Diethylamide from the effective data of determination of such finding by said state board of health. Alcoholic Beverages (Action by Dean of Students) Montreat-Anderson College is opposed as a matter of principle to the use of alcoholic beverages by students. 37 2. Drinking or being in possession of alcoholic beverages in the dorm, on campus, or being under the influence on campus will result in a minimum of disciplinary probation or a maximum of expulsion. 3. Students are responsible for seeing that their dates abide by the regulation. 4. The above regulations apply equally to day students when they are on the Montreat-Anderson College campus and when they are dating a resident student. 5. Any misconduct by a student involving the use of alcoholic beverages, even when off campus, shall subject the offender to a minimum of disciplinary probation or a maximum of expulsion. Gambling (Action by Honor Council) Gambling by students is forbidden. Hazing (Action by Honor Council) Any type of physical or verbal punishment, humiliation, or intimidation by any student of another is forbidden. Firearms and Explosives (Action by Interdormitory Council) The possession of firearms (except in accordance with regulations governing the Conservation Club), BB guns, pellet guns, air guns, firecrackers, or explosives of any kind is prohibited on the campus. New Organizations (Action by Administrative Committee) The College does not approve of secret organizations, social fraternities, or sororities of any kind or of special groups whose membership is limited other than by interest. A new organization (i.e. one not included in the list of Clubs and Organizations) may be authorized only by the Administrative Committee, to whom a written statement of purpose and procedure must be presented with the name of the faculty member who is to act as sponsor. Living Off Campus (Action by the Administrative Committee) All regular students are required to register as dormitory residents unless they are commuting students living with their family or when because of special circumstances some other arrangement has been made with the Dean of Students.


Montreat-Anderson College Student Handbook

Supplies of all kinds may be purchased here. MOORE CENTER (College Union) (Known to students as "The S.U.") This center and its adjoining facilities is the social, recreational, cultural and service center for the entire college community. As the College Union, Moore Center is the nerve complex for a wide variety of programs designed to bring the many diverse elements of college life into a properly integrated perspective. The Union brings together concerned persons involving them in programs of meaningful and purposeful activity. It is likewise a training ground for learning to work with others toward a common goal, which is fundamental in developing effective 50 community leaders. In short, it is a living organism created for the purpose of bringing into being and sustaining a dynamic community of learners and for the development of integrated persons. Moreover, the union is an invaluable tool for shaping a feeling of community solidarity and the individuals' sense of social responsibility. It is a natural Laboratory for living and learning where all who will may have a part in developing a mentally, physically and spiritually liberating community. Moore Center will be open each afternoon and evening for snacks, bridge, or just good conversation. There is also a jukebox. BOOK STORE Textbooks, paperbacks of general interest, greeting cards, supplies, gym outfits, Montreat-Anderson shirts, etc., can be purchased in the centrally located Book Store in Moore Center which is open from 12:00-3:30, and more often at the beginning of the semester. POST OFFICE The Montreat Post Office is located in the shopping center near the grocery store and laundry. This building houses all the mailing for Montreat, since it is a United States facility. Students rent post office boxes here, purchase postage and money orders. Since mail does not go to a dormitory or a building in Montreat, it is absolutely necessary to rent a box and have all mail addressed to that box number, Montreat, North Carolina, Zip Code 28757.


SCHOOL CARS School cars may be used, if available, for the following purposes only: 1. Medical Take food to infirmary Take students to infirmary when deemed necessary by college nurse. Take students to school physician and/or hospital. (The initial trip for each accident or illness will be provided at no charge to the student.) 2. Official school functions away from campus as designated, in writing in advance, by the instructor or sponsor. This notice must be sent to the Business Office. (Fees for these trips are Group Rate.) 3. Individual student transportation to and from airport, train, and bus stations. (These will be made if school transportation is available, otherwise, students must procure their own way to and from these destinations.) (Requests must be made at least twenty-four hours in advance.) Keys to all College cars are to be kept in the Business Office and only authorized drivers will be permitted to drive them. Fees must be paid in advance for use of cars. Personal use of College cars is prohibited. 51 SELF-HELP SCHOLARSHIPS Self-help scholarships are granted for the mutual benefit of the student and the college. If a student is found to be careless in his work obligation, he will be given a warning, and if the carelessness continues, he will be required to forfeit his scholarship. If a student finds it necessary to be absent from his work obligation, he must get permission from his supervisor beforehand and must secure a substitute who has been approved by the supervisor. In case of sickness, either the resident counselor or the person in charge of the infirmary must be asked to notify the supervisor, before the hour when work is due to begin, of the student's inability to work. STUDENT BANK The bank is located in the Business Office of the College for the convenience of the students.


Money

Kogers says '} "A little reflection will show that some common measure of value must needs be adopted in all societies whose condition is superior to mere barbarism. . . . Even if money were not a physical object it would still be necessary as a symbol or calculus. We need some common measure of value as we need measures of length and capacity, even though we never transfer that which is designated by the name, money. ... So necessary is this process to trade, that we are told of nations who have no mioney, properly so called, but who have been constrained to invent afcti" tious measure in order to express values. In short, the functions of money in the act of exchange present a close analogy to the functions of language in relation to thought. As there may be a rude barter, so there may be a rude language of signs. But there is no true com- munication of thought except by articulate speech, and similarly there can be no real and effectual trade except by the use of a common measured And Mr. Mill :* "In order to understand the manifold functions of a circulating medium, there is no better way than to consider what are the principal inconveniences which we should experience if we had not such a medi- um. The first and most obvious would be the want of a common measure for values of different sorts. If a tailor had only coats and wanted to buy bread or a horse, it would be very troublesome to ascertain how much bread he ought to obtain for a coat, or how many coats he should give for a horse. The calculations must be re- commenced on different data, ever}- time he bartered his ooats for a different kind of article ; and there could be ■ Political Economy, p. 22. • Principles of Political Economy, iii, 7, 1.


Money

That which is to measure most as Prol Bowen sa js, be of a kind with the thing measured ; of a kind, that is, in the respect of which the comparison is made. Not that we need cloth to measure cloth ; but to measure the weight of cloth, we must hare that which itself pos- sesses weight ; and to measure the length of cloth, that which itself possesses length. So to measure value, an article must possess value. But values being measured may be expressed, relatively to each other, by a simple scale of numbers; just as the ratios between lengths that have been measured may be expressed without reference to feet or inches. If I say that three objects are, in length, respectively, as 1, 7 and 4, 1 use no fictitious meas* ure of length. And so, if I say that the values of three commodities are as 1, 7 and -1, 1 am using no " fictitious measure of value'* (Bogers). I take a unit, and say that there are in the one case 4 of these, in another 7, in the last only 1. This is the function of the common de- nominator, not of the common measure. The distinction is vital. In it lies the germ of the whole controversy between the advocates of Ideal Money and the advocates of Beal Money. The former admit all that \a claimed for the importance of having a common denominator through which to register the relative values of the 100 commodities, for instance, of which Prof. Jevons makes account, and thus save the necessity of 4950 quotations in the price-current ; but for this, thoy But A mere «ymbol or calculus cannot be a measure of lenjrth or of capacity. In like mannor Mr. Mill shows the importance of h.ivint* " a common lanffnage in which values may be expressed " under the title ** Uie want of a common measure for values." s.


Money

Senior, in his lectures (1830) on "The Cost of Obtaining Money," writes: "The mine worked by England is the general market of the world. The miners are those who produce those commodities by the export of which the precious metals are obtained." It will be observed that Mr. Ricardo makes Price the agent in effecting this movement of gold and silver. It is because the purchasing power of money falls when it is supplied in excess, that the excess tends to run away. bition cannot, however, have been so entirely insignificant as it has been supposed to be by writers on the subject. The facts adduced by Mr. Fullarton show that it required a greater percentage of dif- ference in vaUie between coin and buUiqn than has commonly been imagined, to bring tlie coin to the melting-pot" — [Political Economy, III, ix, 1.] " The conscience of the exporter, and the value of a false oath,** says Mr. Bosanquet, " are correctly stated by the committee at four and one half per cent" — [Practical Observations, etc., p. 30.] The market price of consciences would seem to have fallen in the course of a century, for "A. V.," in his letter to Lord Godolphin, in 1696, speaks of twenty per cent as " a good alloy for any scruple of con- science " in the melting of the coin. RELATION OF MONEY TO PRICES, 57 It is because the purchasing power of money rises where its quantity is deficient, that gold and silver set in Hke a tide ^ towards whatever country lacks its due distributive share of the volume in existence. And in the case of a new supply, as from an opened mine, the added amount, wherever produced, is swiftly and surely apportioned among all the nations having commercial relations, just as a bucket of water poured upon the centre of a lake will not long disturb the general level.


Money

Jevons, "has imitated European nations, and intro- duced a gold coinage of 20, 10, 5, 2, and 1 yen pieces, the yen being only 3 per mille less in value than the American gold dollar. The new fractional money of Japan is to consist of 50, 20, 10 and 5 sen pieces in sil- ver (the sen corresponding to a cent), and forming a token-money, at the fineness of eight parts in ten." The double standard is nominally maintained in Eu- rope* by France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland, con- ■ The currency of Canada, says Prof. Jevons, can hardly be classed at all, at present • Of Holland, Sir Edward Harris writes under date of April 12, 1876 : " The whole question of the currency, especially that of the standard to be ultimately adopted in this country, is now under the consideration of the government" — [See Mr. GKischen's Report, p. 128.] r / I 40 MONET, stituting the Latin Union, and by Spain, Greece and Roumania, and in the New World, by Peru, Eciusuloi and Grenada. Several of these, hqwever, like Austria and Eussia of the single silver standard, and the United States, Brazil and Turkey of the single gold standard countries, have at present an irredeemable paper money in circulation, so that they contribute little to the ac- tual demand for either or both metals. Upon a review of the situation thus disclosed, Pro£ Jevons, whom I cite especially because he has been conspicuously fair towards the Bi-metallists, as ther indeed, recognize him to be,* concludes that the teD<^ ency towards the adoption of gold as the sole princip^ medium of exchange, is unmistakable. " The gold standard has thus made great progre^ and it will probably continue to progress. When United States return to specie payments, they will tainly adopt gold ; aud Canada, whose currency hardly be classed at all at present, must do the The Latin nations, having once abandoned the dou"' standard, in practice, are not likely to return to it ; f Austria must follow.


Money

Cernusclii's name : *' Whether now Cernuschi believes that it costs, and 260 MONET. must always cost, just fifteen and a half times as much to produce gold as to produce silver, or not, we cannot determine. At any rate, lie knows that for the cost of producing one pound of gold, several pounds of silver can be produced. What happens then, when the law decrees that one pound of gold shall exchange for one pound of silver? Cemuschi understands perfectly that the value of the circulating medium depends on the demands of business and the amount of money. He knows and makes use of the fact in arguing for his electron, that if the demands of business remain the same, the purchasing power of the stock of money in the country, or in the world, remains the same. He knows, therefore, that the ten thousand million dollars stock of the precious metals in the western world most possess the same purchasing power as now, if the ratio of value between the two metals which constitute it were altered. Now this ten thousand million dollars stock of the precious metals is made up of seventeen million pounds of gold for two-thirds of the value, and one hundred and eighty million pounds silver for one- third of the value. Hereafter, therefore, if the bi-me- tallic electron were made out of this stock there would be one hundred and ninty-seven million pounds of it, worth just what the whole is now ; that is, each pound of it would be worth fifty dollars. Bringing the two metals to an equality of value, therefore (ratio 1:1), would have the eflfect of more than doubling the value of silver, and reducing gold to less than one-seventh the value which it now has on the market What would be the eflfect on production?


Money

The author of the tract on the "Currencies of the British Plantations" charges bad faith against the South Carolinians of this time. " Their legislatures have been most notoriously guilty of breach of public faith in not canceling their bills." Writing in 1740, he declares that there were then outstanding about £250,000 in province bills, whereof above £100,000 were " without fund or period." " The whole amount issued in bills of credit by provincial South Carolina," says Dr. Bamsay, " in the sixty-eight years which intervened between the first and last emissions of paper, was £605,000, of which more than two-thirds were secured by mortgaged prop- erty." THE PAPER MONEY OP THE REVOLUTION. Of the emissions of Paper Money during the Revolu- tionary period of our history, wp have accounts from a great variety of sources. Inasmuch as those author- ized by the Continental Congress were made under a single and constant impulse, viz., the overwhelming financial necessities of the new government, engaged in a desperate struggle for existence, the facts can be briefly stated. The question has sometimes been raised by econo- mists whether issues of Inconvertible Paper Money are ever really necessary, even in time of war. However REVOL UTIONAR T PAPER 327 lis question might be decided with reference to ordi- Eiry governments, the situation of the Continental Con- fess must be admitted to have been highly exception- L In only a qualified sense was it a government at IL It had no coercive power. It could not levy taxes. Iven its moral authority over the constituent States was ■ery slight. Its requisitions for money, its reconlmen- lations of policy, were treated with neglect, if not with >pen contempt. The States, with one or two honorable xceptions, hardly made a show of doing their duty by be government of the Confederation. There are few ore distressing chapters in history than that which re- »rd8 the delinquency of the States which had pledged e, fortune and sacred honor to the cause of American dependence.


Money

And here appeared a fresh basis for issues. The pa- per money had been put forth on the security of the confiscated estates of the Church. The seizure of the lands of the emigrant nobles, as the enemies of France, oflFered a larger ground for these issues, which Mirabeau had assured the nation could never become excessive. Still, as the assignats poured from the treas- ury in increasing volume, the cry of the scarcity of the circulating medium grew louder. Soon that cry gave way to another, not unfamiliar in the same connection. "Bread or Blood" riots took place in the streets; stores and shops were plundered by famished wretches ; the government was driven by sheer stress of violence to feed the capital.^ The government service itself was scarcely to be maintained, for the wholesale resignations of officials, driven out by the depreciation of the money in which their salaries were paid. In logical order came the next resort of baffled power. Maximum laws were enacted, as has been related of the American Revolutionary government, with only the eflfect still further to diminish supplies of food and fuel, as producers withheld the goods for which they were forbidden to take a price which would enable them to replace their stock. The inhabitants of the cities of France were put on an allowance of food, like sailors drifting at sea in open boats. Still the depreciation of this money, based unshakably on " the only real prop- erly, the sole source of production, the soil on which we tread," went on. Against the Premium on Silver, the revolutionary government which had struck down * " To supply five armies and a vast Capital, with the mere power of issuing assignats." — [Thiers, The Consulate and the Empire.] 844 MONEY. Church and State, which had confiscated one-third and more of the real property of France, and was strong enough to send every morning tumbril-loads of freshly convicted Frenchmen — ^peasants, priests, and nobles — to the guillotine, directed its utmost force.


Money

With bad money in circulation, the laborer, in making his demand on his employer for wages, must follow blindly around after prices, guided only by a general sense of the inadequacy of what he is at pres- ent receiving. Acting without intelligence, it is a matter of course that his interests are in some degree sacrificed. It was in view of this inability of the laboring classes, through poverty, ignorance, and inertia, to meet sudden and violent changes of condition, that Mr. Mill assigned to "Custom" in economics the same beneficent function which it has performed in government, as "the most powerful protector of the weak against the strong." Usage, habit, constitute a barrier which in a degree preserves the economically weak from the bustlings and jostlings of the market-place, and gives them room to stand. A fluctuating paper money breaks down this barrier and involves all classes in a furious and inces- sant struggle, in which the feeblest are sure to go down and be trampled on. But it is not alone in competition with the employer that the laborer is put at a disadvantage. If it is diffi- cult for him to secure the adjustment of his wages to the varying cost of living, much more difficult is it for him to hold his own in the contest with the retail deal- er. He expends his earnings in hundreds of small pur- chases. If those earnings come to him in depreciated paper, and are to be expended in commodities at inflat- ed prices, how can he tell what he ought to pay per pound, per bushel, or per yard? He knows nothing about the conditions of the production of the articles he purchases, and has no longer a traditional' price to guide him. Formerly, if an article of domestic con- sumption rose, he was in the mood to resist the advance.


Money

Though the same pieces of money, whether paper or metal, may be employed sometimes in the one circulation, and sometimes in the other, yet, as both are constantly going on at the same time, each requires a certain stock of money of one kind or another to carry it on. "Paper money may be so regulated as either to con- fine itself very much to the circulation between the dif- ferent dealers, or to extend itself likewise to a great part of that between the dealers and the consumers. Where no bank-notes are circulated under ten pounds value, as in London, paper money confines itself very much to the circulation between the dealers. When a ten pound bank-note comes into the hands of a consumer, he is generally obliged to change it at the first shop where he has occasion to purchase five shillings' worth of goods, so that it often returns into the hands of a dealer before the consumer has spent the fortieth part of the money. Where bank-notes are issued for so small sums as twenty shillings, as in Scotland, paper money extends itself to a considerable part of the circulation between dealers and consumers." — [Wealth of Nations, i, 323.] Upon these paragraphs, Mr. Tooke remarks : "Adam Smith is the first, I believe, who pointed out the dis- tinction between bank-notes of the lower denominations, which served chiefly for the purposes of retail trade, and the higher, which were in use principally between dealers and dealers.* The higher ones do not circulate * Mr. Hubbard, Governor of the Bank of England, 1853-5, testified before the Committee of 1857, that within the five years preoedin;?, an addition of £2,000,000 had been made to the circulation of X") and j&lO notes, and an equal diminution had taken place in £50 to X10<>} notes, the aggregate issues remaining unchanged but the purchasing power being increased by the substitution.


Money

In the reign of William III, considerable amounts of exchequer bills were issued as low as £5 and £10, "which," says Dr. Drake, "answered the necessities of commerce, among the meaner people, for the necessaries of life." " These bills," he adds, "passed in payment as so many count- ers." When, however, as is more commonly the case, treasury notes or exchequer bills bear interest, that fact, in a considerable degree, retards their circulation. As the weight of interest accumulates towards maturity, they gradually sink out of circulation, dropping to the level of ordinary investments jrielding interest. Such notes or bills, when in large denominations, are commonly not money at all. Perhaps already some reader has exclaimed impa- tiently, what is the eflfect of these distinctions but to render any conclusive definition of money impossible? If bills of exchange or checks may, here and there, now and then, become money; if bank-notes, on the other hand, may, in possible circumstances, fall out of the category of money, how are we ever to know what money is and what is money? Would it not be better to say that gold and silver are money and that nothing ejse is : and adopt some other term for* those forms of paper which are substituted for gold and silver in trade ? But we do not get rid of the difficulty of saying, in any given case, just what is money and what is not mon- ey, if we contemplate gold and silver alone. On tlie contrary, a money of the precious metals only must al- ways be subject to two peculiar deductions of large but indefinite extent. In the first place, gold and silver are MONET IS TEA T MONET D OES. 407 \>^iiig continually taken in exchange for other commod- i"fcic38 where they are not received as money.


Fashion International, December 1992

Pants and jackets are key pieces for Spring. Pants also provide a natural alternative during the ongoing hem- line transition. Evolving from the Fall’s tailored versions, they take on soft fluid silhouettes, often in drapey fabrications flowing from gently MICHAEL KORS | pleated or drawstring waists. The favored pant has a wide leg. Palaz- zos are back for day and evening, and bell-bottoms run the gamut from sub- tle flares to full fledged elephant bells. The jacket is long and contour skim- continued on page 2 “A Stroll” continued from page 1 ming, with slouchy blazers, Nehru and collarless styles, and asymmetri cal closures. Layered dressing, associated with the ‘70s, makes an important and sophis- ticated statement. The vest, a major component of this layered look, is soft and fluid in silhouette and colora- tion. Dusty pastels and neutrals are offered in a monochrome combina- tion or juxtaposed with subtle pat- terns, such as the Prince of Wales checks and tiny floral prints. Very visible in this season’s layering trend, vests often extend beneath the jacket, from thigh-high to ankle brushing. After receiving overwhelming cus- tomer acceptance, the longer hemline continues with elan, in the lean, slit skirt silhouette, and its softer, swingy cousin. Slashed thigh-high or incor- porating car wash panels which expose the leg, these skirt silhouettes are also incorporated into day and evening dresses, most often with a simple chemise or tank bodice. The sensual slim column with mandatory slit is one of the leaders for evening, and the halter dress, a staple in most collections, fits nicely into the Spring “bare” look. The midriff gets maximum exposure with crop tops, tie-front shirts/blouses, and bras; while deep “V” backs ensure dramatic exits. Shorts, from taps to Bermudas, pair with these tops, as well as with tanks, vests, and jackets.


Fashion International, December 1992

For day, JAMIE KREITMAN tops her long slim skirt with a double-breasted shawl collar jacket in a leopard print. Settling for the middle ground, continued on page 3 "A Stroll” continued from page 2 NESLIHAN DANISMAN’s ribbed knit asymmetrical hem skirt dips from short to ankle length at the back, and is paired with a linen tunic jacket with cut-out detailing. This season, layering becomes an art form. CALVIN KLEIN, leads the way with an entire collection built around an ethereal layered look, in floaty and often transparent fab- rications. One outfit combines a cobweb like plum washed see-through cashmere poncho, with a long washed silk organza wrap skirt. He also opts for vest over vest with a barley tweed vest over a longer bron- zed washed silk organza vest and fluid sisal crepe linen pants. MICHAEL KOR’s also prefers layer- ing, as slouchy blazers, cashmere kimonos, and riding jackets are worn over sleeveless robes, tank tops, vests, tunics, and cardigan dresses; these, in turn, go atop slim pants, palazzos, slouch trousers, and pajamas. Favor- ites include the check linen gauze slouch blazer and tobacco AN INNERWEAR/OUTERWEAR SPRING he innerwear/outerwear trend i is stronger than ever for Spring 1993. Vests and bustiers are showing up in every price category. Stretch continues to be part of the look, because of comfort, fit, and fashion qualities — very important in bras, panties, bodysuits, etc. Texture is prominent in every cate- gory. Laces, pleated and puckered fabrics, pointelles, and ribs appear. Cross dyed laces are giving way to a tone-on-tone look. There’s also an increased interest in matte or dull fabrications and the popularity of natural fibers remains strong. Also maintaining strength is the look of sheer. See-through fabrics are increa- singly used as inserts in garments, or as cover-ups in sleep sets, etc.


Yogi and His Toy #6

A big monk-key !Absolutely right ! | here's your prize! * Never mind, Magilla - be quiet and nt dh the new colour TV: LEARNING WITH YOGI T ices is something about gold that is exciting for it has a colour that always looks bright. Look at your gift from Yogi this week and you will see that no other colour looks quite so rich. Gold is almost the most precious metal we can find in the rocks and dig out of the earth. Not only is it a beautiful colour but it never rusts. But gold is expensive because it is not easy to find, so it has to be used carefully. Thousands of years ago in Egypt men found that gold could be hammered until a tiny lump spread and spread till it became thinner than anything human beings could make with other materials. This kind of gold is called gold leaf and it is used to make special books beautiful with gold letters on the outside. Before printing was invented and every book had to be copied by hand, letters at the start of each chapter were written in gold leaf. These ancient books are called illuminated manuscripts because the gold shines just as it did when put there as long ago as a thousand years. To make gold leaf is very hard work, a tiny piece of gold being banged and banged to spread it out. One grain, no larger than a grain of rice, can be hammered out until the gold leaf would cover the whole of this Sh} oul $Hreu ie arttls page of your favourite comic. ipleat teyahe o olfanie To make gold leaf, gold beaters take a big lump of S} vibe as Hag queatencianss | gold weighing nearly four pounds. A machine rolls this merge a ky aneeerats atk etry into a ribbon of gold which is as long as a football pitch, on. dada ml but as thin as this page.


Arabic Thought In The Liberal Age, 1798 1939

Reading this work for the first time after twenty years, I can see clearly that it reflects a certain way in which I and perhaps others looked at Middle Eastern history during the 1950’s and 1960’s. The underlying assumption of the book is that a small group of writers, who were set apart from those among whom they were living by education and experience, nevertheless could express the needs of their society, and to some extent at least their ideas served as forces in the process of change. Without making such an assumption, it would scarcely have been worthwhile to write at such lengths about thinkers some of whose ideas had a certain intrinsic interest, but none of whom were of the highest calibre. I do not think this was a false assumption, and if I were to write a book on the same subject today I think I should write about these thinkers, and perhaps a few others, in much the same way. I would try to give it another dimension, however, by asking how and why the ideas of my writers had an influence on the minds of others. To answer such questions would involve a fuller and more precise study of changes in the viil Preface structure of society from one generation to another, with careful dis- tinctions between what was happening in different Arab countries, and also some attempt to study the process of communication, both direct and indirect. The ideas I was concerned with did not spread only through the writings of those whose work I studied, but were mediated to a larger public in writings of another kind, and above all in poetry. I am aware that there might be a completely different way of looking at these writers, by regarding their ideas not as expressing what they really believed, but as half-revealing, half-hiding their pursuit of their own interests.


As such, they were ‘protected peoples’, allowed life and property, the exercise of their religion and the preservation of their laws and customs, in return for loyalty and the payment of a special tax. The Shari‘a told men what right action was, but it also laid down precise worldly penalties for doing wrong. It was a system of laws as well as a system of morality. To uphold the Shart‘a and impose the penalties, to watch over the performance of all duties commanded by God, to defend the umma against its enemies, to spread the bounds of the faith by holy war (jzhad) : all these involved a leader with authority, in other words political power. Thus the Islamic community could not be complete unless it was also a State, and political action was a way of serving God: ‘it is a duty to consider the exercise of power as one of the forms of religion, as one of the acts by which man draws near God’.? Thus, according to the belief of most Muslims, to found and lead a community was part of the essential function of the Prophet and of his legitimate successors. They did not all agree, however, about the succession to the Prophet. The Shi‘is held that Muhammad’s authority had passed first of all to his son-in- law ‘Ali, then to a line of his descendants, the last of whom had disappeared; they differed among themselves about whether this was the fifth, seventh, or twelfth of the line. The members of this line, the imams, possessed, in Shi‘i belief, not only political * Ibn Taymiyya, al-Siyasa, p. 174 (Fr. trs. pp. 173-4). The Islamic State 5 authority but the power of infallible interpretation of the Quran. The Sunnis, on the other hand, held that Muhammad’s authority had passed to the caliphs, leaders designated and accepted by the community, but that the caliphs inherited a part only of the Prophet’s functions and powers.


According to the theory generally held, the ruler should consult the leaders of the community (shura) and they should give him moral advice and exhortation (nastha), although there was no clear idea who exactly should be consulted and should warn, and how far the ruler should be bound by what they said. For thinkers of the earlier period, the duty of obedi- ence only held so long as the caliph ordered nothing which was contrary to the Shari‘a. In later thought, as we shall see, obedience tended to become an absolute duty, and even an unjust ruler was regarded as better than none at all; only a minority of later thinkers taught that revolt could be legitimate, but even the majority, while teaching that obedience should be general, did not assert that it should be given without reserve. Thus al-Ghazali (1058-1111), after teaching the duty of obedience to unjust princes, points out that one must not, through obedience, condone their injustice. The devout Muslim should avoid the court and company of the unjust ruler, and should rebuke him: by words if he can safely do so, by silence if words might encourage rebellion.* In the Islamic view of the true society there was implicit a series of interrelated contrasts. First and most fundamental, while the world worshipped idols or joined their worship to that of God (shirk), Muslims proclaimed and worshipped the one God alone (tawhid). Secondly, and connected with this, came a contrast in the ordering of society. The society which did not know Islam was ruled by custom, evolved by men for their own purposes and in ignorance of the commandments of God (jahiltyya—ignorance of the truths of religion); Islamic society, as well as those founded by earlier prophets to the degree to which they had not corrupted their scriptures, was ruled by the Shari'a.


The Islamic State II authority between ‘Abbasid caliph and Turkish dynast was irreversible, just as was the shift of power from Baghdad to other capitals. After the Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the middle of the thirteenth century, the caliph continued to exist only as a shadow, at the court of the Mamluke sultans of Egypt, and few jurists were prepared to recognize his claims in this form. The transfer of power brought with it a change in political institutions. The new States which arose, and of which the Mamluke sultanate of Egypt was the culmination, had a different structure from the caliphate. Power lay in the hands of a military group, central Asian, Turkish, Kurdish, or Caucasian by origin —the sultan, his freedmen, and their dependants. It originated in seizure, its first alm was to maintain itself, and for this purpose it kept in its own hands control of the army and all officials. The link which held the ruling group together was that of common interest and the natural solidarity of language although not of origin. Where the interests of the State were concerned, its laws were the edicts of the sultan, administered directly by him or his governors and derived from considerations of State interest. In essence then it was natural kingship (mulk); but it was mulk tempered by respect for Islam, for the caliph and the doctors of religion (‘alim, pl. ‘ulama’), and indeed deriving from this its moral claim. The shadow-caliph was in effect an official of the sultan’s court, deprived of power, but serving as a guarantee of orthodoxy, against the insidious threat of Shi‘ism in its many forms, and as a moral basis for the sultan’s power. Having in- stalled himself by the seizure of power, the sultan was formally invested by the caliph and his authority then acknowledged by the leaders of the people at the ceremony of bay‘a.


They were the guardians of Islamic morality and law, and of the Arabic language and culture which went with them. The law they studied and interpreted, and the judges who dispensed it, were protected and honoured by the sultan, even if—exercising the right given to the ruler by the law itself—he delimited the cases with which the judges were competent to deal. He maintained also the schools (madrasa) where Islamic law and the Arabic language were transmitted, and by drawing the permanent officials of the State from these schools he strengthened the Arabic character of the government. The ‘ulama’ were not only 12 Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age judges, teachers, and officials; they were consulted and used for foreign negotiations, they took part in the politics and revolutions of the palace. Although in general docile towards the princes, and reluctant to participate in revolts against their power, they served in a sense as leaders of the indigenous opinion of Egypt and Syria against the Turkish or Caucasian military class.’ These changes raised once more the whole question of authority. The caliphate had been one, at least in principle; it had been universal, resting on a formal equality of rights and functions as between all believers; its head had been, by his own claim and general recognition, the successor of the Prophet in his political function, and he had exercised his function in accordance with the Shari‘a. None of this was true of the sultans who had taken over his power. Their rule was territorially limited. The limits, it is true, were de facto only, there was no idea of a legal frontier separating one Muslim State from another, and by maintaining the caliph at their court the Mam- lukes legitimized in advance any conquests they might make; nevertheless, neither they nor any other ruler of the time could claim to be ruling the whole umma.


The Islamic State 13 tribes into the Syrian desert and across Sinai into the Nile valley and the North African littoral, and they brought with them into the heart of the settled world the ‘asabiyya of the tribe and the pagan customs of the age of ignorance. The reign of secular kingship seemed to have come again; but on the other hand the power of the Turks and Caucasians was necessary for the umma. They defended it against dangers from within and without; they had restored the rule of doctrinal orthodoxy as against the challenge of Shi‘ism and Isma‘ilism. It was difficult to fit the sultanates into the political doctrine of the caliphate, but it was impossible to condemn them out of hand. Once more then the fundamental problem of political thought was posed: in what sense could the new rulers be said to have the right to rule in the Islamic community? If they had no right, did the community founded by the Prophet and entrusted to his successors still exist? Writing while the transfer of power was still incomplete, al-Mawardi had tried to answer this question. The caliph, he said, could delegate his power to a military commander (amir) in an outlying region of the empire, and to a ‘minister by delegation’ (wazir) in its heart. This delegation could be made freely, or else in view of conquest or other circumstances. In this way the legal and moral basis of government could be preserved: ‘a defective state of affairs is thus regularized and what was for- bidden becomes admissible’ .’ In return, the amir should recognize the necessity of the caliphate, show a pious obedience, preserve the Shari‘a and apply the fiscal principles it contained. More- over he could only exercise power for the caliph; the caliph kept his political and administrative functions even if he no longer exercised them directly.


Ibn Sina (Avicenna, 980- 1037), for example, while maintaining that prophetic illumina- tion was a natural state, declared that it was a state of the in- tellect, not the imagination alone, and indeed that it was the highest state of the human intellect. Its essential function was to give laws which all men must obey; but the content of the divine law was attainable in principle by the unaided human intellect, and failing a prophet a good system of law could grow up in society in other ways. To the strictly orthodox, however, this view was no more acceptable than that of al-Farabi; both alike tended to ‘rationalize’ the process of revelation, to turn the relationship of divine and human wills into one of theoretical intelligences. As the orthodox reaction gathered force, the study of the philosophers became marginal if not suspect, although individual scholars carried it on and the tradition of Ibn Sina remained strong in the Shi‘i schools of the east. But no move- ment of thought vanishes without remainder, and there was a submerged philosophical element in all later Islamic thought. The philosophers had taught that rulers were to be judged by their intentions rather than their title-deeds, and that the unity of the umma was derived from its common good; the jurists of the later period accepted this even when they rejected the general ideas of the philosophers. So much is apparent in the political treatise of Ibn Taymiyya, al-Siyasa al-shar‘iyya. The author (1263-1328) was an adherent of the Hanbali school of theology and jurisprudence, which was strongly opposed to all attempts at reducing the principles of Islam to a construction of the human intelligence, but showed great flexibility in applying them to the problems of social life. The problem which he faced was that of the two systems of government—the ideal government of the caliphs, which no longer existed, and the actual government of the Mamluke sultans of which he was an official—and of two 14 a]-Farabi, al-Madina, p. 123 (Fr. trs. p. 96).


All Sunni schools of law regarded reasoning by strict analogy (qiyas) as a necessary process of legal interpretation, but each of them had found it necessary to add some further principle by which qtyas could be directed (for example, when it was necessary to choose between two analogies) or, within strict limits, supplemented. One such principle was that of maslaha: since God’s purpose in giving laws was human welfare, the choice between different interpretations of the law should be directed by concern for welfare. Like other jurists, Ibn Taymiyya did not apply this principle in the sphere of worship (‘thadat); in these matters there was no way of knowing what God’s purposes were. In the sphere of human relations (mu‘amalat), however, the principle should be applied. Every- thing which conduced to human welfare, and was not speci- fically forbidden, was not only allowed but even by implication enjoined. The task of gytthad, of deciding what conduced to The Islamic State 21 human welfare, could never cease. There could be an infallible ijma‘ of the Companions of the Prophet, who had been faithful to his words and deeds; there could be no infallible 1jma‘ of later jurists. This could easily have been a justification of the status quo, but in Ibn Taymiyya’s hands it became something else. His doctrine assured the legitimacy of the Mamluke government, but also contained precepts about how it should be carried on. Good government depended on an alliance between amirs, political and military leaders, and ‘ulama’, interpreters of the law. In the Mamluke State where the amirs were Caucasians or Turks while the ‘ulama’ were mainly of Arabic speech and culture, this theory carried with it a plea that government should not be in exclusively foreign hands. But Ibn Taymiyya was not only thinking of the Mamluke State; he was prepared to generalize his idea, and maintain that in a Muslim State power should not be in the hands of any limited group.


For Ibn Khaldun, the Islamic State, like all stable and virtuous States, is a blend of kingship (mudk) and Shari‘a State. True as this was of the sultanates of its time, it was true also of the Ottoman Empire, which in a sense was the heir of the whole political development of Islam. First of all it was a dynastic kingdom, with its loyalty focused upon an individual—or rather a group of individuals, a family. It was never thought to be illegitimate to depose a sultan regarded as unfit to rule and declared to be so by the guardians of the law, but with rare exceptions those who rebelled did not question the right of the house of Osman to rule. The right was maintained by a military group held together, and kept fast in its loyalty, by natural ‘asabtyya or its equivalent. This group, however, changed its nature (as Ibn Khaldun maintained that all such groups must) once the ruling family had seated itself firmly on the throne. The group which had created the empire was formed of free- born Turks or turkized Muslims of other ethnic origin who were the cavalry and made the conquests of the early sultans. As the Ottoman domains expanded, the group assumed the position of a ruling class: their leaders were given by the sultan the right to collect and keep the land-tax from a certain district in return for military service, and from being warriors they became land- owners. There was at first, and there remained in principle, a sharp distinction between ‘askar and ra‘aya: between the mili- tary group from whom the ruling positions were filled, and the subjects, whether Muslim or Christian, who paid taxes but were excluded from an active share in government. In course of time, however, the distinction became blurred.


But its Sunni orthodoxy was that of its age, the product of the whole long development of the uwmma, not in any sense an attempt to revert to the pristine simplicity of the early caliphs. It protected the schools where the orthodox doctrines were taught, and founded new ones in Istanbul, and it drew its officials largely from their graduates; but it protected even while it controlled the brother- hoods of mystics (tariga, pl. turug). Their leaders were given The Ottoman Emptre 27 financial support, and a special reverence was given to their spiritual fathers: the shrine of Jalal al-Din al-Rumi in Konya was maintained as a place of pilgrimage, and a splendid tomb was built for Ibn al-‘Arabi in Damascus. By this time, indeed, the theology of the schools and that of the mystics had made peace with one another, in spite of the differences between them; and many of the ‘ulama’ were affiliated to one or other of the brotherhoods. While the sultan, along with the Moghul emperor in India, was the greatest of Sunni rulers, the defender of Sunnism against the Shah of Persia, no attempt was made (until the end of the eighteenth century) to claim that he was also the caliph, in the sense in which the immediate successors of Muhammad had been caliphs. The great scholar Sayyid Murtada al-Zabidi (1732-91), writing his commentary on al-Ghazali’s Ihya’ ‘ulum al-din at the end of the eighteenth century, had no doubt at all, even if he had a note of regret, that the caliphate had passed away. The caliphate, he points out, is acquired by merit, the sultanate by force. If the caliph, besides merit, has also force and ‘asabryya to rely on he can rule, otherwise sultans and amirs must rule, while keeping the name of caliph.


Midlander

Kaufman and Edna Ferber created a strange lot in the eccentric Cavendish family and the University Theatre brought them to life with vigor and aplomb in their season opening production. With strong direction by Dorethe Tucker, the cast, a blend of old and new faces, presented a fine ensemble performance that infected the audience with enthusiasm. As Julie Cavendish (the most beautiful woman on Braodway), Barbara Ambrose did a remakable job. Her graceful sweep down the stairs in her first entrance did more for the men in the audience than a whole year of Farrah Fawcett-Majors could. Bob Forsythe, the versatile University Theatre veteran, did a fine job as Julie's matinee-idol brother, Tony. His dashing entrance in a long black cape rivaled that of Ambrose for sheer effect. As Fanny Cavendish, the family matriarch, Carolyn Jones was faced with the task of being believeable in the role of a much older woman. She succeeded with a blend of speech patterns and nuances which did not possess even a trace of false airs. 28/Royal Family ...M 4r' * As Julie's daughter, Lisa Davis gave a strong performance in a role totally unfamiliar to her — that of an ingenue. Martin McGeachey and Vickie Stegall as Fanny's brother and sister-in-law were among the strong supporting cast giving their all in "The Royal Family." Clay Hawes' set depicting the Cavendish's fashionable New York apartment, was nothing short of stunning. Many long hours of work were required to produce the set which made the shoe pleasing to look at. Patricia Lane's costumes were tasteful and elegant (although the satin gowns were a bit overdone), but they were definitely 30's fashions for a play set in the 20's. Although the first act was a bit weak, the performers warmed to their task, making the second and third acts examples of fine acting and direction.


Midlander

"It's been one of our better years," Smith reflected, while boasting about how smoothly the Contest of Champions ran. With over 50 bands from ail over the Southeast competing for the grand championship and Tennessee bands fighting to receive the governors Cup, there is bound to be a lot of confusion, delays and hassles. However, Smith, Assistant Band Director Linda Mitchell and the b. nd students ironed out most of these problems. "Our schedule ran on time, and we got letters back from other bands raving about how smoothly the day turned out," Cindy Houston, french horn player said. Most surprisingly, it did not even rain. You may have seen the contest on television Nov. 14 or 29, since for the first time, the contest was beamed off a satellite and received national television coverage. "We had a hard working group this year," Smith said, still reminiscing over the past year. The 20 flag girls and six rifles came to band camp three days early to begin preparing their drills for marching season. Remember the Russian dance they performed during halftime, and their feature number in "Phantom of the Opera?" During "Espanio," Martha Kelly, from Oak Ridge, captivated the audience with her baton-twirling abilities. You know, the band deserves more credit than just that of marching a half-time show. Trumpet solo's and drum rolls aid the cheerleaders and add to the spirit at football games. The pre-game show gives early game arrivers something to watch. The band exits the field now to drum taps, the football team rushes back on. Taking their seats in the section reserved especially for them, the band members are pretty content, but there is always room for improvements, so between now and their next appearance, the band will practice just as hard learning new drills or improving old ones.


Midlander

Murphy Athletic Center and the Learning Resources Center, with their unique archetectral designs, top the list of new facilities added to MTSU since the arrival of Scarlett. A library physical plant, computer center, Graphics Arts Building, 325-acre Stark Dairy Farm and the Hickman farm, art annex, renovated James Union Building and the Davis Science Building are other additions to the university during the Scarlett decade. Expansion of the University Center, appropriation for a music annex and improved atheletic facilities are also among Scarlett's improve- February 28, 1978, Scarlett told faculty, administration and students he was submitting a resignation letter for the March meeting of the Board of Regents. . //, l- i . u» » Scarlett refused to comment on questions pertaining to rumors that he was being forced to resign. I think I ought to say no comment on that question. I'm sorry, but I think I better say no comment." Rumors of Scarlett's resignation began in December in the Nashville Banner. The Nashville Banner reported that Scarlett was being forced to resign in order for former Governor Ray Blanton to appoint Sam Ingram as president of MTSU. , , L ■ • "The world's poorest kept secret," was Scarlett's explanation of his resignation. Scarlett said that MTSU had the opportunity to go beyond its present scope and become "more than a regional university." Scarlett called upon the "university family" to dedicate themselves to serving the students. "I hope I see this helping of students from whereever I am," the president said. "We could really be a great university. I want you to turn back to being a great university." With the help of President Scarlett, MTSU has become a great university and we, the students of MTSU, wish to thank Dr. Scarlett for his help and concern of MTSU's climbing toward the top in providing a university that offers an atmosphere of both educational and social enlightment.


Midlander

Main Street, the City Cafe is known primarily for steaming homemade rolls that ooze with butter. "Our lemon icebox pie and rolls are what brings everyone back," Jane Gordon, a waitress for the past three years at the City Cafe, boasted. "But I think we have a lot to do with it because people like coming in everyday and having the same waitress." Among the City Cafe's many regular customers is one who have been going there for 23 years. "Vera Jackson comes in here three times a day every day except Saturday. She sits at the same table and in the same seat," Miss Cordon proclaimed. "If she doesn't get her regular seat at first when she comes in, she will go around the table to each seat when it is vacated until the person sitting in her seat leaves. She will then move her food, drink, coat and whatever she has to that seat." Miss Jackson is very special to the employees of the City Cafe, but other important and special people have made their appearance at this famous restaurant. Many well-known citizens have been served by the City Cafe, including Porter Waggoner, Lamar Alexander, Jake Butcher, Jerry Reed and Charlie Daniels. "I waited on Norm Woodel (Eye On The Road reporter for Chanel Five in Nashville) one time and 1 didn't know who he was. He was acting a fool over the Hawaiian salad," Miss Gordon recalled. "He wanted to know what it was and I guaranteed him it would make him do the hula and it just got crazier from there on. I didn't even know who he was until I turned on the news that night. I nearly died." "We get all kinds of people in here, from the country club people to VA patients, but 80 percent are college students, Mrs.


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I.MM Imr -yjs, fu »i 1....,". 50/Academics Accounting And Information Systems Academics/51 52/Academics Aerospace The Department of Aerospace expands to meet the needs of a growing industry. A new program emphasis. Maintenance Management provides supervisory training for those in the mechanical aspect of aviation. Students prepare for careers as air traffic controllers, pilots, mechanics, and various positions with commercial and private transportation companies. Some students aim toward employment with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration or military careers. Boasting one of the top rated aerospace programs in the United States, Middle Tennessee State University attracts students from all areas of the country. Academics/53 54/Acaclemics fe Agriculture Cultivation of basic substances vital for perpetuation of human existence — food. Agriculture at Middle Tennessee State University is more than that. Economics, ecology, and technology clarify the perspective of productivity. Yet, the students and faculty in this department realize the importance of their careers and society's dependence upon their work. Agriculture comes natural to many students here, because living off the land has been the pursuit of their families for years. Often we take for granted the extra hours of sleep we get each morning while agriculture majors and departmental personnel are up early to feed and care for the animals. Nor do we survey farmers' financial losses when we complain about the rising cost of groceries. Sensitivity to the risks and rewards of the agrarian lifestyle is basic to our survival. Academics/55 Art Art is ubiquitous in our lives. It substantiates its presence in our environment through building design, entertains us in the galleries, attracts us as consumers in the form of jewelry, informs us through graphics, and provides a stage for our imagination and a theatre for self expression. Throughout the year, the Department of Art offers workshops for the community in the areas of pottery, jewelry, macrame, and other mediums.


Midlander

The closet door will not open all the way because of the box of twelve dozen rolls of calculator tape for the electric model. The desk drawer comes unglued from the strain of one thousand 9-volt batteries for the pocket calculator. Consumer law books sit around trying to disguise themselves as coffee tables. Instead of asking you to clean up your part of the room, you recieve a copy of The Organization Man for your birthday. The Department of Business Education advocates a concentration of basic business skills as tools and literacy in economics, business procedures, consumerism, and administration. Curricula encompasses distributive education teaching programs, office management, and advanced office skills. 60/ Academics Academics/61 62/Academics Chemistry And Physics Caschromatograph. Does that blow your mind? It's just a name for a useful machine that does something very relevant to our lives. Simply, it is used for analysis to separate mixtures into their components. Chemistry and physics are often dismissed as "not pertaining to me right now." But it permeates our existance. Bread rising in the oven and wine fermenting in the vat are practical examples. Professional examples are industrial quality control, pollution detection, food additive analysis, metal compostion, and medical technology. Chemistry and physics offer a wide horizon for an awareness of the makeup of our world, and enhances the ability to evaluate the environment and use it advantageously. The department provides excellent opportunities for research, preventing stagnation of interest while fostering growth of professional literature. Basic research is ongoing to add to the body of general knowledge. Practical research is conducted to design new or more efficient or immediate use in society. Whether examining the enzyme level in crayfish or analyzing the content of pesticides, the department is well equipped to deal with all aspects, simple and complex. Often viewed as prerequisite study for health careers, chemistry and physics are ends in themselves with positions in industry, education, and government agencies.


Midlander

I had heard lots of things about living in this complex, but I had no idea of seeing such bizarre behavior. Tumbling the basket and contents to the ground, she began jumping from one place to another, cupping her hands close to the ground with each landing. Slightly blunt and somewhat nosey, I approached her. "What's with you, lady?" "I'm trying to catch this grasshopper. I need it for my science methods class in education." I felt relieved to hear a rational explanation and pleased to find a motivated student. As we talked, she enlightened me on all the projects and activities required in education courses, preparing students for the ultimate task — student teaching. These courses are more than philosophical theories. Applicable methods, psychological patterns of interaction, and a well rounded academic knowledge gathering process characterize the education department. Middle Tennessee State University was founded as a school for teachers. The Education Department has diversified, specialized, and traditionally carries on the task of providing opportunities for students preparing to teach in elementary schools, secondary schools, and working in special education capacities, library service, supervision, and educational administration. Education as an institution generates philosophies for growth structure which know no zenith. Academics/71 72/ Academics Foreign Language Foreign language majors indulge themselves in an unparalleled discourse. Culture, cooking, dress, and customs reflect the humanistic side of the study of foreign language. Examination of literature, films and history enhance the challenge of learning to speak, write and experience another culture. Whether the student is planning to teach, interpret, travel, or just become aware, foreign language courses offer a vital insight, accentuating the ability to understand the world through better communication. Academics/73 Geography And Earth Science ^ 74/Academics If the Department of Geography and Earth Science had a marque on its office door, it would most likely read: Now Showing — Satellite Mapping.


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Academics/75 History History fosters the cultivation of knowledge of our predecessors and cultural heritage, it enlightens the ideologies we have inherited and provides new perspectives through research, restoration, and preservation. The History Department recognizes the convergence of culture, economics, demography, religion, education, technology, and philosophy as the foremost factors of change and presents objective and thorough coverage through a variety of media. Students are inspired to seek local resources to enhance interest and gain firsthand knowledge of Tennessee history. One of the best sources, sometimes overlooked, are the descendants of the people whose values molded the past of Tennesseans. Studies of the roles played by immigrants and various ethnic populations give us insight to the role of the United States as the "melting pot" of cultures and advocator of human rights. The department's Historic Preservation emphasis trains students for professional careers in preservation planning and promotes an awareness of the potentiality for the study of history in the public school classroom. 76/Acaclemics Dr. James Huhta is Director of the Historical Preservation Program here at Middle Tennessee State University and serves as the Chairman of the National Council for Historic Preservation Education. Academics/77 HPERS A synthesis of mind and body equates the program of the Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Safety Department. Rigorous activity for health, concepts for the mind, recreation -for the psychological well-being as well as the fun of it, and safety for awareness constitue a balanced program here at Middle Tennessee State University. Benefits of physical education stem far beyond the anatomical aspect. Social interaction in team sports and public relations with the community highlight the other side of the HPERS program. Through required courses all students are acquainted with a wide variety of activities and are encouraged to develop skills and pursue the objectives of increased strength and endurance to improve health and realize the importance of leisure.


Midlander

By the way, so are those long walks in the snow to get to class. Once I figured it out ... if 1 walk briskly on Tuesdays and Thursdays, burning X number of calories per meter, 1 should be able to lose enough weight to get into that outfit that is going to cost X number of dollars that I will save in gas . . . By providing instruction and opportunities for learning through experience, the Home Economics department seeks to augment resources for the enrichment of individual and family life. Home Economics prepares men and women for careers in consumer services, early childhood education, nutrition, merchandise management, interior design, and vocational home economics education. These various career opportunities are the culmination of numerous interdisciplinary courses. Academics/81 Industrial Studies 82/ Academics Slowly moving his fingers over the graceful, curvaceous beauty brought to maturity like a work of art by his own hand, he felt proud. The solemn expression on his face turned gently to a smile as he imagined someday passing on his knowledge and experience to another who would encounter the apprehensive moments and final joy he had known. A voice broke the silence. "That's a fine table leg. You are developing a pride in your work typical of most aspiring young teachers. Your students will see that quality in you right away." Creativity reflected in the finished product is a hallmark of Industrial Studies. Design, materials handling, and mathmatical calculations accent laborious pre-engineering and pre-architecture programs. Employment opportunities include teaching, industrial technology, and related management positions. Academics/83 Management And Marketing Management majors find themselves wading through a myriad of case problems, trying to make that managerial, rational decision. "it is the principle of the thing that counts. More money must be put into these things for the student's welfare." "I agree, but we must have guidelines for setting our priorities." "Having the functional authority to make such a decision unlocks the way for a wide course of action.


Midlander

Yes, this is Push 'N Plug Ad Agency. Yes, we do handle their accounts. Of course, we refute any claims that the meat is not one hundred percent! What do you mean one hundred percent what? Certainly you don't think we were implying ..." Sometimes it is a rough way to go but marketing techniques handle a large part of every consumer dollar. 84/Academics Academics/85 Mass Communications We live in a environment, its impact besieges our daily lives and leaves its mark on the theories of the social forces which shape our lives. The power of the mass media is very evident and ranks with the family, education, and religion as an indicator of norm structure. Middle Tennesse State University is one of a few, if not the only unviersity which incorporates Mass Communication courses into its general educational requirements, an apparent testimonial to our innovative faculty. The Mass Communications Department prepares men and women for professional positions in the area of television, radio, print media, public relations, advertising, and recording industry management. It is an advancing department, keeping pace with a growing and competitive industry. Compared with other nations, its sophistication is unparrallelled and the growth potential is enormous due to its theoretical foundation, advocation of the First Amendment. 86/ Academics Acadennics/87 Mathematics And Computer Science Synonymously relevant to a progressive, verbally fluent society such as ours, math and computer science are chronometrically paired to educate future teachers, pro- grammers, and statisticians. Computers are such an inte- gral part of our lives now that very iew jobs escape their impact. Due to increasing technology, data is increasing at rates beyond imagination. Students at Middle Tennessee State University articulate the language of the sciences for use today and reference tomorrow. 88/Academics Computers can sing, make decorative placemats for tables, or transform a T-shirt into a good place to hang a picture. 1 knew those math and computer science majors couldn't stay sane doing ail that straight stuff.


Mississippi Law Journal Fall 1975 Book 5

A steam engine was placed by its owner on his land to furnish power for a planing mill. The engine was attached to a concrete founda- tion by eight steel bolts, and a building constructed over it. The owner conveyed the land by a deed which apparently made no mention of the engine. A judgment creditor of the landowner levied execution on the engine, and the plaintiff bought it at the execution sale. The plaintiff brought a replevin action against the grantee to recover the engine. Despite its affixation to the land, the plaintiff contended that the engine remained personal property, did not pass under the deed, and could, therefore, be sold in execution of a judgment against the landowner. The trial court gave a peremptory instruction in favor of the grantee.53 On appeal, the decision was reversed and the case remanded. The critical question was whether the engine had been so annexed to the realty as to become a fixture. The court held it had not: "Tested by the rules announced in Weathersby v. Sleeper, ... it cannot be said that the character of the engine was changed from that of a chattel to realty."54 Boone naturally leads to further inquiry: What are the rules of Weathersby v. SleeperV* Decided in 1869, Weathersby involved a dis- pute over a steam saw and grist mill. The machinery, owned by Solomon Weathersby, was loaned to his brother Lewis Weathersby, with the un- derstanding that Lewis would install it on land to be furnished by Sleeper. Apparently Lewis Weathersby and Sleeper planned to operate the machinery in partnership. Lewis turned the machinery over to Sleeper, who installed it on land which he possessed but did not own. The owner of the land consented to the installation. Subsequently, Solo- mon Weathersby sold the machinery to Margaret Weathersby, and she demanded possession from Sleeper.


In its deference to those administrative interests the Goss Court may have oversimplified the problems. First, the Court pointed out that the informal conference applied only "to the short suspension, not exceeding 10 days."156 What additional protections, if any, attach when a student is suspended for 11 days? "Longer suspensions or expulsions for the remainder of the school term, or permanently, may require more formal procedures."157 The Court's acknowledgment that a case-by-case analysis is required for slightly longer suspensions indicates that strict due process should require the same analysis for short-term suspensions. Uniform procedure cannot be fully effective because no two cases are alike. As one court has stated, "[a] suspension of even one hour could be quite critical" depending on circumstances.158 Secondly, the situations in which students can be excluded without prior notice and hearing must be delineated. Goss stated a preference for antecedent safeguards159 but identified three instances in which students "may be immediately removed from school."190 Two of the situations — persisting danger to persons or to property as a result of the student's pres- ence— unquestionably warrant summary action. However, the third situation, "an ongoing threat of disrupting the academic process,"161 if applied too broadly, could render Goss of little practical consequence. Lacking a more clearly articulated standard this third exception could be employed against such relatively innocuous behavior as repeated talking in class, thereby far transcending the original "emergency" ra- tionale of the exceptions.162 Thirdly, Goss does not address the problem of self-incrimination inherent in any hearing which might lead from suspension to additional adjudicative proceedings. If juvenile or crimi- nal court proceedings against the student are contemplated, his inter- ests may require presence of counsel at the "informal" suspension hear- ing, no matter how short the suspension. That the suspension hearing is characterized as civil should not be dispositive.


Applying Goss How Goss will be interpreted and applied by the lower federal courts is problematic. In any event, the following recommendations fall well within the Goss guidelines if employed in routine suspensions not exceeding 10 days: (1) When an infraction believed to warrant suspension has been reported, the accused student should be called to the office of the school official charged with maintaining discipline, usually an assistant princi- pal. If more than one student is involved, each should be interviewed separately. (2) The student should be informed of the details of the charge against him. A statement of the suspected violation should be put in writing along with a statement that the student has been advised of the charge prior to any adjudication. The student should sign the writing and be given a copy. (3) If the student contests the allegations of the charge, the disci- plinarian should hear the student's full account or denial of the incident. If possible the student should write down his version, and a copy should be filed with a copy of the charge; in this manner a rudimentary record will be made, lessening the necessity for an impartial tribunal. Addi- tionally, the disciplinarian should ask about students, faculty members, or others whom the student believes would corroborate his version. (4) The student should then be allowed to return to class unless this would be disruptive; he should be told that he will be able to confer with the principal before any disciplinary action is taken against him. (5) The disciplinarian should conduct a brief informal investiga- tion of the alleged incident, including talks with the accuser and wit- nesses, if there are any. This inquiry should be low-key to avoid disturb- ance of the educational environment; teachers and students should be approached during lunch, study hall, or free periods.


Generally speaking, in a case in which an emergency order has been signed by the youth court judge, the designated youth counselor will notify counsel as soon as the child is removed from the parent's home. In other instances counsel may be notified when the date of the hearing is placed on the docket, or at least 3 days before the hearing. The role of the court-appointed counsel in the child abuse proceed- ing is similar to that of a guardian ad litem.92 In conjunction with these duties, counsel appointed to represent the interest of the child talks to both the county prosecuting attorney and the youth counselor who has compiled the investigative report on the suspected battered child. If the data obtained from these sources is deemed insufficient by counsel, a request can be made to the court for more data. During the course of the hearing, the attorney will often question the parents of the child about their concept of corporal punishment and the severity with which they believe it may be administered. The attorney also assists in the determination of a suitable placement for the child if the outcome of the hearing is removal of the child from the custody of its parents. Reporting to the youth court instances of suspected child abuse in Hinds County is most frequently made by medical personnel at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson, Mississippi. This is primarily because the University Hospital is a state institution.93 The examining physician is required to complete a "Report of Suspected Battered Child," and the designated counselor at the youth court is notified, sometimes jointly by the social services division of the hospital and the pediatrics division. The process after notification by medical personnel is for the youth court to make preliminary inquiry determining whether the interest of the child or the public requires the court to take further action.


Taylor* As a "quick reference outline" this booklet should be very helpful to all who are interested in the subject of estate planning, whether they be lawyers, law students, teachers, accountants, trust officers, investment or insurance counsel- ors, or property owners. The publication does an excellent job of explaining the federal estate, gift, and income taxes, and their interrelationships. It brings to mind the diverse property interests and problems that must be considered by the estate planner. It is current to the extent that any annual publication can be in the continually changing field of tax law. Filled with citations of code sections, regulations, rulings, cases, and IRS policy statements, it is a good starting point for research. This reference work can be as useful to the lawyer who specializes in estate planning as it is to the lawyer who occasionally drafts a will or sets up a trust. At the price of $3, it is within the reach of every practicing lawyer. The subject of estate planning encompasses problems of the accumulation, use, conservation, and disposition of wealth, great and small, of protection of desired beneficiaries, and of the prevention of unnecessary erosion by taxes, expenses, and inflation. A "quick reference outline" could scarcely give notice of all the problems in the field or attain perfect balance between essential items. Some increased emphasis upon "non-tax" problems in estate planning would improve coverage of the subject. Very little is presented on the "accumulation" phases of estate planning, of advisable investment programs, of the choice of types of life insurance, of stretching meager means in small estates, of family procedures trusts, of plans for survivorship property at the survivor's death, or of planning for gaps in social security payments. Imaginative and innovative planners will find a succession of helpful guides for community property laws, analyzing the estate, estimating taxes and costs (of present and proposed plans in alternative events of earlier death of husband or wife), and planning to conserve assets.


Wallace* Knowledge and Politics begins with a disclaimer which is not uncommon among political science writers, a caveat that the author does not assert solu- tions to the problems of the world but merely establishes a framework within which those problems may be addressed. Modesty in intellectual affairs is to be applauded, but all too often such disclaimers serve as rationalization for a lack of substance: if an author has nothing new to say he simply says something old in a different way. Unger has some new things to say, though the manner in which he says them often fails to avoid the turgidity which generally characterizes philosophi- cal political discourse. If his initial premises are granted, his essay provides a coherent set of concepts with which to analyze the object of the author's interest. That object is the set of ideas known as liberalism. Liberalism in this context means something quite different from the jour- nalistic use of the terms "liberal" and "conservative" to distinguish between such disparate figures as, for example, Edward Kennedy or George McGovern on the one hand and Barry Goldwater or William F. Buckley on the other. It refers to what political scientists call classical liberalism — that body of thought commonly associated with Western democratic theory. It includes almost all American political thought, the views of the Kennedys and Buckleys alike, and excludes on the right such classically conservative notions as monarchy and fascism and on the left the radical doctrines of socialism and communism. To Unger liberalism has been the dominant force in the realm of ideas since the mid- 17th century. Liberalism contains within itself, however, essential con- tradictions which stem from the incompatibility of reason and desire. These contradictions result in liberal distinctions between facts and values, means and ends, and immanence and transcendence.


The authors, sons of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, use letters received from their incarcerated parents as the principal source material for the book. Al- though this method of presentation takes the reader into the thoughts and anxieties of the Rosenbergs as they languished in prison, the dramatic effect is diminished by the fact that the perpetuation of the letters was preconceived and that they were written in duplicate, obviously for ultimate public use. The authors give little evidence to support their contention of the innocence of their parents who were convicted by a jury after an extended trial. Instead, they refer the reader to other works which, they contend, establish their parents' innocence. The emotional impact on the two young sons was severe, and their confusion, anxieties, and frustrations are ably set forth. That they survived the trauma as well as they did is amazing. The book raises two points: (1) The Rosenbergs were innocent, and (2) the death penalty was unjustified, unreasonable, and inappropriate in the light of sentences given in other contemporary "spy" trials. The guilt or innocence of the Rosenbergs to the specific charges is highly debatable. Their case is pre- sented as one where the fact they were avowed Communist sympathizers was exploited to the fullest by the prosecution as a warning to other would-be sym- pathizers and the general public. The death sentence criticism appears justified since it was so inconsistent with other sentences, a fact which the authors adequately document. The book is somewhat tedious to read and boring in parts because of the repetitious content of the letters which comprise a large part of the subject matter. Current disclosures of past governmental misconduct and illegal activi- ties, however, increase one's interest in the book. * Attorney, Pascagoula, Mississippi. 1126 1975] BOOK REVIEWS 1127 Any reader familiar with the post war years will be drawn to reflect about the vast changes which have occurred since the Rosenbergs were caught in the web of a vindictive bureaucracy.


FM 7-93 Long Range Surveillance Units Operations 1995

Operations by teams in areas forward of friendly soldiers can create possibilities for fratricide. To protect the LRS teams from friendly fires, the following coordination is conducted before insertion. 2-10 (1) Hide site and surveillance site locations are normally included in coordination of restricted areas (no-fire areas) established by the controlling headquarters. The controlling headquarters informs higher, lower, and adjacent headquarters of the no-fire areas. For security reasons, the nature of the mission is not normally stated and additional dummy or false no-fire areas are added to reduce the signature of the LRS teams. To maintain operation security, all no-fire areas are listed as on order. (2) Teams may operate in areas in which fires cannot be restricted. In such instances, the committed team is briefed on known strikes and warning procedures of impending friendly fires, air strikes, and nuclear and chemical operations. (3) Detailed planning is required in situations where an LRS team may link up with advancing friendly units. The team must be familiar with general linkup procedures. As details become available, the commander informs the team of frequencies, call signs, and code words. The LRS team is normally the stationary element. The linkup unit is briefed to the lowest level possible. A liaison team is sent from the company operations base or detachment operations base or alternate operations base (AOB) to ensure that this coordination takes place. Once linkup has occurred, the team debriefs the S2 of the linkup unit. This ensures that information gets to the organization that needs it the most. The team is then expedited to the COB or DOB for further debriefing and refitting operations. (4) Detailed planning is required if the team must infiltrate or exfiltrate by foot. Formal passage of lines coordination is essential to prevent fratricide. A liaison team from the COB, DOB, or AOB provides assistance and information to the team or the friendly forward unit.


MOVEMENT TO THE DEPARTURE AREA The departure area is where the transporting unit will pickup the team for delivery to the insertion point; or if infiltrating on foot, to the passage point near the forward edge of the battle area. Teams can be infiltrated or exfiltrated by land, sea, or air, or a combination thereof. The most common method is by air insertion—more specifically, by helicopter. Setting patterns that the enemy could exploit must be avoided. 3-5. STAY-BEHIND This method is used during retrograde operations or withdrawal of covering forces in defensive operations. When possible, the hide site and the surveillance site should be one site to minimize movement. a. The advantages of stay-behind operations are not having to infiltrate an LRS team into the area of operations, and the ability to pre-position mission-essential equipment and supplies. b. The disadvantages of this employment are the disruption of C2 associated with the passing advance of enemy forces and the inability to pinpoint locations of interest in the advancing enemy lines of communication. 3-6. INFILTRATION Infiltration is the first critical phase of an LRS operation, because the team often has to pass through heavily defended terrain where sophisticated detection devices may be used. The selected method of infiltration depends on the mission, enemy situation, resources available, weather and terrain, depth of penetration, training of the team, team survival, and simplicity. The best method is the one that is least likely to be detected. Security and secrecy of movement must not be sacrificed for convenience. The team must maintain the advantage of operating by stealth regardless of the infiltration method. Infiltration requires the support of the corps or division staff to include the G2, G3, fire support officer, air defense artillery officer, and air liaison officer. Certain fundamentals apply to every infiltration.


They require frequent transportation support, primarily to move the surveillance teams and the operations section. 4-11, MAINTENANCE Neither the LRSC nor LRSD have organizational maintenance personnel. The communications platoon or section of the LRSC or LRSD perform operator maintenance on communication and electronic equipment. Organizational and direct support maintenance is requested through the unit assigned to provide support. 4-12. MEDICAL Organic medical support in an LRSU 1s limited to self and buddy aid. Due to the remote placement of teams, primary care is not readily available. LRS soldiers should attend combat lifesaver and emergency medical technician training. a. Additional medical support is requested as needed. When possible, medical evacuation of team members is delayed until the whole team is evacuated from the area of operations. Wounded team members are sent directly to the nearest medical facility that can provide definitive care and treatment. b. Combat stress is another medical aspect with which surveillance teams must cope. Due to the nature of LRS missions, the teams are subjected to stress in rnanv wavs. Some of these contributors are — * Limited visibility (darkness, smoke, fog, rain, snow, ice, and glare). This requires the extended use of night vision goggles. * Disrupted sleep cycles. Performance suffers from the disruption of the normal sleep schedule. ¢ Mental fatigue. This results from having to make decisions of serious consequences in too little time, with too little information, and while exposed to danger. ¢ Physical fatigue. This results from conducting physical activity ex- cessive to current conditioning or at a strenuous level without rest. c. Combat stress, however, is not solely a medical problem. It is also a command problem in terms of reduced performance and personnel lost from duty. It is a command responsibility to take actions to increase the individual team member’s resistance to stress. This can be done by extensive training under simulated combat conditions and a high level of physical training.


Once the team reaches the launch point, which is outside of the surf zone and small-arms weapons fire, the team leader sends out a scout swim team to reconnoiter the beach landing site. d. Before leaving the main body, the scout swimmers receive last-minute instructions or adjustments to the original plan based on observations made during the infiltration thus far. The scout swimmers’ rucksacks are left with the main body (in the inflatable boat). To keep their direction, the scout swimmers use a dive compass or guide on prominent terrain features or lights on the beach. Scout swimmers use the sidestroke to allow all-round observation while approaching the surf zone or the beach landing site. Swimmers face each other using opposite sidestrokes and observe the area beyond the other swimmer. e. As the scout swimmers reach the surf zone or when they get close to the beach landing site, they use the breaststroke to observe the beach. The scout swimmers must use stealth and caution while approaching the beach and keep a low profile in the water as well as when on the beach. One scout swimmer should periodically keep watch to the rear to warn of large waves that may injure the swimmers or separate them from their equipment. When the scout swimmers reach shallow enough water and when they determine that the situation is safe enough, they remove their fins. There are two methods the scouts may use to move across the beach to begin their reconnaissance and secure the beach landing site. (1) If the wood line can be seen easily from the waterline, one scout remains in the water just at the waterline and covers the movement of the other scout as he moves quickly across the beach. Once the inland scout has moved to the edge of the wood line, he covers his partner while he moves across the beach to the same position.


These commands or directives are given in conjunction with the crew chief, whose primary attention is to the safety of the aircraft, and any possible interference of the tail rotor. (3) The team should hookup the same as in familiarization procedures and sling individual weapons over the shoulders. Weapons and equipment are secured to withstand the wind. Rifles should have a safety line attached to prevent a lost weapon during SPIES operations. The team leader gives the thumbs-up signal. (4) During the extraction, the team radio operator maintains communications with the extraction helicopter. He gives an oral backup to the thumbs-up signal and also relays any other information during the flight. His location should be near or at the bottom hookup point to assist in giving accurate information about the extraction, the clearing of obstacles, and the descent. (5) Liftoff of the extraction aircraft must be vertical until the SPIES rope has cleared all obstacles. Team members can fire their individual weapons, using the hip position and with the barrel directed downward at a 45-degree angle and outward. (6) Once the aircraft has cleared vertical obstacles, the RATELO, who is the lowest man on the SPIES rope gives the signal to the pilot that the team has cleared the obstacle. This is especially important during limited visibility even when the pilot is using night vision goggles, because of the difficulty in determining depth perception 120 feet below the aircraft. (7) On descent, the RATELO along with the SPIES master communicates to the pilot the altitude, drift, forward speed and whether or not oscillation of the rope is great enough to cause injury on impact. The RATELO should use the countdown method in 10-foot increments (“‘fifty, forty, thirty, twenty, ten, nine, eight . . . one; one man down, two . ..”) until the team is down. During limited visibility, the SPIES master may not be able to see this action.


The following is a priority of actions in landing on an LZ. (1) The team leader obtains the landing direction from the pilot; then informs all team members before landing. This aids in orientation to the LZ, particularly during night operations. (2) Unloading of the aircraft does not begin until directed by the crew chief or pilot. (3) Once the aircraft has landed, personnel unbuckle their seat belts and exit the aircraft as fast as possible with all equipment. (4) Individuals move 15 to 20 meters out from the side of the aircraft and assume the prone position facing away from the aircraft, weapons at ready position, until the aircraft has departed the LZ. (5) The LRS team should then move to an assembly area out of sight and sound of the LZ (500 meters) long enough to adjust their senses to the surrounding environment and to verify the location of the LZ using map checks or global positioning systems. After unloading from the aircraft, the 6-35 FM 7-93 6-36 team leader moves the team to a predetermined location, using moving techniques appropriate to the terrain. Once at the concealed assembly point, the team leader makes a quick count of personnel and equipment, and then proceeds with the mission. (6) Soldiers maneuver off the LZ to the closest side offering cover and concealment. (7) The team may elect to have the aircraft wait in the vicinity for 5 to 10 minutes to allow for the hasty extraction of the team if compromised. (8) If soldiers are engaged by nearby enemy positions, they treat it as a near ambush by immediately returning fire. Soldiers who consider them- selves in the kill zone may assault the enemy position(s) or attempt to leave the kill zone. Soldiers not in the kill zone provide supporting fire to support the movement of soldiers in the kill zone. (9) The LRS team leader calls for close air support, if it is available.


If regular antenna wire is not available, the radio operator can use field telephone wire (WDI/TT.) to build antennas. Field wire consists of two insulated wires. Each insulated wire is made up of four copper strands and three steel strands of wire. (1) When making electrical connections with field wire, the operator uses the copper strands. To identify the four copper strands, he removes about | inch of insulation from one end of the insulated wire. He holds the wire where the insulation ends and the strands are bent to the side. When he releases bending pressure, the steel strands snap back to their original position while the copper strands remain bent. These copper strands can then be wrapped around the steel strands to present a copper surface for a good electrical connection. (2) If field wire is used as the radiating element of an antenna, the two insulated wires in the twisted pair must be connected together at the ends so that electrically the two wires act as one. First, the radio operator tightly twists together all six steel strands from the two wires (for strength). He twists the eight copper strands together (for electrical connection). Then, he twists the copper strands around the steel strands. (3) When used as a feed line for a dipole antenna, the radio operator connects each of the two insulated wires of the twisted pair to a separate leg of the dipole. At the radio, he connects one wire (any wire) to the center connector of the radio antenna terminal and the second wire to a screw on the antenna case. (4) In an emergency, any wire of sufficient length can be used for an antenna; for example, barbed wire, electrical wire, fence wire, and metal-cored clothesline. Communication has been successful using metal house gutters and even metal bed springs.


Penny-Wise

In 1 692, a group of young girls who lived in the Salem, Massachusetts area began to act strangely, as if they were suffering from sort of seizures. The young girls - actually, they were trying to conceal their own misbehavior - claimed that they were the victims of an evil spell which had been cast upon them by some local women. Their accusations resulted in the strange and shameful reign of terror which is known today as the Salem witch trials. Superstition, family feuds, revenge, greed, and church politics all played a part in this grim drama. Ultimately, 19 innocent women were hanged; one man was smothered under a heavy pile of rocks; and others were falsely accused and imprisoned for as long as 2 years. During this period, a common superstition was held that one could be safe from witches if he or she carried a bent shilling or six pence . The Pine T ree coinage was an easy source for these amulets because the coins were readily available and were thin enough to be bent easily. In the m id-1 970’s, a large West Coast coin firm promoted bent Pine Tree shillings as "witch pieces" and sold them in what appeared to be fairly large numbers. Although authentication would be difficult, for it’s hard to tell if the teeth-marks on the coins were those of God-fearing Puritans or your average run-of-the-mill vandals, the promotion did add some charm and a sense of history to a few damaged coins of limited collector interest. During the 1700’s, the Massachusetts silver coinage continued to play a slowly declining role in the New England economy. Contrary to the impression one gains when reading the RED BOOK, the American coins listed in that guide constituted only a fraction of the money which was used in the colonies and the early days of the United States.


Penny-Wise

The quantity of coins available in the premium category is usually very small. The most accessible source for them is the major auctions although dealer specialists in the Colonials will have these coins from time to time. Most of the premium coins are from the era of the small planchet Pine Tree shillings. The 'dogs' are coins with serious defects resulting from abuse while in circulation, less often from John Hull's mint. The most common circulation- related defects are planchet clips followed closely by bent, holed, and mutilated coins. Many of the pieces which have been clipped have been cut down all the way to the second circle of beads. Such coins, even though they are of historical interest, are 'slow movers' from the dealers' point of view. A surprising number of small dealers in the New England area have one or two of these orphans laying around, often with AN ACS papers to improve the chances of selling them . Prices in the 'dog' category range from $100. or less for a pitted ground- salvage (metal detector) 'hurtin' puppy' to perhaps $400. for a halfway-decent- looking 'cross breed'. In this area of the market there is room to dicker with the dealer on price, but be forewarned that financial liquidity is not an attribute for the 'dog' Massachusetts silver coinage. A special breed of 'dog' coin is the severe mint-caused defect group. Theoretically, the best of these pieces should fall into the premium category since the coins are as struck, but their appearance is so poor that price-wise they are treated as 'dogs'. The best such example what I have seen of this was a Noe 6 Oak Tree shilling owned by a Boston collector. All known examples of this rare variety have an unattractive damaged reverse (tree side) from the original die.