdust that we have felt quite neighborly toward these ants ever since. A few years ago, though, we did discover a nest ina sill. The wood: was damp and punky, easy carving for ants, and the cavity they had made was about the size ofa nice big mango. It consisted of “galleries” or tunnels and we scooped.it out, filled it with bricks, patched over it, and, yes, we bombed the ants. The way they writhed and struggled before expiring has made me doubly grateful that our current crop of ants lives out in the woods. I’m glad we didn’t poison our whole house in an effort to keep out ants, but the localized poisoning of bi colony in the sill was hard to bear. We have other ant neighbors, most noticeably the little 2: amber ones in the driveway. Every day their tiny crumbly vol- _ canoes show up new moist grains of driveway subsoil as they _ make their underground nests. | can’t imagine what their life must be like every time the UPS truck goes thundering over- head, but they obviously don’t mind it enough to move. We also have ants in the orchard, black ones witha reddish section. These live in mounds which they create by dragging — material over and building up from the outside.


Monterey news

Steadman, a native from Tyringham, and, wanting a place to live, was able to persuade my aunt and uncle to sell to us the house and part of the land. When we became owners of the property we had to remodel to our liking. There had beena large porch around the front and north side of thé house which we took off and built a stone entrance with stone steps to the front door. To retain the lawn in front of the house we built a retaining wall of cobblestone. On the east side, beyond the bay window, a lean-to had been built, consisting of a kitchen, water room, where water was piped froma well on the hillside, flow- ing to the barn and house and then to a large water trough beside the road where horses and cattle could have a cool drink of water. It was in 1927 that we exchanged a three-holer fora bathtub, stool and sink and put in town water, steam heat, and later on built the breezeway with a two-car garage. This garage was very expensive for a ledge of rock had to be blasted by an expert, Ray Blivin from Otis. It was my first attempt at laying cement blocks, but I learned by watching others. But | got what I wanted; the most convenient way of entering a car in bad weather. We did the upstairs into an apartment and have no trouble renting. I have no idea how old this house is, but it is not one of the first in town. The house where I was born has tapered posts in all corners of every room, and for the Bidwell Store that I tore down where my garage stands in the village, hand made nails were used. I saved all the nails I could and sold them at 5¢ apiece to some builder in New York. — from History of Monterey ms, by A.


Monterey news

We were impressed with their professionalism and courtesy. The purpose of this letter is to inform all responsible parties of Mr. Hadsell’s highly unprofessional actions in the hopes that such a situation can be avoided in the future. After speak- ing with my neighbors and other residents of Monterey, it has come to my attention that this is not the first time Mr. Hadsell has abused and intimidated residents of this town while on the job. It is not my intention to create unnecessary problems for a community that, on the whole, offers an excellent level of services to its citizens and residents. | am a resident of New York City and have bought weekend property in Monterey for the enjoyment of peace, quiet and solitude. I trust what- ever steps are necessary will be taken to prevent ugly confron- tations like this from happening again. — Dro Proudian To the Editor: Thank you for keeping me up to date with the News. It always brings back such wonderful memories. | love Monterey but am not able to visit since living in Largo and Plymouth. Charles and I were Brooklyn neighbors of Harold and Bea Schwab for 40 years and Lake Garfield neighbors from 1962 to 1982, when Charles became terminally ill and we sold to the Cash family. _ I still-have many friends in Monterey. The Makucs, Hastedts, McVeys, Colodnys, Helen Hanley and Irene, Walter Parks: many have moved or passed away. The New's lets me know when friends and former neighbors die —recently Rose Zilka and Ted Falcon. Is Father Heberle still in Sheffield and saying Saturday night Mass in July and August? I think of him often —he is such a devout and kind priest. — Yvonne Wocel A NEW LOCAL NEWSPAPER The Berkshire Record, a weekly newspaper serving southern Berkshire County, will be on the stands in mid-June.


Montana SOICC newsletter

The Micro-OIS is free to non-profit agencies, THf NOiCC/SOICC NETWORK For most Americans, work — or the lack of it--matters. Their lifestyles as well as their livelihoods are influenced by their occupation and the employment and income opportunities it offers. Few decisions affect an individual's future more than choosing an occupation and the education and training needed to enter and succeed in it. To choose wisely, people need sound information about the world of work. Preparing people for the work they seek serves both public and personal interests, if the preparation is solid and suited to labor market needs. Vocational education and training require substantial human and financial resources--rescurces too precious to risk on programs that do not offer sound preparation for the future. In making judgments about which programs to offer and what the curriculum should include, educational planners and job training officials need relevant and timely occupational information. Helping people make career-related decisions calls for special counseling and vocational guidance skills. Counselors working in schools, job training programs, state and local employment services, vocational rehabilitation agencies, and other settings are in a position to assist people at various stages of career exploration or decision making. To help their clients make better-informed choices, they also need comprehensive occupational information. To attract new industries or anticipate shifts ir the labor market, state and local planners need data on current and projected employment, the supply of skilled workers, and sources of training available in their state or local area. Increasingly, occupational information is being used to support economic development initiatives and human resources planning in both the public and private sector. Sensible decisions, whether they affect one life or many, often depend on ready access to relevant and timely information about the labor market. Helping people get the occupational information they need is what the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee (NOICC) and its network of state offices (SOICCs) are about.


Montana SOICC newsletter

They ^vq characteristics of the applicants, characteristics of the job and firm, and characteristics of the rater. The questions and answers below summarize the results from analyzing the influence of the first of these factors, applicant characteristics. How important to employers are high school grades? High school grade point average had the strongest positive influence of any school experience variable for all three occupations. Does the course of study or major in high school influence employability ratings? In machine trades occupations, a machine trades vocational education program had a significant positive influence on ratings. In clerical and retail occupations, the high school curriculum did not influence ratings. Does participation in a cooperative education program or an occupational work experience program increase the employability ratings? Cooperative distributive education program participation had a significant positive influence for retail applicants. Other cooperative or occupational work experience program participation had a positive, but not statistically significant influence on ratings. Does attending a postsecondary institution improve employability? Attencing a postsecondary school improved ratings in all occupations. The positive effect was virtually doubled if the applicant had obtained a certificate or degree. How important is postsecondary grade point average? Postsecondary grade point average was statistically insignificant for all occupations. The important postsecondary school characteristics were that applicants completed programs and that the programs were relevant to the jobs bpipg sought. -4- What are the effects on employability ratings if an applicant has no work experience? Having no prior work experience was a serious disadvantage to an applicant. Employers usually coach applicants to list activities such as babysitting, yard work, or volunteer work to indicate the ability to accept res pons ibil ity. What kinds of part-time jobs improve employability ratings? Employers favored employees who held part-time jobs at large organizations and had work experience relevant to the job for which they are applying.


UCSF Newsbreak, June 5, 1998, Volume 13, Number 12

Ponton, professor of clinical psychiatry, Kathryn A. Lee, associate professor of family health nursing and Pilar Bernal de Pheils, assistant clini- cal professor of family health nursing. Mouse model yields genetic clues to Down syndrome Researchers at UCSF report that they have developed a mouse model that should enable them for the first time to delineate the role of specific genes in par- ticular aspects of a Down syndrome-like disorder in mice. Researchers have known for decades that Down syndrome is associated with an extra copy of all or part of one of these: chromosome 21. However, scientists had yet to identify the particular genes on this extra chro- mosome that cause the mental and phys- ical abnormalities associated with the disorder. And this lack of knowledge has stymied drug development because drugs need targets, either the genes or the pro- teins they produce. But in a recent issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, senior author Ting-Ting Huang, an assistant adjunct professor of pediatrics in the pe- diatric-medical genetics laboratory of Charles Epstein, a professor of pedi- atrics, says this new mouse model offers new hope. Ultimately, of course, the researchers hope such research would lead to the de- velopment of drugs to treat humans with Down syndrome, which causes mental retardation, major and minor physical abnormalities, often including heart dis- orders, and, in later life, Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers say it is too early to draw strict parallels between the cogni- tive deficits in humans with Down syn- drome and the learning, behavioral and structural abnormalities observed in the genetically engineered mice. However, they say, their new mouse model should yield insights into the chromosomal re- gions and the genes they contain that have the capability of disturbing neu- ronal structure and function when pre- sent in an extra copy.


And the mechanisms by which these perturba- tions occur, they said, are likely to be rel- evant to the human situation. — Jennifer O’Brien Paul Fusco Es Chris T. Anderson Kids strike a chord at concert 3 Study looks at MD- vs MBA-man- aged health care 4-5 School of Medicine salutes the Class of 1998 7 Tour of the Toland Hall murals Chiare Hwang, 12, plays a piece by Ibert at the Young Artists Recital on May 30. Sponsored by UCSF Arts & Performances, the concert fea- tured children of UCSF faculty, staff and students and the community and benefitted the “Save the Steinway” fund for upkeep of instru- ments. Hwang, who started playing piano when she was 5, has been honored at several musical events. She is the daughter of Peter Hwang, associate researcher, department of biochemistry. Physicians begin testing marijuana in HIV patients By CORINNA KAARLELA 4% group of physician-scientists in ff », San Francisco has begun a clini- “cal trial on the effects of marijua- na in patients with HIV infection. Supported by a $1 million grant from the National Institutes of Health, the two-year study is a combined project of UCSF and the Community Consortium, a Bay Area association of 200 health care providers who care for the majority of HIV/AIDS patients in the region. Donald Abrams examines a patient at SFGH. The trial will examine the influence of marijuana on the immune system and on the amount of virus in the body, as well as on its potential interactions with an- tiviral drugs such as protease inhibitors. “With this study, Bay Area AIDS spe- cialists continue to be at the pioneering edge of clinical research in HIV,” says Donald I. Abrams, who is principal inves- tigator of the study. “The findings will help us provide better treatment to pa- tients and to plan future clinical re- search protocols.” A total of 63 patients is scheduled to be enrolled over the next 18 months in the study.


Want to follow 4 message bourd thread on iron stains and liver biopsies? How about a discussion an the livers response to common household toxins? Maybe ever a chat with a doctor who knows something about hepatitis C? Now that we've covered the basics, what if we said we could get you the answers 1 all of the questions you have about your own nique sym ploms and struggles? to gain insights into patient perspectives through population studies and aggre- gate-level market research. Through this activity, SHN helps instill the patient perspective in the product development, marketing and delivery systems of its healthcare customers. SHN has ten online communities that cover 16 disease topics for its members: asthma, breast cancer, heart disease, de- pression, diabetes, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue immune deficiency syndrome, he- patitis C, weight control, prostate cancer and the Women’s Health Place, including endometriosis, incontinence, menopause, irregular or heavy bleeding, ovarian cancer and osteoporosis. Hospitalists key to shorter, less costly hospital stays t a time when managed care is fAevins hospitals to cut costs, a new UCSF study has found that increasing the involvement of faculty doctors who specialize in hospital care may be a key to shorter, less costly hospi- tal stays that don’t compromise quality or teaching. The study, published in the May 20 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association, found that patients spend less time in the hospital — and their care costs less as a result — when ae their cases are man- aged by doctors, called hospitalists. The role of the re- cently emerged spe- cialty is a departure from the way faculty doctors traditionally have functioned in academic hospitals. Under the traditional model, faculty members serve as advi- sors to the residents, who as medical school graduates in the late stages of training, manage inpatient care in teach- ing hospitals.


Patients were randomly divided into the two groups. There was no significant difference be- tween how patients in both groups fared healthwise, or how satisfied they were with the care they received, Wachter says. That finding is based on a wide range of observations, including patient outcomes and hospital readmissions, as well as a patient survey. The study also may ease concerns of residents that the increasing involve- ment of hospitalists could cost them their autonomy and compromise the quality of their education, Wachter says. A survey showed that a majority of resi- dents who worked side-by-side with the hospitalists were highly satisfied with the experience. In fact, the majority pre- ferred it to the traditional system. Also allayed were the concerns of other specialists, who questioned whether they would get fewer referrals as a result of greater reliance on hospi- talists, Wachter says. The findings further support the in- creasingly popular idea of using hospital- ists to improve the efficiency, and possibly the quality, of inpatient care, he says. The concept of the dedicated inpa- tient physician was first described by Wachter and co-author Lee Goldman, UCSF professor of medicine and chair of the UCSF department of medicine, in a seminal 1996 New England Journal of Medicine article, in which the term “hos- pitalist” was coined. Since managed care forces health care providers to look for ways to cut costs without harming quality or patient satis- faction, Wachter says, these methods are now standard procedure. Co-investigators include Goldman; Patricia Katz, UCSF assistant professor of medicine; Jonathan Showstack, UCSF professor of medicine; and Andrew Bindman, UCSF associate professor of medicine. Wachter 3 Chancellor Haile Debas, dean of the UCSF School of Medicine, welcomed graduating students, family, friends and faculty to the May 22 commencement ceremonies for the Class of 1998.