Mini Course Catalog (1975-1976)

The following requirements pertain to the specific major performing area: Applied Applied Applied Instrumental Voice Keyboard Instrumental students 12 hours 2 hours 4 hours Voice students 6 hours 8 hours 4 hours Keyboard students 6 hours 2 hours 10 hours Note: Instrumental students are required to take five hours, and Vocal and Keyboard students three hours of Instrumental Group Applied courses, as a part of the Applied Instrumental commitment. Creative Arts/57 PRIVATE APPLIED MUSIC Private applied lessons are available to all college students by consent of the appropriate professor, and may be taken for one or two hours of credit per semester. One credit hour is based on one half-hour lesson plus a minimum of three hours of practice per week. Two credit hours are based on two half-hour lessons plus a minimum of six hours of practice per week. The same course number can be applied any number of times for credit. Students are rated according to six performance levels spelled out for each applied area in the office of the department chairman. Music majors must take private applied lessons on their major instrument (with or without credit) every semester of their college careers, regardless of other applied considerations. Music majors must perform at level four or better on their major instrument prior to graduation before they can be considered as having successfully met music curriculum requirements. The Jazz Ensemble in action. 58/Shepherd College DIVISION OF EDUCATION The Division exists to prepare people for competent professional service in the public schools and related areas, and to develop the knowledge, skills and critical ideas on which significant educational growth depends. The Division achieves this broad goal in a variety of ways; it provides historical and philsophical perspectives that bear on an understanding of the nature of the learner and of learning, it develops the technical and human skills necessary for effective teaching, and it concerns itself with the growth in professional understanding and attitudes of future teachers.


Mini Course Catalog (1975-1976)

Propaganda and Public Opinion 62-310 Electives from the field of journalism . . . 3 3 3 3 3 6 LIBRARY SCIENCE The Library Science curriculum is designed primarily to prepare students for effective school library work. The program is based on the following specific objectives: 1. To train school librarians for effective service in the elementary, junior and senior high schools. 2. . To provide future teachers with an opportunity to acquire library skills, which will enable them to direct pupils in the effective use of school libraries. 3. . To provide a foundation for possible graduate study in the field of librarianship. Students who expect to enter the Library Science program should contact the Library Science Department no later than the beginning of their sophomore year to plan their program. All students in the Library Science program must earn a 2.0 grade in each library science course. Those students in the Teacher Education program must have an average of 2.5 for secondary education and 2.3 for elementary education in Library Science and must have received unqualified admission to the Professional Education Block as prerequisite to enrollment in 63-318, Library Practice. Students who expect to attend graduate school should strive for an average of 3.0. They should plan their courses so as to obtain a background of general knowledge. Electives should be selected from the areas of social studies, English, economics, sociology, political science, psychology, education, accounting, speech, business education, modern foreign languages (French or German). The ability to type is a necessity. The School Librarian specialization must be selected in combination with specialization for classroom teaching in grades 7 through 12, 7 through 9, 1 through 12, or with the diversified (self- contained classroom) specialization. A minimum of 21 hours of credit is Languages & Literature/77 required for West Virginia certification of school librarians with these specializations. Student teaching will be done in the student's first field in order to give the prospective librarian not only the teacher's viewpoint but also certification in that field.


Montana statewide angling pressure mail survey

There are six types of fishing licenses available to residents: a season license, a combo license, a sportsman’s license, a "senior" license, a "youth" license and a disabled license. A season license is required for those resident anglers between the ages of 15 and 61 inclusive (a conservation license is required as a prerequisite to purchasing any fishing license). Residents between the ages of 12 and 14 inclusive, are required to purchase a conservation license to fish. These were determined by using the date of birth on the Conservation license and were classified as "youth" license holders. The combo license combines a season fishing license and a conservation license. A sportsman’s license provides a deer "A" tag, elk tag, bear tag, conservation license, a game bird stamp and a fishing license. Residents 62 years of age and older are entitled to fish by purchasing a conservation license. These were determined by using the date of birth on the Conservation license and were classified as "senior" license holders. Residents who are certified as permanently and substantially disabled may purchase a "Disabled Persons Conservation License". The "senior", "youth", and "disabled" licenses were combined for the "SYD" population. Nonresidents 15 years of age and older must have a valid Montana fishing license to fish. Those nonresidents under the age of 15 may fish by buying a nonresident license or by being in the company of an adult with a valid Montana fishing license. If the latter the combined limit may not exceed the limit for one adult. Nonresidents have four types of licenses available for fishing in Montana; a combo license, a seasonal license, a two-day permit, and the big game combo. A nonresident conservation license is required as a prerequisite to purchaasing any nonresident fishing license. The combo license combines a nonresident conservation license and seasonal fishing license.


In the "winter" the rate dropped to 5,000 residents and nonresidents. Since waves 1 and 2 had fewer license holders from which to sample, these two waves were sampled at a less intense level. Two survey questionnaires were used, one for residents and season nonresidents and the other for 2-day nonresidents. The resident/nonresident questionnaire (see appendix A for examples), included questions on: what water was fished; nearest landmark , town, or county; date fishing occurred; and number of days fished; hours fished; species of fish caught; number of that species caught; number of that species kept; and whether the fishing was primarily from shore, boat or ice. Also included were two questions for an economic study being done to determine the value of a day of fishing. The questions were: was the main purpose of the trip to fish, and round trip distance traveled. The 2-day questionnaire was the same basic design but included questions to ascertain if the respondent was a valid 2-day fishing permit holder and how many permits they bought. The survey also asked about their entire year of fishing versus a single month. To ease the sorting process different colored forms were used for each wave. Different colors were also used for initial and remail mailings. Remail questionnaires were mailed, to those individuals who had not yet responded, from two to four weeks after the initial mailing. Returns for each wave were monitored and when they slowed down to a few each day the remail was sent. Included in the remail was a letter of explanation, (see appendix A for examples), a duplicate questionnaire and a return envelope. Returns were grouped and counted according to type of license, wave and mailing (initial or remail). Phone surveys were made to those individuals who had not responded in either the initial or remail mail survey.


Middlebury Campus 1978-01-11 : Volume LXXII, Issue 10

Not only were the freshmen in happy but the Office of the Dean of Students had “a horrible time” getting everybody organized in that short time. The week-long Thanksgiving vacation was not particularly helpful in decreasing the number of Friday “cuts”. Daniel pointed autthatmany of the students who live far away could not afford to gohome anyway. These students found they could not even use the Library during the break since it closed on Saturday. Daniel added another dimension to the problem saying “after all its easier to pawn yourself off on your roomate for four days than for a whole week. The problem of cuts still remains to be solved. One suggestion under discussion is hold registration on the Monday of Thanksgiving week and prohibit registration by proxy. The Calendar Committee has also succeeded in changing the October Mid-term break to Thursday and Friday (as op¬ posed to Monday and Tuesday). This corresponds to the vacation of public schools in the area and allows faculty members with children to make the most of the break. Another proposal was to lengthen Christmas vacation and shorten the February break, but the faculty has claimed this did notallow them sufficient time to grade winter term work or prepare for spring term. By JIM LABE In two related moves, Mid¬ dlebury College recently spent more than $140,000 buying large sections of land, all of which are located in the path of the state’s proposed Route 7 easterly bypass. The land purchases have enra ged several selectmen and at least one state representative, who charge that the College is interfering with town politics and attempting to influence the state and town’s eventual decision as to whether the Route 7 bypass, if built, will follow the proposed westerly or easterly route. The proposed westerly bypass would mean the construction of a high speed highway crossing College land and passing ex¬ tremely close to Pearsons, Kelly, Lang, and Hadley dormitories.


There are no reliable statistics on the success of Middlebury graduates in finding jobs. “It would be helpful if we could get more information on what happens to our graduate students.” said Moyer. “A few years ago there was a sixty ,percent response rate to a questionnaire but that’s forty percentthat we don’t know about. Welackfeedback.” Responses to a questionaire sent out by the Dean’s Office to 1976 graduates are just coming in. In 1977 seventeen out of thirty, or 56.7% of those who applied to medical school , dental and veterinary schools were ac¬ cepted. Forum Attempt to Pick Talk Topics Fails By CAROL HUBREGSEN At a brief meeting Sunday night, Student Forum discussed what college problems and procedures they should deal with, and possibly revise during the spring semester. Forum chairman Clark Hin¬ sdale ’78 suggested that the tenure system, the town’s use of the college ice rink and other facilities, the student advisory system and the selection of student advisory chairmen were some topics Forum might need to investigate. A few representatives discussed Hinsdale’s ideas, but because of a general lack of response from other Forum members, no working groups were formed. Nancy Ryan ’78 argued that faculty probably wouldn’t respond to a student-run evaluation of the tenure system. However, the Forum asked her to tak to some professors about tenure before the idea of forming a working group on the topic is dropped altogether. And Lucy Newell ’78 said that Assistant Dean of Students Karl Lindholm plans to evaluate the student advisory system, which was begun this year, later in the spring. Valerie Cohen '78 said that noise in dormitories, particularly loud stereoplaying, is a problem. Forum discussed forming a working group to tighten existing rules. One member suggested, however, that the formation of some kind of dorm government with the dorm’s residents making and enforcing their own rules might be more effective.


There is more at stake in the gay rights issue than just the liberty to express one’s sexuality as one chooses. There is also theissue of whether or not American society should give the Gay movement the right, inherent in the American tradition, to express its views free of any prejudice or societal interference, regardless of what prejudices the individual members of our society may hold. Homosexuality was con¬ sidered immoral in Biblical times; yet our judicial system has progressed from “an eye for an eye”—should we not then apply this enlightenment in the same way towards a policy of tolerance consistant with American traditions? The Middlebury College community should champion such a cause, whether under the veil of a liberal arts education or not In doing so, we protect a freedom integral to the best in¬ terests of Middlebury College and to those of American society itself - the freedom to organize, and express oneself in a free society. KEVIN WILLIAM LOCKHART McNIFF Indigestion TO THE EDITOR Although a constant diet of unleaded gas may seem a mundane diet to most people, my car has survived quite well for the 2 1 /2 years that it has been in my care. During cold winter months, this diet has been sup¬ plemented by an occasional can of dry gas (to prevent cold- weather induced indigestion). While involved in this past Halloween’s night time festivities, some thoughtful person, while passing through the SDU parking lot at the college, apparently concluded that my car looked mal-nourished and, sincetheFarmer’s Almanac says that this winter will be a tough one, decided to add several eggs to the gas tank. Unfortunately, this high protein supplement did not agree with tne car s aencaie intestines. Although it is generally assumed that the students of an exclusive New' England liberal arts college are rich, this particular student hardly falls into that category, and the added expenses (especially welcome at Christ¬ mas) of having the car’s innards cleaned is one I can w'ell do without.


But the Service is not limited to students. The AFS also coor¬ dinates a high school teacher exchange between the US and the Soviet Union The program has also diversified geographically. Today students from one part of thee ounlry can live with a family in an entirely different cultural and social enviroment in another part of the country. Exchanges between two foreign countries is also coordinated by the National AFS chapter. The domestic exchange is available to high school sophomores while the foreign program is limited to juniors and seniors. Applications for in¬ ch sion in a program abroad is carried out through the local chapter. Mark Holzbach, '80, Chairman of the Middlebury College AFS chapter, and Sara Morissey, '80, are on the board which reviews applications from Middlebury Union High School. Says Holzbach “we look for flexibility and try to find out something about their family life and hobbies.” He added, “this is a good link between the town and the college.” The townspeople are also on the board. Compiled applications are sent to the International Headquar¬ ters in New York City where 280 staff members attempting to, match these applications with offers from families in other parts of the world. Knowledge of a fanguage is not required for participation. Holzbach, who visited Finland under the AFS program, spoke no Finnish when he arrived and stayed with a family in which only the son —who was reluctant to do so—spoke English. I n order to ease students intc their new enviroment AFS arranges a two week orientation during which participants un¬ dergo an intense introduction to the culture and language of their host country. The goal, then, is total assimilation. The AFSer becomes a part of his or her foreign family and the family in turn accepts all financial responsibility for their guest child.


Other goal scorers, besides O’Hara, were linemates Tom Plant and Tom Harris, Chip Hagy, John Crawford, and Bob King. The first period was not in¬ dicative of the Panther’s 28 day examination and Christmas vacation, as they skated fast and hard. Forbes kept his lines fresh at all times; making quick changes and running four lines, as well as 3 defensive pairings. “I played 19 players tonight and was very happy with all of them. Angers and Nelson (the Sophomore defense pairing) played really well.” After numerous scoring chances by both teams, and great goaltending, Mike O'Hara con¬ nected at the 10:55 mark, sending the Panthers up 1-0. Watson carried the puck down ice, hesitated at the blue line, then drilled a pass to the penetrating O’Hara, who sent it across Caswell’s body to the lower lefthand corner of the net. The action continued to fly as no team could gain full control. Excellent forechecking and hustle, expecially by the Harris and Bellew lines, helped to stall the Continental’s attack, The Panther’s set up 3 walls of defense, and when the forwards broke down Hamilton had to contend with the very visable barriers of A.J. Fitzpatrick, John Crawford and the other defen¬ semen. With 3:12 to go in the period Tom Plant converted a beautiful pass by Perry Babcock from the right face off circle to double the Panthers’ lead, 2-0. Tom Harris also assisted on the play. The period ended with a flurry of shots on Llovd, but the puck was finally cleared away by Jack Doyle to stifle the threat. The second period started slowly, but the atmosphere heated up quickly when a superbly set up goal by Mark Femberg was nullified. Roger Nicholas showed more moves than a Bourbon St. hooker to asset Fernberg, but it was all for naught.


Barnum’s big top may wel contain the greatest show on earth, but last Saturday night Middlebury’s Memorial Rink was the site of the greatest show on ice. On Saturday, the Dartmouth Women's Hockey team slid into town, accompainied by a fawning entourage of television cameramen and statisticians. The team was greeted by a Middlebury contingent that was determined to preserve its un¬ beaten record in this young season. For the Greenies, this game was the first contest of the year. The game was a see-saw battle all the way, with the lead changing hands four times before Dartmouth's Lea Bollings slid home her third goal of the game after only twenty-six seconds of a sudden death overtime period had lapsed. That goal ended the contest and set the final score at 6-8 for Dartmouth. The game had begun rather ingloriously tor Middlebury, as the Panthers, coming off an easy 6-0 trouncing of Williams thenight before, were stunned by the sharp skating of the Dart¬ mouth squad. Before two and a half minutes had gone by the tartmouth team was ahead 1-0. Soon, however, the home team settled down, and before the period ended, the all out hustling of captain Janet Behnken had evened the score. B ehnken was as pesky and quick as a mosquito during her shifts, as she hounded the puck carriers and set up offensive plays. Towards the end of the period, Behnken set up Sue King, who drove the puck home to close the first period scoring. With a 1-1 tie going into the second period, the Panthers had their confidence up. It w ; as only a matter of time before Mary Porter with a beautiful assist from defenseman Lucy Newell, brought the vociferous Mid¬ dlebury crow'd to their feet with a go ahead goal. After that tally, the Midd kids were riding high, but a rash of untimely penalties soon brought them down.


Ellen Starr was sent off for tripping, leaving the Middlebury team with only three skaters in front of goalie Cathy Butterfield. Middlebury coach Mike Karin chose Alison Aiken, Sandy Busby, andMary Porter, to shoulder the defensive responsibilities, but the trio never really got a chance to perform. Before the echoes of Starr's penalty whistle had died dcwn, Alison Aiken was sent off for tripping. Faced with the prospect of a one man disad¬ vantage for almost four minutes, the Midd kids lost their edge and the Greenies tied the game. Middlebury w'as still a man short when the action resumed, and the Dartmouth skaters took advantage of the situation to go up3-2. That goal set the stage for a roDicking third period. The Dartmouth skaters padded their lead with a goal early in the third period, and ten minutes late r M iddlebury was still on the wrong end of a 4-2 score. Then Sandy Shaw, with an assist from Gwen Blaine, tucked the puck into the comer of the net pulling Middlebury close again. With the skaters and the hometown crowd in a frenzy, the tempo of the game became furious. The Middlebury skaters started pressing hard, and with six minutes left Mara Quigley, a freshman standout, sent the puck in front of the goal mouth where a flustered Dartmouth defender tipped it by her own goalie. With the drop of the puck at center ice the rink went wild as the Panther skaters continued their attack. Action was tight for a few minutes until Anna Gebelein handled a tough pass and knocked home the go ahead goal with just 68 seconds remaining. In the final minute of the period Dartmouth was playing with the incentive of desperation. The tension was enough to melt the ice as the Middlebury defense tried vainly to get the puck out of their own end.


I don't know what else to say. They have a tremendous coach and are just a superior team.” A friend of his responded similarly. “Dallas (will win), unfortunately. Because they’re just incredible; they have hardly any weaknesses.” Many people agreed that Dallas will win, but hoped the opposite would happen One woman told me. "I think Dallas is going to win but I want Denver By DUSTY McNICIIOI 1977 has ended, and it ended not with a bang but an awards ceremony. Athletes everywhere have received awards as cor¬ porations and merchants clamber all over each other for the right to present trophies to deserving athletes. The reason for this beneficence is, of course, the free advertising that these presentations afford the sponsor. The Kodak All-American team developed as a result of this corporate kindness, as did the in¬ stitution of the Chevrolet offensive and defensive players of the game awards. In the bestowal of awards, as in many other fields of endeavor, the corporate big wigs have gotten totally out of hand. The commercial desire to fabricate new honors has given rise to bizarre awards such as the Getty Unleaded Regular Award. That award is given to the athlete who, according to the Getty people, has managed to get the lead out, and still be just a regular guy. Another coveted award is the Rolaids Relief Pitcher award.. No matter how you spell it, .he award turns out to be a pitch for Rolaids. Using the two aforementioned awards as a springboard, it is possible to dive into a whole sea of similar honors. For instance what player wouldn't smile upon being told that he had received the Colgate Toothpaste Award. That prize could be given to the athlete who most often comes through in the squeeze. The maker’s of Alpha-Bits could present the Cereal Bowl for outstanding post season play.


The women wasted no time in proving their abilities as they took eighth place in both the Howe Cup Tournament at Yale and the National Championships at the University of Penn¬ sylvania. The 1978 schedule includes eight team matches as well as the Howe Cup Tourney and the Nationals. Captain Nancy Rome has been thrilled w'ith the team’s showing thus far, and expects to see the improvement continue through this season. The men’s program is also in its third year, but the college is yet to recognize the team. It has not been given varsity status, a coach, or even any financial support. Despite this handicap, senior Ty Howe and junior Brian Miller have arranged matches for every weekend this winter. The men’s opponents include Dartmouth, Amherst, Williams, aMiddlebury Faculty team and a team from the Court Club in Burlington. In addition to the in¬ tercollegiate programs, the college offers instructional classes in the physical education program, and the courts are available on a sign-up basis when they are not being used for practices. The sign-up sheet is posted in the vestibule of Flet¬ cher, and each I.D. card holder may bring one guest. The sign-up sheet for the tennis courts is also located in the vestibule. During the winter, the in¬ tramural program will sponsor a college squash tournament. The paddle tennis program, like the courts themselves, is brand new. But several students, notably Darren Zecher, Anne Vernon and Dave Halsey, have worked hard to organize an intercollegiate/ int imural program whhich incluats about fifty students. In addition to their practices each afternoon, they have arranged matches with the UVM team. The two teams had their first confrontation before vacation, and they expect to meet again before the winter ends. The organizers have not yet discovered other schools nearby with paddle tennis teams.


The Military Chaplains' Review

And, I thought, with our knowledge of possible cures at such a primitive level, isn't it an excursion into flights of fancy, as wild as anything psychedelic drugs can offer, to spend this much money and this much time on such a conference? At that point the light came on. Here is what I mean. FINDING MEANING IN LIFE Whatever else is bugging the steady user of alcohol or other mind-affecting drugs, one generalization seems to hold : life itself is not providing the positive feedback that the drug user wants. He has not found the personal relationships with family and friends that help him believe in himself and in life itself. He has not found a way of relating to life that makes sense for him with- out the need for some extra kick or some dulling of the edges of daily realities. There is not sufficient evident meaning in the way he is called upon to expend his energies, whether physi- cal or emotional or both. I am now talking about the whole pack- age of life — including work, play, and a sense of meaning. It is true that the individual who is caught up in drug patterns began primarily because he had no over-all goal in life, the reach- ing of which was more important to him than anything else. With a goal, with a sense of meaning, and with some self-rewarding personal relationships, we have no real need for substitute grati- fications. Without a goal, a system of meaning and values, and without some sense of belonging, we are sitting birds for all sorts of inadequate life-styles, including those of the drug world. When we make sense of who we are and where we are and where we want to go, then we have the strength we need to accept frustra- tion, conflict, fatigue, boredom, and depression, without reaching out frantically for destructive dependencies, chemical or other- wise.


The Military Chaplains' Review

Allpori some time ago made a similiar point in an outline of what he caled "attitudinal therapy." 1 It was his concept that no psychological or sociological problem is handled without assisting the troubled person to work through to a system of meaning and values and a set of goals that he could appropriate for himself. He saw the clergyman as essential to such an approach because he felt that the seriously religious person could hear another per- son in the throes of that person's struggle for meaning. He felt that the clergyman, whom he called "intrinsically" religious, could provide the atmosphere of honesty and acceptance in which another person could be supported in his own search for life. He felt that the intrinsically religious person could allow other life styles that were not destructive to the individual or to those with whom he relates and could provide the non-possessive warmth needed during the struggle for a better way. It is true, as Allport saw, that not every clergyman meets the requirement. Many are what he called "extrinsically" religious. They are dedicated to the perpetuation of an institution or the maintenance of inflexible doctrine, and they can be destructive in their work with others who are outside of that institution and who cannot accept the doctrine offered. Such an approach, reject- ing and judgmental as it is, can cause more problems than it cures. The present emphasis in the on-going training of the Army chaplain, therefore, is to place him in a setting of crisis in such a way as to involve him with other members of a helping team 1 "Mental Health: A Generic Attitude," Religion and Medicine, David Belgum, ed. (Ames, Iowa: Iowa University Press, 1967) pp. 45-60. trained in many and varied approaches, and to do so in such a way as to promote mutuality of communication and thus to encourage growth for all members of the dialogue.


The Military Chaplains' Review

It may be a struggle to iden- tify with goals that are more important even than whether the individual lives or dies. Thus the chaplain is vital to any lastingly effective rehabilita- tive approach, but he is valuable only to the extent that he shares in the process both with other members of the team and with those the team is striving to help. What I am saying is that medi- cal techniques and chemical substances have a vital place in our program. So also do psychological techniques and insights, as well as sociological, legal, recreational, and occupational insights, observations, and approaches. Never forget, furthermore, that probably one of the greatest sources of strength in any such pro- gram must be that of sound leadership. It is essential to provide as a model a leader who believes in himself, in what he is doing, and in life itself, and who is unself -consciously so dedicated to what he is doing that he tends to forget about himself. This is the strong leader so idolized by the military community, both in fan- tasy and in reality, through the ages. The chaplain is indeed needed, but only as a member of the great fraternity of those who work together for a better way of life. The Chief of Chaplains, Department of the Army, has asked that chaplains be included in each of the rehabilitative teams now being formed throughout the world. This does not mean that other chaplains are not a part of the answer wherever they serve, but the incorporation of a chaplain in each team demonstrates nonverbally the realization that we have here a problem deeply caught up in the significant question of the purpose of life itself. THE TYPE OF PEOPLE THE MILITARY NEEDS I am convinced that what I have attempted to spell out as a part of the approach to the drug problem is not a negative attack against chemical substances and their usage; it is rather a posi- tive attempt to turn people on to life itself.


The Military Chaplains' Review

It is not by getting people off of drugs that they find meaning. It is rather that in finding a meaning for themselves, people no longer have the need for artificial means of turning on. I am emphasizing here a mat- ter of absolute concern for all of us. It is not only the drug depen- dent person who needs to find meaning and value and purpose. It is every one of us. It is certainly evident that what the military needs is people who are dedicated to a way of life, people who are not simply seeking a parasitic way of existence within a large institution that has both continuity and stability. The military needs people who believe that our civilization needs to be improved and perpe- tuated. It needs people who feel that in the military they find an opportunity to serve the best values that man stands for. It needs people committed to peace, to the protection of the weak, to the need to translate concern and care into effective action. It needs people who believe that the way of life they have chosen is in it- self more important than whether or not they advance with their peers up the ladder of institutional approval. It needs people who are willing to take a stand against trends in the institution that may work against the attainment of a better world. It needs peo- ple of integrity, and integrity comes only from those who have a goal that is greater than their own comfort or their own accept- ance by any system. When I have said that, I have said in addition that such people are what the world needs, and without them the matter of living is only a matter of putting in time. Until we find for ourselves a reason for living greater than the details of what happens to us while we live, we are subject to all sorts of dependencies.


The Military Chaplains' Review

Duncan Lack of agreement on a definition of drug abuse makes it diffi- cult to understand the problem, much less plan a constructive program. Drug abuse is variously defined as a legal, moral, medi- cal or social problem. The legal definition equates drug abuse with the mere action of using proscribed drugs or using a drug under proscribed conditions. The moral definition is similar, but greater emphasis is placed on the motivation or purpose for which the drug is used. The medical model opposes unsupervised usage but emphasizes the physical and mental consequences for the user. The social definition stresses social responsibilities and adverse effects on others. Furthermore, drug abuse has not re- mained constant; it has been changing. It is therefore not sur- prising that pragmatic goals and actions frequently conflict. Thus the drug scene today does not look the same as it did five years ago, ten years ago, or twenty years ago. As recently as ten years ago, I think I could reasonably say I knew personally most of the opiate derivative users in the Southwest, because they came in and out of the hospital for treatment. I think perhaps the drug scene today almost defies imagination, because it's here, it's there, it's everywhere, and in no two instances does it look the same. REACTIONS TO DRUG ABUSE Let's look closer at the drug scene in an attempt to try to un- derstand it. First of all, it is both a symptom and a cause. It is not an isolated or unitary phenomenon but is, on the contrary, a pow- erful social and cultural indicator that reflects the quality and the character of life in the society. Whatever it is that we are trying to describe, it has stimulated society to react — and often to over- react— to the actual and threatened consequences of widespread illicit drug usage, especially among the young.


The Military Chaplains' Review

Part of society's overreaction to the problem can be attributed to the common tendency toward nonthinking which does not recognize any re- fined or subtle distinctions between the concept of illicit use and the realities of hard core abuse. The net result is a lumping to- gether in the public mind of all kinds of illicit behavior which ex- tends from minor technical transgressions up to and through de- pendency and serious involvement. In this type of thinking the danger is seen as equivalent to the total number of people who have used drugs illicitly. Thus, by definition, we have on our hands an overwhelming and very threatening problem. We may have failed to recognize the extent to which unexamined attitudes, values and opinions are embedded in the issue and the tendency of most people to react on the basis of a priori feelings and assump- tions rather than on the basis of a careful analysis of the facts. Current reaction frequently borders on hysteria, which seriously impedes the kind of constructive thought and action which is re- quired to mount a significant attack on the core problems of acts, casualties, and consequences of drug abuse. At the risk of oversimplification, positions currently being taken by individuals and groups in the society can be character- ized in ideological terms as hawk, moderate and dove. The distri- bution is neither uniform nor bell-shaped, and there are many in- dications that the majority, primarily older persons and those with adolescent children at risk, are hawkishly disposed. A sig- nificant vocal minority, mainly recruited from the young, white, middle class, can be classified as doves. And the much smaller heterogeneous group of individuals who hold moderate attitudes and opinions can be found in various age and social class strata. Unfortunately, moderate, informed voices are seldom heard above the general din.


The Military Chaplains' Review

Many of the hawks have mixed feelings, because they do not want to see their children arrested or exposed in a fashion that will threaten future careers. In this highly charged atmosphere of contrary attitude and opinion, rational discourse is rare and difficult. Without special effort on the part of opinion leaders, it will continue to be difficult to entertain novel solutions and to develop, implement or gain acceptance for realistic pro- grams of remedial action that go contrary to invested prejudices. Perhaps a part of our difficulty is that we have been trying to de- scribe and deal with an "it" rather than with people. You see, without people that would be no "it." People create the "it." When discussing drug abuse, it is common practice to refer to dangerous drugs rather than dangerous people and to assume that the fault lies solely with the drug. Examination of this very complex issue may help to clarify matters. The question is : Why do people use drugs? ALTERNATIVES The use of psychoactive drugs can be seen as but one alterna- tive among many for coping with the subjective needs, desires, and problems of life. The critical questions are: Why this alter- native as opposed to some other? Why this alternative to the ex- clusion of all others? What are doctors doing to increase or de- crease the likelihood that the individual will resort to drugs? Most drug usage can be viewed as a matter of choice, whether 8 taken inside or outside the medical system, for seldom is the per- son so ill or in such distress that there is no other recourse. This implies that there are wide individual differences in personal cri- teria of illness and toleration for discomfort. Decisions to visit the physician or to seek drugs directly need not be rational or de- liberate, but the action suggests that at some level a choice among available alternatives has been made.


The Military Chaplains' Review

I will even let you vomit on me, if only you will let me belong." Grandiose claims for marijuana have diminished as the drug has become more widely used, but they persist for LSD and other hallucinogenic agents because of their impressive potency. The marked alterations of consciousness produced by LSD can be in- fluenced by prior expectations and lend themselves to various in- terpretations by the user, a situation that tends to promote belief in the original contentions. The user finds it hard to believe that a drug with such powerful, active, subjective effects cannot in some way produce a significant and lasting change in his personality or outlook. He may then take the drug repeatedly in search of these changes and become increasingly confused to the point of losing touch with reality. Therein lies one of the great dangers asso- ciated with hallucinogenic drugs. The interaction between myths .or expectations and the clinical effects of the drugs tend to rein- force one another in circular fashion. In the case of marijuana, LSD, and other psychedelic drugs, the myths and claims have taken on the character of a party line which is very difficult to dispel. CONCLUSION In summary, allow me to oversimplify what I have been lead- ing up to. Drug abuse may be related to a man's inability to face and deal with the problems of life, especially those which result in feelings of boredom, helplessness, hopelessness and frustration. The realities of military life at times contribute to a person's ex- 10 periencing some of these uncomfortable feelings. Unfortunately, not every soldier's past experiences have provided him with the inner strength sufficient to continue to function in spite of these discomforts. Thus if we have an unprepared person who is experi- encing stress, and in addition the availability of drugs, the sanc- tion of significant others, and a conscience structure that will per- mit, he may turn to drugs for relief.


The Military Chaplains' Review

Shockley The issue to which we will address ourselves is that of the early religious experience of black people in this country. We are going to touch on a few dimensions of that experience which have been affected by African backgrounds and by slavery. As morale officers in the Armed Forces, I am sure that you have the duty of understanding the changing attitudes that ser- vicemen have toward the organized church and of coping with some of the misunderstandings which have arisen. In order to do this, it is helpful to know something of black religious history. /. AFRICAN BACKGROUNDS The black religious experience in this country cannot be seen as something separate from the black religious experience on the African continent. There are two points of view with regard to the origin of the black religious experience here. On the one hand, some sociologists point out that there is not a single institu- tion in all of black American culture that has not been deeply af- fected by its African backgrounds. They tell us that almost every- thing in black American culture has been strongly influenced by the African experience. On the other hand, there are sociologists who say that the black African culture was so nearly destroyed by the experience of slavery that there is little or nothing left of it. The truth probably lies somewhere between these two ex- tremes. Perhaps one of the best ways to speak about some of the factors in the African religious experience is to address ourselves to some survivals — continuities which were brought from Africa and which remained a part of Negro life in America. We will therefore speak about the nature of the African religion as it af- fected the black experience here. RELIGIOSITY We will explore five basic factors, although these do not ex- haust the possibilities.


The Military Chaplains' Review

The first is the deep religiosity of the black person in this country which can be traced to the religious experience of the black African. What we are saying is that there was a religious bent, a religious proclivity or inclination, which 13 carried over to America. In spite of the fact that cultural ties had been cut, in spite of the fact that very few cultural vehicles were available, black religiosity did survive, manifesting itself in and adapting itself to Christianity. Thus, religiosity was a basic fac- tor in the black experience in Africa which continued to be ex- pressed here. WHOLENESS OF LIFE The second basic factor is the integration of the life experience. There is a pronounced capacity in the black person to look at life and to see it whole, to observe it not only in terms of the here and now, but also to see its origins, its present reality, and its future. SIMPLICITY A third factor is the simplicity of black African faith which has persisted in the black American. By simplicity I do not mean to imply something that is less than profound ; I mean the capac- ity of a person to reduce life and reality to basic forms. There is a simple relationship between that which is seen and that which is not seen. African "gods" took their places in the midst of the seen and the unseen, so that eternal, spiritual truths were explained in terms of those temporal, physical realities which were encoun- tered daily. This, perhaps, can partially account for the general framework of black theology, that of certain categories of reli- gious experience which were found here in the Protestant formu- lation and which subsequently became channels and vehicles for the expression of the black experience. The concept of God, for example, stands out very clearly.


Émile Verhaeren

A new age calls for new poets, poets whose conceptions have been nurtured by their environment, poets who, in the expression they give to this new environment, themselves vibrate with the feverish rotation of life. But so many of our poets are pusillanimous. They feel that their voices are out of harmony with reality ; they feel that they are not incorporated with the new organism and a necessary part of it ; they have a dull foreboding that they do not speak the language of our contemporary hfe. In our great cities they are like strangers stranded. The great roaring streams of our new sensations are to them terrific and inconceivable. They are ready to accept all the comfort and luxury of modem life ; they are quick to take advantage of the facihties afforded by technical science and organisation ; but for their poetry they reject these phenomena, because they cannot master ) by Google THE NEW AGEi i them. They recoil from the task of transmuting poetical values, of sensing whatever is poetically new in these new things. And so they stand aside. They flee from the real, the contem- porary, to the immutable ; they take refuge in whatsoever the eternal evolution has left un- touched ; they sing the stars, the springtime, the babbling of springs which is now as it ever was, the myth of love ; they hide behind the old symbols ; they nestle to the old gods. Not from the moment, from the molten flowing ore, do they seize and mould the eternal — ^no, as ever of old they dig the symbols of the eternal out of the cold clay of the past, like old Greek statues. They are not on that account insignificant ; but at best they produce something important, never anything necessary. For only that poet can be necessary to our time who himself feels that everything in this time is necessary, and therefore beautiful.


Émile Verhaeren

From the right the Teu- tonic tide dashes in, the Protestant faith ; from the left, sumptuous and rigidly orthodox, Roman Cathohcism. And the race itself is the restlessly strugghng product of two races, the Flemish and the Walloon. Naked, clear, and direct are the contrasts which here defy each other ; and the whole battle can be surveyed at a glance. But so strong, so persistent is the inexorable pressure of the two neighbouring races, that this blend has already become a new ferment, a new race. Elements once contrary are now unrecog- nisably mixed in a new and growing product. Teutons speak French, people of Romance stock are Flemish in feehng. Pol de Mont, in spite of his Gallic name, is a Flemish poet ; Verhaeren, ) by Google THE NEW BELGIUM 15 Maeterlinck, aad van Lerbeighe, though no Frenchman can pronoxmee their names rightly, are French poets. And this new Belgian race is a strong race, one of the most capable in Europe. Contact with so many foreign cultures, the vicinity of such contradictory nations, has fer- tilised them ; healthy rural labour has steeled their Umbs ; the near sea has opened their eyes to the great distances. Their consciousness of themselves is of no long date : it can only be reckoned from the time when their country became independent, hardly a hundred years ago. A nation younger than America, they are in their adolescence now, and rejoicing in their new, unsought strength. And just as in America, the blend of races here, together with the fruitful, healthy fields, has pro- created robust men. For the Belgian race is a race pulsing with vitahty. Nowhere in Europe is life so intensely, so merrily enjoyed as in Flanders, nowhere else is sensuality and pleasure in excess so much the measure of strength. They mxist be seen particularly in their sensual life ; it must be seen how the Flemish enjoy ; with what greediness, with what a conscious pleasure and robust endurance.


Émile Verhaeren

It is among them that Jordaens found the models for his gluttonous orgies ; and they could be found still at every kermesse, at every wake. Statistics prove that in the consumption of alcohol Belgium stands to-day ß.t the head pf Europe. Every second house is ) by Google 16 EMILE VERHABREN an iim* an estamin^ ; every town, every vill^e has its brewery ; and the brewers are the wealthiest men in the country. Nowhere else aw festivals so loud, boisterous, and imbridled ; nowhere else is Kfe loved and lived with such a superabundant zest and glow. Belgium is the I luid of excessive vitality, and ever was so. They have fought for this plenitude of life, for this enjoyment full to satiety. Their most heroic exploit, their great war with the Spaniards, was only a struggle not so much for religion as for sensual freedom. These desperate revolts, this immense effort was in reality not directed against Roman Catholicism, but against the morality, the asceticism it enforced ; not so much against Spain as against the sinister malignity of the Inquisition ; against the taciturn, bitter, and insidious Puritanism which sought to curtail eajoyment; against the morose reserve of Philip II. All that they wanted at that time was to preserve their bright and laughing life, their free, dionysiac enjoyment, the imperious avidity of their senses ; they were determined not to be hmited by any measure short of excess. And with thens life conquered. Health, strength, and fecundity is to this very day the mark of the Belgian peofde in town and country. Poverty itself is not hollow-cheeked and stunted here. Chubby, red-cheeked children play in the streets ; the: peasants working in the fields are straight and sturdy ; even the artisans are as muscular ) by Google THE NEW BELGIUM 17 and strong as they are in Constantin Meunier's bronzes ; the women are moulded to bear children easily ; the mibroken vigour of the old men persists in a secure defiance of age.


Émile Verhaeren

The imagination of great nations is for the most part absorbed by the practical demands of their development. Tlie best strength of a great nation is claimed by polities, by administration, by the army and navy ; but where political life is of necessity poor, where the problems of administration are forcibly restricted, men of genius almost exclu- sively seek their conquests in the domains of art. Scandinavia is one example, Belgium another, of countries in which the aristocracy of intellect have with the happiest results been forced back on art and science. In such young races the vital instinct must a priori make all artistic activity strong and healthy ; and even when they produce a decadence, this reaction, this con- tradiction, is so decided and consequent, that strength lies in its very weakness. For only a strong Ught can cast strong shadows; only a strong, sensual race can bring forth the really great and earnest mystics ; because a decided reaction which is conscious of its aim requires as much energy as positive creation. The towering structure of Belgian art rests on a broad foundation. The preparation, the grow- ing under the sod, took fifty years ; and then in another fifty years it Was reared aloft by the youth of one single generation. For every healthy evolution is slow, most of all in the Teu- tonic races, which are not so quick, supple, and ) by Google THE NEW BELGIUM 19 dexterous as the Latin races, who leam by life itself rather than by studious application. This hterature has grown ring by ring like a tree, with its roots deep in a healthy soil nourished by the unyielding perseverance of centuries. Like every confession of faith, this literature has its saints, its martyrs, and its disciples. The first of the creatoi^, the forerunner, was Charles de Gaster ; and his great epic Thyl Ulenspiegel is the gospel of this new literature.


Émile Verhaeren

Nor was he more allured by the prospect, held out to him, of directing his uncle's workshop. It is not yet definitely the poetic vocation which appeals to him, but he does desire a free active calling with unlimited possibihties. To gain time for his final decision, he studies jurisprudence, and becomes a barrister. In these student years in Louvain Verhaeren gave free rein to his untame- able zest in life ; as a true Fleming he eschewed ■ moderation and laimched into intemperance. To this very day he is fond of telling of his liking for good Belgian beer, and of how the students got drunk, danced at all the kermesses, caroused and feasted, when the fury came over them, and got into all kinds, of mischief, which often enough brought them into conflict with the poUce. Un- certainty was never a feature of his character, and so his Roman Cathohcism was in those years no silent and impersonal faith, but a militant orthodoxy. A handful of hotspm^ — the ) by Google 32 £MILE VERHAEREN publisher Deman was one of them, and another *as the tenor van Dyek— set a newspaper going, in Which they lashed away mercilessly at the corruption of the modem world, and did not forget to blow their own trumpets. The uni- versity was not slow to veto th^e immature manifestations ; but ere long they started a second periodical, which was, however, more in harmony with the great contemporary move- ments. Betweenwhiles verses were written. And still more passionate is the yoxmg poet's activity when, in the year 1831, he is called to the bar in Brussels. Here he makes friends with men of great vitality : he is welcomed by a circle of painters and artists, and a c^nacle of young talents is formed who have the authentic en- thusiasm for art, and who feel that they are violently opposed to the conservative bourgeoisie of Brussels.


Émile Verhaeren

In Belgium, it is true, it was less acclaimed than declaimed against ; but nevertheless it every- where excited a commotion, and that grum- bling unrest which always heralds the advent of a new force. ) by Google 'LES FLAMANDES' *LES FLAMANDES' Je snis 1« fils de eette race Tenace, Qui veut, apres avoir vonln Eocore, encore et encore pins. ± v., Ma Raet. The life-work of great artists contains not only a single, but a threefold work of art. The actual creation is only the first, and not always the most important ; the second must be the life of the artists themselves ; the third must be the har- moniously finished, organically connected rela- tionship between the act of creating and the thing created, between poetry and life. To sur- vey how inner growth is connected with external formation, how crises of physicaf reality are con- nected with artistic decadence, how development and completion interpenetrate as much in per- sonal experience as in the artistic creation, must be an equal artistic rapture, must disengage as pure a Üne of beauty as the individual work. In Verhaeren these conditions of the threefold work of art are accomplished in full. Harsh and abrupt as the contrasts in his books seem to be, the totality of his development is yet rounded off to a clear line, to the figure of a circle. In the beginning the end was contained, and in the end ) by Google 86 £MILE VERHAEREN the beginning : the bold curve returns to itself. Like one who travels round the world and circles the vast circumference of the globe, he comes back in the end to his starting-point. Beginning and end touch in the motive of his work. To the country to which his youth belonged his old age returns : Flanders inspired his first book, and to Flanders his last books are dedicated.


Émile Verhaeren

All vitality that is strongly conscious of itself produces its counterpart, seclu- sion and asceticism; it is just the healthiest, the elemental races— the Russians of to-day for in- stance — who among their strong have the weak, among their gluttons of life those who avert their faces from it, among those who assent some who deny. By the side of the ambitious, teeming Belgium we have spoken of, there is a seques- tered Belgimn which is falling into ruins. Art exclusively in Rubens's sense could take no accoimt of all those sohtary cities, Bruges, Ypres, ) by Google 44 EMILE VERHAEREN Dixmude, through whose noiseless streets the monks hasten like Socks of ravens in long pro- cessions, in whose canals the dumb white shadows of ghding nuns are mirrored. There, mid life's raging river, are broad islands of dream where men find refuge from realities. Even in the great Belgian cities there are such sequestered haunts of silence, the higuinages, those little towns in the town, whither ageing men and women have retired, renouncing the world for the peace of the cloister. Quite a& much as the passion of life, the Roman Catiiolic faith and monkish renunciation are nowhere so deeply and finnly rooted as in this Belgium, where sensual pleasure is so noisy in its excess. Here again an extreme of contrasts is revealed : frowning in the face of the materialistic view of life stands the spiritual view. While the masses in the exuberance of their health and strength proclaim life aloud and poiuice on its eternal pleasures, aside and cut off from them stand another, far lesser company to whom life is only a waiting for death, whose silence is as persistent as the exultation of the others. Everywhere here austere faith has its black roots in the vigor- ous, fruitful soil.


Émile Verhaeren

For religious feeling always remains alive among a people that has once, although centiuies may have passed since, fought with every fibre of its being for its faith. This is a subterranean Belgium that works in secret and that easily escapes the ciu^ory glance» for ) by Google THE MONKS 45 it lives in shadows and silence. From this silence, however, from this averted earnestness, Belgian art has derived that mystical nourish- ment which has lent its baffling strength to the works of Maeterlinck, the pictures of Fernand Khnopff and Georges Minne. Verhaeren, too, did not turn aside from this sombre region. He, as the painter of Belgian hfe, saw these shadows of a vanishing past, and, in 1886, added to his first book Les Flamandes a second, Les Moines. It almost seems as though he had first of all been obuged to exhaust both the historical styles of his native land before he could reach his own, the modem style. For this book is essen- tially a throw-back, a confession of faith in Gothic art. Monks are for Verhaeren heroic symbols ofl mighty periods in the past. In his boyhood he was familiar with their grave aspect. Near the cheerful house where his youth was passed,"'there was at Bomhem a Bemhardine monastery, whither the boy had often accompanied his father to confession, and in whose cold corridors he had often waited in astonishment and with a child's timidity, listening to the majestic chant of the liturgy married to the organ's earnest notes. And here, one day of days, he received, with a thrill of pious terror, his first communion. Since that day the monks had been to him, as he trod the beaten track of custom, beings in a strange World apart, the incarnation of the beautiful ) by Google 46 EIWILE VERHAEREN and the supersensual, the unearthly on his child's earth.


Émile Verhaeren

Nothing was allowed in the deep light of the colours, in the grave repose of the theme, save what could be fitted into the strictly rel^ous frame of the pictm«. But here the pictorial method proved to be insufficient for the poetic effect. The problem of religious feeling is too close to the heart to be reached by outward, even by plastic manifesta- tions. A thing which is so eminently hostile to the sensuous, nay, which is the very symbol of all that is contrary to sensuousness, cannot be reached by a picturesque appeal to the senses ; the description of an intellectual problem must cease to be descriptive and become psychology. And so, thus early in his career, Verhaeren is forced away from the picturesque. First, how- ever, he attempts the plastic method : he gives us sombre statues of monks ; but even as statues they are only types of an inner life, symbols of the ways to Gtod. Verhaeren develops in his monks the difference of their characters, which are still effective even under the soutane ; and by his dehcate characterisation he shows the manifold possibilities of religious feeling. The feudal monk, a noble of ancient lineage, would make a conquest of God, as once his ancestors ) by Google 48 £MILE VERHAEREN conquered castle and forest lands with spur and sword. The moine flambeau, he that is burn- ing with fervour, would possess Him with his passion like a woman. The savage monk, he that has come from the heart of a forest, can only comprehend Him in heathen wise, only fear Him as the wielder of thimder and lightning, while the gentle monk, he that loves the Virgin with a troubadour's timid tenderness, flees from the fear of Him. One monk would fathom Him by the learning of books and by logic ; another does not tmderstand Him, cannot lay hold on Him, and yet finds Him everywhere, in all things, in all he experiences.


Émile Verhaeren

Les Moines was the last of Verhaeren's de- scriptive books, the last in which he stood on the outer side o£ things contemplating them dis- passionately. But already here there is too much temperament in him to allow him to look at things as altogether unconnected and imdis- cipUned ; the joy of magnifying and intensifying by feeling already stirs in him. At the end of the book he no longer sees the monks as isolated individuals, but gathers them all together in a great synthesis in his finale. Behind them the poet sees order, a secret law, a great force of life. They, these hermits who have renounced, who are scattered over the world in a thousand monas- teries, are to the poet the last remnants of a great departed beauty, and they are so much the more grandiose as they have lost all feeling for our own time. They are the last ruins of moribund Christianity in a new world, projecting, in tragic loneliness, into our own days. ' Seuls vous sur- vivez grands au monde chr^tien mort I * ^ he hails them in admiration, for they have built the great House of God, and for many generations sacrificed ) by Google 50 £:mile verhaeren their blood for the Host eternally white. In admiration he hails them. Not in faith and love, but in admiration for their fearless enei^, and above all becaxise they go on fighting undaunted for something that is dead and lost ; because their beauty serves none other than itself; because they project into our own time like the ancient belfries of the land, which no longer caU to prayer. In a land where everything else serves a purpose, pleasure and gold, they stand lonely ; and they die without a cry and without a moan, fighting against an invisible enemy, tiiey, the last defenders of beauty.


Giger's Alien

At last he reaches the floor of the pyramid. The light from his torch falls on unknown, mysterious shapes in the form of hieroglyphics on the walls. On the ground he catches sight of some Strange objects, like spore-capsules or eggs. He passes all this information up to his companions by radio, as they wait for him at the entrance up above. Cautiously he goes up to one of the capsules and gently touches it. At once a lid springs open and a loathsome creature jumps out of the opening straight into his face and forces a tube down the petrified man’s throat. The long radio silence has made the watchers at the entrance anxious. After some time, when there is still no sign of life from below, they decide to haul their companion up again. As they pull him into the light, they see with horror what has happened to their still unconscious companion. They cannot prise the disgusting creature loose from his face, so there is nothing for it but to take them both back to the mother-ship Nostromo, There he is taken at once to the operating-theatre and X-rayed. The picture shows a tube-like proboscis reaching down inside him, ending at the top of his lungs; it has given a dark colour to the tissue. They try to cut the brute away with a scalpel. At the first incision a yellow, acid fluid spurts out and instantly eats through the table with a sizzling noise. Ata loss, the crew withdraws to discuss what action they should take. When someone looks at the sick man again the beast is lying on the floor, rolled up and lifeless. The astronaut has recovered consciousness, but cannot remember anything and feels no pain at all.


Giger's Alien

The embassy from the fantastic kingdom of films consists of Gordon Carroll, Ridley Scott and David Giler. Scott carries out the introductions and then gets going. He tells the story of A/ien over again with the aid of sketches, goes into more detail and tells me about the first changes. We shan't have much time, he says; shooting will be starting in three and a half months time, the studios are reserved and the dates must be stuck to strictly, since the premiere has already been announced for May 1979. The most important thing of all is A/ien Ill, the superstar, the great monster — the creature by which the film lives and almost the whole of the cast dies. The film is to be shot in Shepperton Studios in England. Preparations have already begun in the offices of Scott Free Productions in Lexington Street. (Before his first production, The Duellists, Scott had produced advertising films with his brother) | am told | must negotiate my fee with Twentieth Century Fox. All this tumbles over me, and Scott talks so fast that I'm afraid | shall only understand half of what he ‘says. Even during lunch the torrent of words never stops. After I've taken the three of them to the airport in the evening and am alone again, my head is still buzzing. I'm absolutely exhausted, and a bit worried too that in these circumstances | may not become creative in time. 14 February 1978 Zdrich to London by air, first class. A liveried chauffeur from Twentieth Century Fox meets me at the airport and takes me straight to the Hyde Park Hotel. With my black leather suitcase in one hand and a plastic brief-case in the other, | feel very out of place in this famous hotel. The commissionaires stare at me as if they thought I'd got the hotel mixed up with a museum.


Giger's Alien

The cross-vagina bit is now made in rubber latex from the plaster negative and dried in an oven. The rest of the egg is cast in the rubber mould in transparent polyester. The polyester egg and the rubber vagina are joined together and the whole thing finally handed over to the special effects department, which has to fit the opening mechanism to the egg. The other 130 eggs are made either of plaster or of polyester. 3 September 1978, Shepperton Studios, plasterers’ workshop In the original film the floor where the eggs stand was meant to give the impression of being slimy and full of worms. Working in day, | model a sort of carpet with streaks and snaky folds, in the shape of a half-segment of a circle. The plaster form is spread with a thin coat of latex (plates 381a-d) and then frothed up. Even before it's painted, one begins to get the feeling that this long shape could become life-like. 9 October 1978, Shepperton Studios, Stage A Another great day. My eggsilo is filmed. The turntable with the pilot is replaced by a central track and the eggs. Some laser specialists, based in a villa next to the studios belonging to Roger Daltry of The Who, have installed two laser-guns. A blue film of light permeated by smoke and drizzling rain now lies mysteriously over the eggs. Above, from the scaffolding, the astronaut is slowly let down into the depths. John Hurt, the actor, doesn't do this himself; it's done by a stunt-man. He uses the chest- elements that the wall is made of as steps. Cautiously he gropes his way along the track between the eggs, slips and falls into the middle of them. Picking himself up, he staggers forwards as if drunk on the slightly yielding floor.


Giger's Alien

Giger 56 ALIEN 23 February 1978, Shepperton Studios Alien lil is the monster, the superstar, the title-role of the film, O'Bannon had used a monster before, in his film Dark Star. For that they used a balloon the size of a medicine-ball which hopped about on two hands. To begin with we weren't clear what the Alien in Alien ought to look like. Scott definitely wasn't going to have some ordinary cinema monster stamping stiffly and awkwardly through the film. We carried out some tests in Scott's office with a group of people, including some children. Scott thought that a big man with some children strapped to him and the whole group ‘wrapped up’ in rubber might produce a monster with a number of movable extremities. We tried the idea out several times, but had to accept that it gave rise to too many problems. The possibility of building a robot Alien was rejected for reasons of safety. There could be no absolute control over it when it was armed; the actor might get hurt, or even killed, during a fight. After endless discussion we decide to make our Alien insect-like and elegant. It adds to the horror through the swift, fierce attacks it makes and by the way it's filmed. There's very little time to design it, especially since experience has taught us that the real problems only arise when the designs are being executed. It seems almost an impossibility to me to create a really credible monster. Behind every film monster | always see a human being, well or less well disguised; they give me no sort of shock at all, My sketches, completed in a very short time, are discussed. I've given a function to the long shape of the head; it conceals a long tongue, with sharp teeth, which the Alien can flick out like an anteater (plates 372, 373 and 378).


Giger's Alien

Rambaldi, a charming, extraordinary man, can virtually only speak Italian, although he’s been several years in America. The great cases are carefully unpacked and we monster-makers wait on tiptoe to see what has happened to our polyester. We are not disappointed. Rambaldi had done a marvellous job. This is confirmed by the English engineer who is working on the spare head. It looks like a fossil that has fallen victim to a brilliant amateur carpenter. Carlo has built a substructure on the lines of our model cranium, housing a highly complex mechanism. The face muscles etc. can be moved individually by hand, using ten cables. Scott has the idea of covering the face muscles with preservatives. 30 August 1978, Shepperton Studios Rambaldi has now been here a week. Originally he was only going to stay for three days. He has to remodel his Alien’s head, which looks a bit like an ape. We've got six Allen's heads — one mechanized, one distance- controlled and fully mechanized (but not working properly yet), one half mechanized, two unmechanized and one made of plastic foam, which the stunt-man wears for falling from a great height. All these heads have to represent Alien Ill, so we 8 405: Model for silver Alien walking-stick handle 405a: Final preparations for entrance of Alien Ill 405b: Alien lil in action (actual scene) 405c: Alien Illin action (actual scene) can't have a version looking like King Kong. Meanwhile Shirley, Patty and Butler have got the Alien's two-metre (six-foot) tail ready. The engineer is given the job of bringing it to life. There's a demonstration in his workshop every week, which always shows that it isn't working yet. | believe Rambaldi when he says that the mechanism in the tail is too heavy and that it will never work properly.


Middlebury Campus 1973-09-27 : Volume LXIX, Issue 2

This is particularly true for populous Third World nations, which must then face the prospect of violent revolution to establish some form of socialism, or of continued exploitation and neglect from developed capitalist or state-capitalist countries. The first alternative — violent revolution — results all too easily in dictatorial government in nations which have no established democratic tradition. The second alternative, a continuation of matters as they stand now, can only result in a slow and collective death for millions of individuals and for the “Third World” as a whole. And so what of Chile and Sweden, these grand ex¬ periments in establishing the century-old dream of democratic socialism? The existence of socialist governments in both seems somewhat anomalous; in geopolitical and economic terms, they are peripheral nations in the international system. But neither is so far removed that events in them have no applicability elsewhere. Though it is somewhat developed economically, Chile remains a Third World nation, with a colonial heritage, a sizeable lumpen-proletariat, a markedly unequal distribution of land and wealth, and an un¬ favorable economic position internationally. Sweden boasts highly developed technology and industry, and an educated and affluent populace. Some 40% of Swedish investments lie in other countries. It is a tribute to the Marxist intellectual tradition, if not to its political one, that recent events in Chile and Sweden are best understood in Marxist terms. Chile It is not generally known that state ownership and control of industry and mining has been practiced since the 1930’s in Chile. The government which preceded Allende’s, that of Eduardo Frei and the Christian Democrats, hoped to extend this control. Consequently, it was not through direct appropriation of the means of production that the established order in Chile was threatened. A large part of problem was simply bad economic practice by Allende’s government.


It issued far too much currency in attempting to better the fate of the many urban and rural squatters, and the dispossessed in general. With inflation rampant, the economic position of the middle class was being undermined; it reacted with a series of strikes, most notably that of the vital trucking industry. Lenin claimed that the final phase of capitalism was imperialism. Whether we are witnessing the final phase of capitalism is a moot point, but as the primary capitalist power, the United States is not wholly blameless for the fall of Chilean socialism. ITT plans for preventing the installation of Allende as president, and then for toppling his govrnment by exerting American economic muscle; were, as such, rejected. But it is important to note that key elements of that plan eventually became American policy. Credit was cut off to Chile by the American-controlled World Bank and Export-Import Bank, and the U.S. demanded immediate payment of Chilean debts and cut off most other forms of aid to Allende. Some labor unions were also instrumental in fomenting the economic crisis which now plagues Chile. It is ironic to note that many of the leaders of these unions received training in labor relations from the AFL-CIO through beneficent Uncle Sam’s “foreign aid” program. It is easy to imagine other more overt subversive American activities in Chile, though speculation has not yet been substantiated. As Allende’s widow points out, for instance, how did the striking truck drivers and owners manage to survive through a fifty-day strike with no visible means of support? Allende, of course, was also hurt by political factions on the all-too-fragmented Left who urged more rapid, and if necessary, violent, appropriation of bourgeois continued on p. 10 the middlebury campus page 2 Dr.


Highway Dept. representatives estimated that the new or refurbished Rt. 7 would not be completed for six to ten years. As federal money will be used in the construction of Rt. 7, the road is subject to federal regulations. These regulations require that no construction take place on floodplains or above 2500 ft., and that the road have a four-lane right-of-way. The four-lane right-of-way regulation has created quite a stir in certain sectors. Some people envision an interstate high¬ way through Middlebury. One highway public relations man tried to allay these fears by assuring residents that a four-lane road from Connecticut to Burlington is not an interstate. The four-lane right-of-way requirement is made so that when traffic increases and more lanes are required, the land will be available along the existing roadway. The need for future highway expansion makes the present decision on where to locate this bypass crucial. The state does not have enough money now for a four- lane road along the whole Rt. 7 corridor. It will only build four lanes where present demand is great — in and around towns. In ten to fifteen years when traffic on Rt. 7 is expected to be double what it is now, the sections btween the four-lane bypasses will become four-lane as well to meet this demand. After the presentation by the Highway Dept., the meeting was opened to discussion. A Waltham Selectman questioned any attempts to cover more farm land with concrete when there is already a food shortage. He also worried about the future of businesses along the present Rt. 7 if a new Rt. 7 were built. He favored limiting construction to im¬ provement of the present road. John Clagett, an English professor at the College, asked if there were any truth to a headline that appeared in the Addison Independent which said “Eastern Bypass: ‘Take It or Leave It”.


What exists now is at rock bottom, but at least it is not get¬ ting any worse. It is equally puzzling why the Army has not closed down its outpost in Middlebury on its own initiative. Off- the-cuff estimates of the total costs to the Army for maintaining the unit here run as high as $200,000 per year (mostly financial aid, allowances, and salaries). make the infirmary as complete and comfortable as possible. ' Along this line another important development oc¬ curred only two years ago. Until that time Dr. Parton had operated under the assumption that students were primarily under the care of family physicians, who were responsible for any major or long term treat¬ ment. During a discussion with several students, he realized that today’s more mobile college students often are away from home most of the year, and do not have a family physician any more. It has become necessary for many students to depend on Dr. Parton for treatment he would once have referred to family doctors. The problem was considered, and the expansion of campus medical services was planned. After presenting the new policy to the Trustees, services which were more complete than ever before were offered in the fall of 1972. This new policy came into being at a time when the Student Sex Information Service (then the Student Sex Counseling Service) was still an infant organization. In fact, individuals from the SSCS had been proponents of the policy. Birth Control Measures At that time there was a appalling number of un¬ wanted pregnancies at Middlebury — 30 to 50 a year were reported to the infirmary. One of the long term treatments added to the services offered in 1972 was prescriptions for the birth control pill. The number of pregnancies has shrunk to about ten. Although many things have influenced this im¬ provement, Dr.


Four women are in the program this year (three freshman women and one sophomore) as part of a national effort to reach the young women of college age who would be willing to serve in the Army. In addition to making ROTC appear more progressive and open-minded, it serves to increase overall enrollments at a time when ‘‘body counts” are very important to the program. The Army can no longer afford to turn willing volunteers away on the basis of sex. Another enrollment-boosting scheme is to permit students ( men and women) at Castleton State to take ROTC through the Middlebury unit. This program could be expected to draw ten or fifteen freshmen and sophomores this year, and the potential exists for expansion as the program gathers momentum there. This would bolster the Middlebury program and make it less likely to be eliminated. As can be seen, ROTC at Middlebury is moving out of the doldrums this year. New ideas are being tried out, and new constituencies are being appealed to. New money is flowing into the program (seven out of ten scholarship applications in the last three years were successful), and graduate and medical school fellowship programs are receiving renewed attention. What remains to be seen, however, are the results of these initiatives. The real attitudes of the student body are now a great unknown to the Army, since three years of a tactfully low profile reduced two-way communications to a near standstill. The Army and the student body have been way out of touch with each other for this period of time. The Army could get its young officers elsewhere, but for its own reasons it is trying to get them here. The student body has changed in these years too, but no one knows yet how or how much.


Advertising executive Mel Helitzer candidly noted one of the goals: “Children can be very successful naggers. By and large parents quite readily purchase products urged upon them by their youngsters. In Helitzer Advertising’s research, it was found that a parent will pay 20% more for an advertised product with child appeal — even when a less expensive, non- Rambling and Scrambling By NATHANIEL FORBES Yahoos on the Run Middlebury’s traditional yahoos are looking over their shoulders these days. Rumors about a change in the structure and function of fraternities at Midd. hit print this summer with the College’s official statement of their position in an epistle which we all received, covered with a letter from the Pres. All fraternity presidents were warned in a personal letter that the omnipotent eyeball was watching them. Seems the college wants to wrangle financial control of the old mansions, beer and brethren notwithstanding. Now that the academic year is under way, some backfield maneuvers appear to be in progress. Fraternal financiers have been looking deep into their ledgers, calculating what it’s going to take to dodge the tackle. Some folks, we understand, have informally engaged counsel to find out what kind of legal ground they stand on, and phones have been ringing at national fraternity offices (DU, Chi Psi, Zeta Psi, and KDR are nationals) with cries for some extra-legal downfield blocking. The College (that is, the Administration) thus far has been silent on the subject of frats, largely due to the hoopla which is certain to be heard in the near future over the Committee on the College Report. Not a good idea to be caught fighting on two fronts at the same time. This week, however, the Deans of the College, as promised, “will be entering into discussion . . . regarding fraternities at Middlebury.” End of the week, the Deans and the frat presidents will be getting together for a little confab.


Little Pamela Kastner of Rochester, New York, had the right initiative when she wrote us complaining of deceptive advertising. “I’d like to know what I can do about things like that,” she asked. The New Republic Feature Syndicate fine idea, but one that’s sure to put some people on pins and needles for some time to come ... What Else Will We Drink? It was observed at the Student Forum Breadloaf Retreat that the before-lunch beverage was none other than good old Chablis Blanc in the half-gallon bottle. The bottles were empty before someone realized that some farmworker out West was probably starving or taking a beating at the hands of the Teamsters who bring Gallo wine to Middlebury, Vermont. Yes, indeed, connoisseurs, the vintages of Ernest and Julio Gallo have joined the list of produce items the United Farm Workers have labeled taboo. According to a press release from the New York Interfaith Committee to Aid Migrant Farmworkers, the Gallo Corporation "has repeatedly rejected the idea of free union elections. It is siding with the Teamsters against the workers (UFW leader, CesariChavez represents.” College students everywhere will no doubt greet this new boycott with dismay. Gallo produces several Saturday night favorites, such as Spanada, Boone’s Farm, and the familiar variety poisons in the green glass bottles at your local super. A no-no on those reliables will force many of us to reach for more expensive substitutes such as.Almaden, Paul Masson, and New York’s Taylor brands. Middlebury students have in the past found it somewhat difficult to express their opposition to the Teamsters with respect to the lettuce and table grape boycott. The College, as far as we know, still buys non- UFW lettuce (and grapes) and serves it up twice a day. day.


Can we go from two lanes to four to eight, and then to sixteen lanes? If the doubling factor is the reasoning behind the first increase then we can only hope that some other reasoning is used when the next doubling time comes. Before it is too late we must ask whether or not Vermont can afford to give way to the growth syn¬ drome. Most of the state’s economy is based on farms and touristry, which require open space. We can’t cater to the automobile forever or we’ll cover all of our land with concrete. 1 can’t help but wonder why mass transit was not seriously discussed as an alternative at the meeting. If we plan now we won’t have to commit ourselves to the automobile, as New York and New Jersey have. When I asked one of the highway planners about the possibility of developing an integrated mass transit system to supply the transportation needs of the future, he said that it was not economically feasible because it would necessitate coming through every half hour. How quickly they forget their own arguments; if demand requires a four-lane road then we must sup¬ ply it at all costs. For some reason the law of supply and demand does not seem to apply to mass transit. It is pretty obvious that there are limits to growth and that the growth of the automobile can not continue much longer without a major shift in technology. There is not an infinite amount of land, fuel, or raw materials with which to accomodate the automobile. There is only so much air pollution and congestion that we can cope with. Another issue that was not covered at the meeting was whether or not there is a real “need” for a four- lane road.


The townspeople at the meeting who have convinced themselves that there is a real need for a lour-lane bypass spent most of the meeting fighting over whose land the bypass should go through. Only one person questioned the sanity of the con¬ tention that there is a “need” or, if there really is, whether or not we should cater to it in this way. Since road improvements generally lead to increased traffic, we may be faced with a self-fulfilling prophesy. Those people who previously decided to come to Vermont via train, bus or plane, and those who didn’t come at all because of road conditions, may decide to come by car next time. We must also consider that a lot of the traffic that presently takes Rt. 89 and Rt. 91 to New York will want to take the more direct Rt. 7 once it is improved. This will draw more traffic through Middlebury. If we are ultimately going to have a bypass, we must consider where it will go. Any decision that is made now as to location must recognize that all of Rt. 7 will someday be four lanes. Therefore, it isn’t wise to have the relocated or ex¬ panded Rt. 7 going through present or potential residential land, such as the proposed eastern bypass would do. Nor is it a good idea to have it go through farmers’ pastureland, as the proposed western bypass would do. A four-lane road through town past the elementary and high school is definitely out of the question. Since there doesn't seem to be any good solution to the highway dilemma we should re-examine the whole premise that it is built on. This premise, however, is probably much more far reaching than Vermont can cope with on its own. Admittedly, the highway department is doing its job, catering to supply and demand.


This film is a benefit for the Bristol Buyers Club, a food cooperative for low income people. On October 5 Marion Edey, Chairperson for the League of Conservation Voters, will speak in Proctor Lounge at 7:30 on “David vs. Goliath; Environmental Lobbying.” She will discuss what is involved in the lobbying process and what it is like to be up against the well-paid lobbyists of the big corporations. The recycling program will begin in the next week or so. Start saving your papers and we’ll let you know where to put them in the next issue of the Campus. For those of you who have complaints or suggestions; the following is a list of EQ’s officers: Tom Plumb, President Sherry Haydock, Vice President , Julie MacLeod, Treasurer Cindia Cameron, Secretary John Germanow, Activities Coordinator Peter Glick, Speakers Chairperson Sheara Friend, Publicity Director Sally Skinner, Films Chairperson Threats to socialist states: continued from p. 1 wealth. In the light of recent events, however, the party .of the revolutionary Left may have been right in insisting that their workers’ army was the best means of in¬ suring socialism in Chile. But it will be some time, it seems, before we again see any form of socialism in that corner of the world. Sweden Sweden, of course, is a different case. In that country the united Left — the Social Democrats and the much smaller Communist Party — have ruled for some 35 years, and will continue to rule for at least another three years as a result of the recent election. Their majority in the Richstag, the Swedish parliament, has narrowed, however, and the Center- Right coalition opposing them may now hold as many seats as the Left. A Visit to Sweden The results of the election were not wholly unan¬ ticipated. I visited Sweden for a week in March of this year, and the feeling then was that the Social Democrats were facing a tough election.


Worldwide Dismay at Kim Dae Jung Martyrdom

Pedaling Too Softly on Chun’s Crackdown by Mike Chinoy, The Asian Wall Street Journal, Oct. 22, 1980 Mike Chinoy, a Hong Kong—based reporter for NBC News, recently completed a month-long assignment in South Korea. KWANGJU — The death sentence ordered a month ago for former pre- sidential candidate Kim Dae-Jung is merely the most visible manifestation of a nationwide wave of repression harsh even by the authoritarian standards of South Korea. While international attention has focused primarily on the sedition case against the 54-year-old opposition leader, hundreds of other Korean dissidents have also been facing military trials at the hands of President Chun Doo- Hwan’s martial law regime. Thousands more, deemed by the government to be politically or socially undesirable, have been forced from their jobs, expelled from their schools or detained as “hooligans’’ and sent to re-education camps. The most significant and potentially most explosive of the trials which have followed the Kim verdict is taking place in Kwangju, the scene of a bloody anti-government insurrection last May. Hundreds of people were killed in the uprising when soldiers clashed with demonstrators demanding an end to martial law and the restoration of democracy. Since then, there has been an uneasy calm in the city, due in large part to the continued presence of armed soldiers on the streets, military checkpoints, a greatly expanded network of police informers and a continuing roundup of dissidents. But beneath the surface, Kwangju is bitter and tense. Posters hailing Presi- dent Chun’s recent inauguration were repeatedly defaced, and eventually had to be protected by armed guards. Copies of the government’s just-published constitution have been torn from local billboards. The atmosphere has been further inflamed by the current trial. Unlike the proceedings against Kim Dae-Jung, which were open to diplomatic observers and local and foreign journalists, the Kwangju trial is being held in absolute ee secrecy before a five-man military tribunal at an army base just outside the city.


The only acknowledgement of it the authorities have made was a report published in two local newspapers on September 18 that the trial of 175 people accused of participating in the springtime protests was underway. The government gave no details and has suppressed all other domestic and foreign press reports. Dissident sources say the 175 have been charged with offenses ranging from disturbing public order to sedition. The sources report that most of those fac- ing lesser charges have already been convicted and given jail terms of up to 20 years. Now, the trial has moved into its final phase, with the arraignment on sedi- tion charges of 13 prominent local citizens described by the government as the ringleaders of the uprising. The 13 include Myong Ro-Kuen, a distinguished professor of English at Kwangju’s Chonnam National University, Oh Byong- Moon, a former dean of the university, the president and secretary-general of the Kwangju Young Men’s Christian Association, two priests and several well- known lawyers and academics. All of them could face the death penalty. The government’s indictment claims the 13 maintained clandestine links with Kim Dae-Jung and incited the population to revolt. The defendants have denied the charges, pointing out that they were members of a committee which tried to mediate between the protesters and the army last spring in the hope of avoiding further bloodshed. Whatever the truth, those on trial have been denied lawyers of their choice and provided instead with government-appointed attorneys. Moreover, friends and relatives of the 13 claim they have been beaten and in some cases stripped naked and interrogated while in prison. The trial in Kwangju is not the only sign of the regime’s continuing cam- paign to eliminate its political opponents and consolidate its hold on power. In recent weeks, several hundred young dissidents have been secretly tried in Seoul for participating in protest rallies last spring.


They would rather see these handled roughly by the generals’ popu- list rhetoric than challenged by workers’ demands. The silence of some Koreans, the evasive answers given by others, and the indifference or resignation of those who do agree to talk about their country’s predicament, contrast with noisy demonstrations of support for the “new leader.” In Seoul, Chun Doo Hwan’s swearing-in as President was feted on everything from bunting to cigarette packs. The truth is that for many Koreans there is virtually no alternative solution to restoring “Parkism.”’ Impotence and apprehension are part of the numbness that has seized Koreans. The new regime began its rule with the political trial of opposition leader Kim Dae Jung, symbol during the past decade of the democratic strug- gle, and 23 codefendants. Memories of the repression of the Kwangju riots by paratroops are still fresh: whatever the number of dead (179 according to the authorities, at least twice as many according to other sources), the event made a deep impression because of the army’s brutality when it went in. The newspapers are more restricted than ever in what they can publish, but nobody remains uninformed about what happened, and there’s little doubt in the minds of many that Chun played a part. The lesson drawn from the event by circles hostile to the regime is that now that Chun has the country in his grasp he will brook no opposition: all protest is likely to be regarded as sedi- tion and put down as such. Tradition of Dissidence There is a tradition of intellectual dissidence and opposition in Korea which dates back to the beginning of the century: even the Japanese colonial jugger- naut wasn’t able to crush it. The Chun regime is accepted with resignation by many Koreans and out of self-interest by others, but intellectuals find it much harder to swallow.


They’d be after the people at the top.” Eee oe Attitudes toward the US In the past the human rights movement in south Korea has been unclear on the question of what kind of action it wanted from the US government. Those who wanted strong sanctions by the US against Park Chung Hee — for example, withdrawal of the support of military aid and troops — were in the minority and were not among the internationally best known Christian leaders. Most appeals boiled down to requesting symbolic actions, quiet diplomacy or lec- tures from the US. Many people seemed to believe that despite the long years of US support for Park Chung Hee, that in the end the US would help Koreans establish democracy. An American reported that in Kwangju he was repeatedly begged to “Please get the American troops to come to Kwangju and save us.” It was ironic that the official appeal of the Kwangju Citizens Committee for US mediation was censored off the air of Armed Forces Radio in Korea, on orders of a US General. American support of Chun during the Kwangju incident and during the past two months seems to have created major changes in activists’ attitudes toward the US. In Kwangju an American told us he saw cans of tear gas with ““Made in the USA” on them, and that Koreans he knew assumed that all the weapons used against them came from America. Over and over we heard of Koreans’ horror that US General Wickham released Korean troops under his command to reimpose Chun’s power in Kwangju. It was pointed out to us that in 1960, when people rebelled against Syngman Rhee, the US refused to release soliders to put down the civil disturbances. The US is perceived as much more con- cerned about maintaining its friendship with Chun and the other generals than with the Korean people.


Montana rail planning newsletter

This study is being undertaken jointly by the Departments of Highways and Agriculture. This article is intended to provide in- sight into the approach being utilized by the contractor — Roger CREIGHTON ASSOCIATES, Incorporated of Delmar, NY. Similar studies have often relied on analytical techniques such as linear programming to accomplish market distribution and costing functions. The former refers to allocating the grain pro- duced among the various receiving markets generally on the basis of minimizing total transport costs. Unfortunately, this ap- proach ignores the competition taking place in the marketing of grain — that overall transport costs will never be minimized when multiple firms compete for available business. On the other hand, a grain company or cooperative will seek to minimize its own transport costs to improve its efficiency, expand its share of the market, and increase its profits. The markets for Montana wheat and barley are quite well known. A majority of wheat produced winds up at export houses located in Portland or nearby ports on the Columbia River. A smaller portion is shipped to flour mills in Washington. Barley destinations vary depending upon the quality of the product, which is heavily influenced by weather. It either moves to malt houses (most of which are located in the midwest) or feed lots in Oregon or Washington. Only export wheat moves in sufficient quantities to take advantage of the economies of scale offered by the unit train. Flour mills and malt houses generally have con- gested rail unloading facilities; they have neither the track capaci- ty nor the annual volume necessary to support unit train opera- tions. Nor is their any concentration of such facilities in a par- ticular area. Starting in 1975, the Montana Department of Agriculture has maintained extensive transport information on grain originating within the State. This coupled with other shipment data obtained from the Burlington Northern and Milwaukee, as well as other sources, has provided a fairly complete historical picture of the variation in grain shipments, destinations and model usage over time.