Here is what he had to say. Chancellor Haile Debas The doctor-patient relationship is a dynamic and mutually rewarding one. Do not let managed care turn you into a factory worker and your patients into widgets. Graduates, pictured at top left corner, Simerjot Jassal, runner-up for the Gold- Headed Cane Award, and Robert Rosenbloom will both pursue internal medicine at UCLA Medical Center. Rosenbloom will then move on to practice emergency medicine. Celebrating the commencement of their careers in medicine are, from left, Michael Pham, who will pursue internal medicine at UCSF; Michelle Randolph, who will do the same only at UCLA and Gerard Carvalho, who will train in surgery leading to specializing in head and neck surgery | for Stanford Health Services. T he journey through medical school would not be possible without the support and sacrifice of families and friends. I want to acknowledge and thank all of you who have shared in the process that is culminating here this afternoon. I also want to acknowledge the support that our faculty have shown to the student body. Today, we have 110 faculty participating in this graduation ceremony and all of them have, in one way or another, contributed to the students’ medical education and well- being. UCSF would not be one of the top med- ical schools in the nation without our extraordinary faculty. I especially want to ac- knowledge and thank those of you on the UCSF clinical faculty who have generously volunteered your precious time to teaching and mentoring our students. I now direct my remarks to our newly mint- ed physicians — our graduating students. I know that the past four years have been — at different times — exciting, exhausting, scary, and inspiring. You have been challenged, frus- trated, defeated, and triumphant. You have been profoundly moved and intensely angered.


UCSF Newsbreak, June 5, 1998, Volume 13, Number 12

And you have survived it all to reach this moment when you will finally become doctors. You are formally assuming the role and responsibilities of physician and healer — a special and privileged role in all societies and cultures. That is why the joy of this occasion is balanced by the seri- ousness of your responsibility as a physician. Upon leaving this auditorium you enter into a covenant between you and ve your patients, between you and your community, between you and your profession. This covenant is to uphold your patients’ interests above all else; as a physician it is your moral com- pass. The world of managed medical care will challenge your loyalty and commitment to your patients. You will have clini- cal productivity goals to meet. When you are tempted to skip a test in the interest of economy, to cut short a patient’s history in the interest of time, check your compass. This covenant is as real as earth and water, as real as every patient you will see throughout your professional life. I submit to you that honoring this social contract will give you a life of fulfillment and meaning; breaking it is a betrayal of your patients, of your profession and of yourself. You have been generous in praise of the education you have received at UCSF and of the quality of our faculty. We are pleased that you feel your time has been well spent. But I sv want you to know that we have received as much as we have given — you have been our teachers and our inspiration. When you leave today your formal status as a student ends and your role as lifelong learner and teacher begins. Take the time to learn from your patients, to teach your pa- tients. The doctor-patient relationship is a dynamic and mutu- ally rewarding one.


These statistics make lung cancer by far the most deadly can- cer among both men and women, ac- counting for nearly 30 percent of all cancer deaths. About 90 percent of lung cancer is the result of smoking. Most lung tumors are not detected until cancer cells have spread to lymph nodes or to the opposite lung, a late stage that makes the disease difficult to eradi- cate. The combined five-year survival rate for lung cancers at all stages aver- ages just 14 percent. the highest dose is delivered to the tumor. UCSF physicians are participating in several clinical trials aimed at improving this dismal statistic. Preliminary results suggest that novel recombinations and refinements of established surgery, chemotherapy and radiation treatment modes can modestly improve outcomes in lung cancer, according to David Jablons, assistant professor of surgery. Jablons and his UCSF colleagues also are investigating whether or not advanced cases of lung cancer are vulnerable to a new generation of chemotherapy agents, including “anti-angiogenesis” drugs that block the formation of the new blood ves- sels that nourish growing tumors. UCSF physicians who treat lung can- cer will participate in Phase II clinical trials of an anti-angiogenesis drug, Genentech’s anti-VEGF, and of Agouron’s AF3340, a protease inhibitor drug that has anti-angiogenic properties. Anti- VEGF already is under study at UCSF, the only site for a clinical trial to investi- gate the drug’s potential to combat prostate cancer, and it will also be evalu- ated as a colon cancer treatment. No quick fix Cancer specialists nationwide have been besieged with requests for experimental Using computers to calculate deliverable treatment doses in three dimensions, radiation oncologists at UCSF Stanford Health Care are more precisely targeting radiation to lung and chest tumors, such as this cancer of the chest lining, while better protecting healthy tissue.


The tumor is highlighted in white in the left-facing torso pictured above. Similar to the way elevation is indicated on a topographic map, concentric circles mark “isodose” lines of con- stant radiation. The lowest isodose centers on healthy lung, while anti-angiogenesis treatment ever since the New York Times, in its May 3 Sunday edition, reported that a combination of two such drugs could eliminate tumors in mice. The piece reported little beyond what had already been published in Nature and written up in the Times last Nov. 27. But the more recent Times arti- cle ran on page one and featured a quota- tion —- or misquotation, according to the source, one of the nation’s best known sci- entists, James Watson —- claiming that the drugs’ discoverer, Judah Folkman, of Children’s Hospital in Boston and Harvard Medical School, would cure can- cer within two years. Stock of drug li- cense-holder EntreMed Inc. soared. The earlier Times story was more re- strained in tone, for example, quoting UCSF’s anti-angiogenesis expert Doug Hanahan on the doubtfulness of complete- ly reproducing the extraordinary mouse results in humans. In fact, although the touted drugs, endostatin and angiostatin, have eliminated tumors in mouse models of cancer, they have not yet been tested in humans. The National Cancer Institute estimates that quantities of the drugs sufficient to con- duct human trials will not become available until next year. UCSF Cancer Center scientist Marc Shuman notes that UCSF re- searchers earlier tested the now experimentally available anti-VEGF in mice, where the drug stopped growth of some human tumors -- breast, colon and prostate -- and the spread of these tumors beyond their tis- sues of origin. Anti-an- giogenesis drugs, unlike standard chemotherapy agents, are not likely to drive tumors to develop drug resistance, Shuman explains, because they are not aimed at cancer cells.


Because breast cancer can take five or more years to become detectable, Cummings says that the study will continue for at least another four years to determine the long-term ben- efits of raloxifene in women. He added that the women who are participating in the clinical trials are making enor- mous contributions to the fight against breast cancer. “If we continue to see positive re- sults from the study, as we expect, women who are concerned about breast cancer should consult their doctors about whether raloxifene is a treatment they should consider,” Cummings says. Approved for the prevention of os- teoporosis by the Food and Drug Administration in December 1997, raloxifene is marketed as Vista by Eli Lilly and Co., which sponsored the clinical trials of the treatment as a method of preventing breast cancer. — Abby Sinnott significant increase in event-free sur- vival for children who received autolo- gous purged bone marrow transplants. Results were even more dramatic for those whose initial therapy was fol- lowed up with high doses of 13-cis retinoic acid, a Vitamin A derivative commonly prescribed for acne under the trade name Accutane. Most dramatic of all were results for a combination of the two treatments: 55 percent of the children who re- ceived bone marrow transplants sur- vived free of relapse for three years after beginning follow-up treatment with retinoic acid. That rate compares to 16 percent for children treated with consolidation chemotherapy alone. A cancer of the sympathetic ner- vous system, neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor, other than brain tumors, to occur in children. The average age of diagnosis is two-and-a- half years, and one in 6,000 children is diagnosed with neuroblastoma by the age of five. The majority of pa- tients who received treatment as part of the Children’s Cancer Group Study had tumors that had metastasized to other sites.


One drug, called Tissue Plasminogen Activator, or TPA, has the potential to re- duce significantly the severity of stroke symptoms if administered within three hours after strokes occur, Johnston says. Other drugs currently under study — in- cluding other clot-busting drugs and brain-protecting drugs that paramedics could administer — also offer promise, experts say. In some cases, drugs such as TPA can make a big difference in a person’s recov- ery, Johnston says. For example, a 28-year-old San Fran- ciscan suddenly lost his ability to speak clearly and stand on his own when he had a stroke while having lunch with a friend in March. He rushed to UCSF Medical Center, where he was treated immediately with a clot-busting drug called Urokinase. Today, the man is walking well, has re- gained his ability to think clearly and is looking forward to going back to work as a consultant. Yet although he, and others like him, may be doing well, the clot- busting drugs are not widely used, Johnston says. Many stroke victims simply wait too long to get treatment, even when they experience common stroke symptoms such as the sudden onset of weakness or numbness on one side, trouble speaking or understanding and balance problems, Johnston says. That, Johnston says, is why it’s essen- tial that people learn to recognize the symptoms of a stroke, which is the third- biggest killer and the No. 1 cause of dis- ability in the US. They also need to know where to get help should they need it. Though more than 70 percent of stroke victims are age 65 and over, anyone, at any age, who experiences a sudden change in the ability to speak or think clearly, no matter how subtle, may have had a stroke. Stroke victims also may ex- perience a sudden change in the ability to walk or use one-half of their body.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

Commanders must seek out the enemy where he is most vulnerable. Commanders must study the enemy, learn his strengths and weaknesses, and know how to create new vulnerabilities which can be exploited to decisive effect. Combat power must be concentrated to reach points of enemy vulnerability quickly without loss of synchronization. Designate, Sustain, and Shift the Main Effort. It is imperative that commanders designate, sustain, and shift the main effort as necessary during operations. The main effort is delegated to the unit with the most important task to accomplish within the commander’s concept. If conditions change and success of the overall mission can be obtained more cheaply or quickly another way, the commander shifts his main effort to another force. 1-3 Press the Fight. Commanders must press the fight aggressively. Battles are won by the force that is successful in pressing its main effort to a conclusion. Knowledge of the enemy and his unit’s capabilities enables the commander to extract the most from his unit before exceeding the culmi- nating point. Light forces must be physically and mentally capable of extended and continuous operations. Leaders must accept risks and press soldiers and systems to the limits of endurance for as long as necessary. Move Fast, Strike Hard, and Finish Rapidly. Light infantry has greater mobility than motorized or armored forces in close and restrictive terrain. This allows them to move quickly from position to position to attack the enemy from the flank and rear. Engagements are characterized by brief, violent action and maximum surprise. Light infantry destroys the enemy before he can recover from surprise and react. Use Terrain and Weather. Reconnaissance and intelli- gence collection give the commander a decisive edge in anticipating and overcoming difficulties with terrain and weather. He must use both to his advantage. Rough terrain and foul weather are useful to light infantry.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

Commanders must conserve the strength of their forces to be stronger at a decisive time and place, especially in the light infantry where the effects of soldier load and physical strain are visible. Commanders must also keep troops secure, protected, healthy, disciplined, and in a high state of morale. Units must be maintained in a high state of training. Combine Arms and Sister Services to Complement and Reinforce. Combat power results when arms and services complement and reinforce each other. This combination poses a dilemma for the enemy. As he evades the effects of one weapon, arm, or service, he exposes himself to attack by another. Effectiveness can be increased in a variety of ways, such as integrating engineer-sappers in the battalion task organization to assist in preparing obstacles, survivability positions, and breaching obstacles. Understand the Effects of Battle on Soldiers, Units, and Leaders. Commanders and their staffs must understand the effects of battle on soldiers, units, and leaders because war is fundamentally a contest of wills, fought by men not machines. Leaders must be alert for indicators of fatigue, fear, loss of discipline, and reduced morale. They must take 1-4 measures to deal with these before the cumulative effects drive a unit to the threshold of collapse. Well-trained, physically fit soldiers in well-led, cohesive units remain aggressive in combat situations. Section II ORGANIZATION The light infantry battalion is composed primarily of footmobile fighters, who are organized, equipped, and trained to conduct effective combat actions against light enemy forces. Under the concepts of AirLand Battle doctrine, the battalion is organized to have utility at all levels of intensity and is capable of mission accomplishment under all environmental conditions. Battalions are fully prepared to engage in small-unit independent operations at considerable distances from command and control headquar- ters.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

Probable courses of action — What is his likely mission or objective, and how will he probably attempt to achieve ri bie Enemy factors should be examined in relation to friendly factors. A deduction about the enemy should result in an action that friendly troops must carry out to counter or defeat the enemy. As enemy and friendly factors are examined together, relative strengths and weaknesses, and advantages and disadvantages will become evident. The deductions and subsequent plan should seek to exploit enemy weaknesses and negate or reduce friendly weaknesses, counter enemy strengths, and take advan- tage of friendly strengths. In analyzing both enemy and friendly factors, the battalion commander should consider the brigade and division plan, ensuring that he understands the operation and commander’s intent in its overall perspective. An analysis of the enemy can be described as an understanding of his METT-T factors: What will he attempt to accomplish (his mission)? What friendly strengths or weaknesses will he attempt to overcome or exploit (his enemy analysis)? How will he use terrain to accomplish this? What troops and equipment will he have? And what time and space limitations will he be under? Aside from the relative size of forces, the type of enemy units and their equipment must be compared with the friendly weapon systems of the light infantry. Meanwhile, light infantry prepares to engage enemy infantry and armor units in depth. The friendly forces capitalize on restrictive terrain to degrade the mobility of armor and maximize the effectiveness of their small arms and medium and light antitank weapons. 2-21 (G: Terrain. In all military operations, terrain analysis involves observation and fields of fire, cover and concealment, obstacles, key terrain, and avenues of approach (OCOKA). (1) Observation and fields of fire. Observation applies to what can be seen; fire determines what can be hit.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

Its location is determined by where the commander can best command and control the battle. The composition of the command group depends on the situation and the desires of the commander. It generally consists of the commander, $3, fire support officer, ALO, and ANGLICO, if attached. b. The tactical CP is not a permanent organization and is normaily prescribed by SOP and modified as necessary. It is highly mobile, enabling the commander to move about the battlefield as necessary. 2-26 The commander positions himself so that he can see the battle and issue appropriate orders at critical times. However, “seeing the battle’ consists of more than being well forward in a location to observe critical actions. It implies that the TAC is in a position to receive reports on those key indicators that the commander has discussed with his subordinates and, upon receipt of these reports, he isin a position to order decisive action. The FSO must be in a position to coordinate indirect fires and respond to changes in the situation or mission with recommended changes to the fire support plan. The TACP must also be in a position to see the battlefield in order to coordinate close air support, shift preplanned CAS targets, and advise the commander on CAS issues. The command group normally operates on foot but, on occasion, may operate with vehicles. The drivers and operation sergeants assist in operating radios, posting maps, moving the vehicles, providing security, and freeing the commander and S83 to concentrate on the battle. An alternate command post is designated to ensure continuous command and control. The alternate CP may be the battalion mortar platoon or the admin-log center in the combat trains. On most occasions, the light infantry operates where terrain or the tactical situation preclude the use of vehicles, and a walking TAC is required.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

Attacks by light infantry battalions may be initiated to defeat a particular enemy force, secure terrain for subsequent operations, or to protect an adjacent unit’s flank. Attacks may also disclose enemy strength, disposition, and intentions. Attacks are also used to deceive the enemy or draw strength away from an objective area. b. Light infantry battalions can attack in a variety of ways and in a variety of situations. Light infantry battalions prefer to 3-2 attack under cover of darkness and bad weather, using approaches that are impossible or unlikely for other forces. The following are a few examples of likely light infantry offensive missions: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Attack to penetrate a defensive position by infiltrating gaps and taking fortifications from the rear in prepa- ration for the continuation of the attack by other forces (ight infantry, motorized, mechanized, or armor) to greater depths. Attack to destroy reserves, C3, CS, or critical CSS installations in the enemy’s rear (behind forward regiments) by penetrating through infiltration, air assault, or stay-behind tactics. This can be in support of attack or defense by other forces. The battalion may be a part of a brigade-size force making mutually supporting attacks. Attack by infiltration or air assault to seize an isolated enemy strongpoint in close terrain. This could be a guerrilla base camp or an isolated outpost guarding a defile or mountain pass in mid- to high-intensity warfare. Attack by infiltration or air assault to seize and hold a bridge, defile, or mountain pass to assist the passage and continuation of the attack of a larger mechanized or armored force or to deny passage to an enemy counter- attacking reserve force. Infiltration or stay-behind to ambush a mechanized column in the enemy’s rear area in a defile, mountain pass, or densely wooded terrain.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

An exploitation is conducted to take advantage of initial success in battle. It prevents the enemy from reconstituting an organized defense or conducting an orderly withdrawal. It may follow a hasty or deliberate attack. The exploitation focuses on the enemy, speeds the disintegration of his units, and destroys his will to resist. It is an integral part of all attack planning. Exploitation may be characterized by rolling up enemy flanks, isolating and capturing command and control centers, overrunning supply bases, and attacking units from the rear. b. The light infantry battalion may exploit its own success to a limited extent; but it normally participates in the exploitation as part of a larger force. Opportunities for exploitation are indicated by an increase in the number of prisoners captured; an increase in abandoned materiel; the overrunning of artillery, command facilities, signal installations, and supply dumps; and a decrease in enemy resistance. c. Exploiting force missions include securing objectives deep in the enemy rear, cutting lines of communication, surrounding and destroying enemy units, denying escape routes to an encircled force, and destroying enemy reserves. d. The battalion advances rapidly to the enemy rear area, destroying enemy combat units and lightly defended and undefended CS and CSS activities. Bypassed enemy forces are reported to higher headquarters for reduction by follow- and-support forces. e. The successful exploitation can turn into a pursuit with the end goal being total eradication of the enemy’s ability to fight. 3-23 3-17. Pursuit. ae A pursuit normally follows a successful exploitation. The object of a pursuit is to maintain pressure on the enemy and intercept, capture, or completely destroy him. Maximum use for all fire support assets is made to slow, disrupt, and confuse the enemy withdrawal. The battalion can participate in a pursuit as part of a larger force.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

This pursuit is conducted using a direct pressure force, an encircling force, and a follow-and-support force. The battalion may be part of these types of forces. (1) The direct pressure force denies enemy units the (2) (3) opportunity to rest, regroup, or resupply by staying in direct contact with them and forcing them to stay on the move. At every opportunity, the direct pressure force envelops, cuts off, and destroys enemy elements. The encircling force moves to get in the rear of the enemy, block his escape, and, in conjunction with the direct pressure force, attacks to destroy the enemy force. The enveloping force advances along routes parallel to the enemy’s line of retreat to reach defiles, communication centers, bridges, and other key terrain ahead of the enemy main force. The follow-and-support force is not a reserve, but it is committed to destroy bypassed enemy units, relieve direct pressure force elements (which have halted to contain enemy forces), secure lines of communication, secure key terrain, or guard prisoners at key installations. Section IV TECHNIQUES Techniques refer to general and detailed methods used by commanders and units in carrying out offensive operations. The techniques in this section represent only one example of how to apply the forms of maneuver to a specific situation. The techniques are the links between the five forms of maneuver and tactics — they are not missions. Each form of maneuver has principles, considerations, problems, and practical applications and solutions that are embodied in each technique. This section discusses techniques for four of the five forms of maneuver. The leader should fit the technique and form of maneuver to the situation, rather 3-24 than trying to make the situation fit the technique. He must recognize opportunities to execute a particular form of maneuver or technique and exploit it.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

The expanding torrent technique is used to conduct a penetration. The purpose of the expanding torrent is to quickly convert an initial breach in an enemy linear defense in depth into a full scale penetration, leading to destruction of the 3-28 enemy force. Light infantry battalions may execute the expanding torrent technique, but they will normally do so as part of a brigade attack. The intention of the expanding torrent is to quickly capitalize on success and continue the attack along the path of least resistance. It is also useful in helping heavy forces bypass strong enemy defenses. This technique may be executed from a movement to contact, hasty attack, or deliberate attack. Deliberate attacks offer the best chance of success. The execution allows for a rapid flow of forces through an ever widening breach in the enemy defense. In order to effectively conduct the expanding torrent, the battlion is organized into four elements — breach, assault, follow-and-support, and reserve. The use of the follow-and- support has usually been assigned to units no lower than battalion (during exploitation). In light infantry, follow-and- support is used to give specific tasks to committed elements other than the reserve. These tasks are very specific and detailed. This permits units to conduct prior planning and to prepare for their execution during the conduct of the attack. The expanding torrent technique is used when there are no flanks to exploit by a turning movement or envelopment, or there is not sufficient time to do an infiltration or to rapidly capitalize on an unexpected opportunity. Expanding torrents executed from a hasty attack differ from those executed from a deliberate attack in that there is less time for reconnaissance, the exact point of penetration is unknown, and the battalion’s internal task organization must be altered.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

The commander may choose to maximize the search potential of his force by designating specific methods to be used to locate the enemy. Several options exist: reconnaissance and search teams, observation posts, company and platoon zones, and hide positions. The reconnaissance and search teams provide active elements that are constantly moving, checking, and scanning to find the enemy, confirm his locations, and fix him. An alternative to reconnaissance and search teams is the use of observation posts. The location of these posts is 3-39 (based on the result of the IPB process) to cover likely movement routes, assembly areas, and base camp locations. Companies and platoons may be given separate zones to cover. However, the activities must be integrated so that units can respond in a coordinated manner to enemy contacts. The last option, hide positions, employs teams operating in alternating active and passive modes. The teams are passive in the hide positions as they rest and reorganize. When the teams leave the hide positions, it is to conduct reconnaissance during periods of likely enemy activity. The search and attack technique must employ a variety of search techniques to avoid a linear sweep. If the unit operates in a linear manner, the enemy will sidestep the search units and avoid contact. The scouts may be used to reconnoiter within an assigned sector, assist other units, or to screen a vulnerable flank. The antiarmor platoon may not be able to support the battalion with fire because of the masking effect of terrain. Their contribution as an information collection and surveillance force cannot be minimized. Positions should be selected to provide direct fire support. If this is not possible, then the capabilities of the TOW sights should be exploited. TOW vehicles can be located where they can monitor areas where the enemy can be expected to travel at night.


FM 7-72 Light Infantry Battalion 1987

The battalion organization is tailored for the conduct of the urban storm attack. Three elements are organized to assault the area — assault, support, and reserves. Each element is based upon reconnaissance and the charac- teristics of the objective. The assault group is tasked to break into the building or area. The assault element, under one commander, breaks swiftly into the area and battles to secure a foothold. The assault is lightly armed with automatic weapons and grenades and should be prepared to engage in hand-to-hand combat. Additional assets, such as engineer- sappers, may be task organized with the assault element to facilitate the breakin. The support element not only supports the assault element but also reinforces it. Initially, the support element provides suppression fire for the assault force. Light artillery firing HEP-T in the direct fire mode is extremely effective as a complement of the support element. Once the assault force signals the building or area is secure, then the support element enters from various directions and quickly establishes firing positions to create a defensive position. The reserve supple- ments the assault element, secures the flanks, or establishes blocking positions, as necessary. Urban storm attacks are almost always executed at night or under cover of obscurants. Success is generated through timing and surprise. Urban storm attacks are characterized by decentralization, flexibility, and initiative. 3-43 fs Companies will perform the following missions during a battalion urban storm attack: e Isolate a portion of the urban area. (Establish overwatch positions, use indirect fire, smoke, and high explosives [HE], and establish aggressive patrols.) e Secure a foothold on the edge of the urban area. (Identify a weakness through reconnaissance; mass fires against the break-in point; and conduct swift and violent attack against the point.) e Clear a portion of the urban area.


Middle aged love stories

An' I said yes. An' she come into this ol' vault of a suller, an' she pointed to that ol' heap o' wood, an' she tol' me ter move it over ter that corner. An' I done so fer half an hour. An' I says to that blitherin' fool over there, who was workin' in that ol' wood- house, what the devil did she care w'ich corner the darned stuff was in ? An' he says that she didn't care a hang, but that she'd tell the next man that come along to move it back to where I got it from; he said 'twas a matter er principle with her not to give a man a bite fer nothin' ! So I shut him in his ol' house, an' w'en she come down I gave her a piece of my mind. I don't mind a little work, mis- ter, but when it come to shufflin' kind- lin's round in this ol' tomb fer half an hour an' makin' a fool o' myself fer nothin', I got my back up. My time ain't so vallyble to me as 'tis to some, gov'nor, but it's worth a damn sight more'n that ! " [49] A PHILANTHROPIST Miss Gould's lodger shuddered as he remembered the quarter he had surrepti- tiously bestowed upon the man, and the withering scorn that would be his portion were the weakness known. He smiled as he recalled the scene in the cellar when he had helped Miss Gould up the stairs and returned to soothe Henry, who re- gretted that he had left one timber of the woodhouse upon another. " Though I'm bound to say, Mr. Welles, that I see how he felt. I've often felt like a fool explainin' how they was to move that wood back an' forth. It does seem strange that Miss Gould has to do it that way.


Middle aged love stories

Waters remarked triumphantly, as he summoned his second pair of twins from [64] A PHILANTHROPIST the yard and demanded of them if the gentleman had given them nickels or dimes. The gentleman in question became un- comfortably conscious, in the course of their walk home, of an atmosphere not wholly novel, that lost no strength in this case from its studied repression. That afternoon, as they sat in the shade of the big elm, he in his flexible wicker chair, she in a straight-backed, high- seated legacy from her grandfather, the whirlwind that Mr. Waters had so lightly sown fell to the reaping of a victim too amiable and unsuspecting not to escape the sentence of any but so stern a judge as the handsome and inflexible represen- tative of the moral order now before him. Miss Gould was looking her best in a crisp lavender dimity, upon whose frills Mrs. Waters had bestowed the grate- ful exercise of her highest art. Her sleek, dark coils of hair, from which no one A PHILANTHROPIST stray lock escaped, framed her fresh cheeks most admirably ; her strong white hands appeared and disappeared with an absolute regularity through the dark- green wool out of which she was evolving a hideous and useful shawl. To her lodger, who alternately waved a palm-leaf fan and drank lemonade, reading at in- tervals from a two-days-old newspaper, and carrying on the desultory and amus- ing soliloquy that they were pleased to consider conversation, she presented the most attractive of pictures. " So firm, so positive, so wholesome," he murmured to himself, calling her attention to the exquisite effect of the slanting rays that struck the lawn in a dappled pattern of flickering leaf-shadows, and remarking the violet tinge thrown by the setting sun on the old spire below in the mid- dle of the village.


Middle aged love stories

He laughed softly to himself, and touched the strings of the guitar that she had struck. " I shall save the wor- thy Thomas much," he murmured to himself, "and of course I do it to reform her — I cannot pull down the village and die with the Philistines ! " She went up the long main street, Mr. Waters at her side and Annabel Riley behind her. Her lodger watched her out of sight, and prepared to lock up the Rooms. "So firm, so positive, so wholesome!" he said, as he started after her. [89] A A REVERSION TO TYPE A REVERSION TO TYPE SHE had never felt so tired of it all, it seemed to her. The sun streamed hot across the backs of the shining seats into her eyes, but she was too tired to get the window-pole. She watched the incoming class listlessly, wondering whe- ther it would be worth while to ask one of them to close the shutter. They chat- tered and giggled and bustled in, rattling the chairs about, and begging one an- other's pardon vociferously, with that in- sistent politeness which marks a sharply defined stage in the social evolution of the young girl. They irritated her exces- sively — these little airs and graces. She 1931 A REVERSION TO TYPE opened her book with a snap, and began to call the roll sharply. Midway up the room sat a tall, dark girl, not handsome, but noticeably well dressed. She looked politely at her ques- tioner when spoken to, but seemed as far in spirit as the distant trees toward which she directed her attention when not par- ticularly addressed. She seemed to have a certain personality, a self-possession, a source of interest other than collegiate ; and this held her apart from the others in the mind of the woman who sat before the desk.


Middle aged love stories

She was passing through the chapel. Two scrubbing-women were straightening the chairs, their backs turned to her. " From all I hear," said one, with a [103] A REVERSION TO TYPE chuckle and a sly glance, "we'll be afther gettin' our invitations soon." " An' to what ? " demanded the other quickly, " Sure, they say it's a weddin'." "Ah, now, hush yer noise, Mary Nolan ; 'tis no such thing, I've had enough o' husbands. I know when I'm doin' well, an' that's as I am ! " " 'Tis strange that the men sh'd think different, now, but they do ! " They laughed heartily and long. The German assistant looked at the broad backs meditatively. Just now they seemed to her more consistent than any other women in the great building. She walked quickly across the greening campus. The close-set brick buildings seemed to press up against her; every window stood for some crowded, narrow room, filled with books and tea-cups and clothes and photographs — hundreds of them, and all alike. In her own room she tried to reason herself out of this [104] A REVERSION TO TYPE intolerable depression, to realize the ad- vantages of a quiet life in what was surely the same pleasant, cultured atmosphere to which she had so eagerly looked for- ward three years ago. Her room was large, well furnished, perfectly heated ; and if the condition of her closet would have appeared nothing short of appall- ing to a householder, that condition was owing to the hopeless exigencies of the occasion. With the exception of that whited sepulchre, all was neat, artistic, eminently habitable. She surveyed it critically : the " Mona Lisa," the large "Melrose Abbey,'* the Burne-Jones dra- peries, and the " Blessed Damozel " that spread a placid if monotonous culture through the rooms of educated single women. A proper appreciation of pol- ished wood, the sanitary and aesthetic values of the open fire, a certain scheme in couch-pillows, all linked it to the dozen other rooms that occupied the same rela- tive ground-floor corners in a dozen other [105] A REVERSION TO TYPE ■ houses.


Middle aged love stories

For almost an hour she sat looking fixedly at the unlit logs, hardly conscious of the wasted time. Much might have gone into that hour. There was tea for her at one of the college houses — the hostess had a "day," and went so far as to aspire to the exclusive serving of a certain kind of tinned fancy biscuit every Friday — if she wanted to [no] A REVERSION TO TYPE drop in. This hostess invited favored students to meet the faculty and towns- people on these occasions, and the two latter classes were expected to effect a social fusion with the former — which linked it, to some minds, a little too ob- viously with professional duties. She might call on the head of her de- partment, who was suffering from some slight indisposition, and receive minute advice as to the conduct of her classes, mingled with general criticism of various colleagues and their methods. She might make a number of calls; but if there is one situation in which the futility of these social mockeries becomes most thoroughly obvious, it is the situation presented by an attempt to imitate the conventional society life in a woman's college. And yet — she had gone over the whole ques- tion so often — what a desert of awk- wardness and learned provincialism such a college would be without the attempt ! How often she had cordially agreed to [111] A REVERSION TO TYPE the statement that it was precisely be- cause of its insistence upon this connec- tion with the forms and relations of normal life that her college was so suc- cessfully free from the tomboyishness or the priggishness or the gaucherie of some of the others ! And yet its very success came from begging the question, after all. She shook her head impatiently, A strong odor of boiling chocolate crept through the transom.


Middle aged love stories

I mus' run now to somesing else, but I come ag-gain, and you teach me immedi- [154] A HOPE DEFERRED ately ag-gain, for I have forgotten it all. But zere is no time to lose — no, indeed!" She was amazed at the bitterness of his tone; she could hardly understand, he poured out the words so quickly, but she could see that this was more than a passing irritation, that his years of teach- ing were beginning to tell on him. Be- fore she could reply he had risen and opened the door, and she found herself passing through to the porch without the formula of invitation that preceded the coffee. When he joined her with the neglected cups the storm had passed, and as he talked quietly of the prepara- tion for the voyage that had formed the subject of their evening conversation for weeks, she could hardly realize the depths of weariness and loathing that the sudden glimpse of exhausted patience had shown her. That night Miss Sabina did not sing. She played through two or three of the stiff, sweet little preludes, but the lilacs [155] A HOPE DEFERRED were so strong, the old melodies waked such confused, excited sadness in her, that the songs would not come. The sight of that keen, drooping profile dark against the orange glow reproached her somehow with its loneliness — how many weeks he would sit alone! — and she rose hastily and went out again. "You do not sing? You have not ze mood, hein ? Eh bien^ not to sing, it is well sometimes." . . . And they sat in silence long after the stars came out. That night Miss Sabina slept lightly. Strange, confused dreams, half-conscious delusions, troubled her with voices that she knew were unreal, that yet murmured and muttered and droned, till, in her effort to dismiss them and sink to deeper sleep, she woke with a start.


Middle aged love stories

" A great remorse rose in him. Poor child — poor, young, unknowing creature, that, after all, was only twenty-two ! She felt it, then, the strange mist that seemed to muffle his words and actions, to hold him back. And she had given him so much ! He took her hands and drew her to him. " My dear, dear child," he said gently, "forgive a selfish middle-aged bachelor [205] THE COURTING OF LADY JANE if he cannot come up to the precious ideals of the sweetest girlhood in the world ! I am no more worthy of you. Lady dear, than I have ever been, but I have never felt more tender toward you, more sensible of all you are giving me. I cannot pretend to the wild love of the poets you read so much ; that time, if it ever was, is past for me. I am a plain, unromantic person, who takes and leaves a great deal for granted — I thought you knew that. But you must never doubt — " He paused a moment, and for the first time she interrupted him nervously. "I never will — Clarence," she said almost solemnly ; and it struck him for the first time that she had never called him by his name before. He leaned over her, and as in one of her rare con- cessions she lifted her face up to him, he bent lower than her forehead ; what com- pelled him to kiss her soft cheek rather than her lips he did not know. Unexpected business summoned him [206] THE COURTING OF LADY JANE to New York for a fortnight the next day, and the great city drew him irresist- ibly into its noisy maelstrom. The cur- rent of his thoughts changed absolutely. Old friends and new took up his leisure. His affairs, as they grew more pressing, woke in him a keen delight in the strug- gle with his opponents ; as he shook hands triumphantly with his lawyer after a well-earned victory he felt years younger.


Middle aged love stories

" I should hope she'd arrive at the point where she could buy her own din- ners," she remarked. " To be beholden for your bread "... Here were two points of view as little [227] JULIA THE APOSTATE likely to coincide as the parallel lines of science, and at some such stage as this the discussions were wont to cease. To-day the apartment was swept and garnished for a social function long planned by the nieces. Carnations leaned from tall glass vases, intricate little cakes jostled carefully piled sandwiches, and a huge brass samovar, borrowed for the occasion, gave dignity to the small parlor. Miss Trueman had learned by now the unwritten law that prevented the various objects in the once proudly segregated " drawing-room set " from association with each other, and made no attempt to correct their intentional isolation. The samovar she refused utterly to med- dle with, assuring them that she would as soon think of running a locomotive. As the guests began to arrive Miss Trueman found herself regarding them even more critically than usual; an argu- mentative spirit rose in her, and her calm contradiction of Mrs. Ranger, who dis- [228] JULIA THE APOSTATE cussed with great subtlety the notable advantages — even from the artistic point of view — of the approaching spring when experienced in the city, in comparison with that be-rhymed season's vaunted country beauties, startled more than one person. "Just because they're more delicate, just because you must look harder to discover them, just because you must get as much from a pot of hyacinths on the Avenue as from a whole field of prim- roses in the backwoods, you know," she concluded, and the little circle nodded sagely and congratulated themselves on an unpublished paragraph. " I don't agree with you, Mrs. Ranger," said Aunt Ju-ju flatly, to the absolute amazement of her nieces and the tolerant amusement of the assembly.


Middle aged love stories

DUD'S SISTER neat little kitchen-garden; parsley was there in plenty, and other vaguely famil- iar green things, curly-leaved and spear- pointed. A warm gust of wind brought mint to his nostrils. A second plot held a small crab-apple tree covered with pink and orange globes. A great tortoise-shell cat with two kittens ornamented the third, and in the middle of the fourth, be- side a small wooden table, a woman sat with her back toward the intruder. On the table were one or two tin boxes and a yellow earthen dish ; in her left hand, raised to the shoulder-level, was a tall thin bottle, from which an amber fluid dripped in an almost imperceptibly thin stream; her right arm stirred vigorously. She was a middle-aged woman with lightly grayed hair — a kind of premoni- tory powdering. Over her full skirt of lavender-striped cotton stuff fell a broad, competent white apron. Except for the thudding of the spoon against the bowl, and a faint, homely echo of clashing [260] MRS. DUD'S SISTER china and tin, mingled with occasionally raised voices and laughter from some farther kitchen region, all was utterly, placidly still. Varian stood chained to the open gate. Something in the calm sun-bathed pict- ure tugged strongly at his heart. He thought suddenly of his mother and his Aunt Delia — he had been very fond of Aunt Delia. And what cookies she used to make! Molasses cookies, brown, moist, and crumbly, they had sweetened his boyhood. What was it, that delighted sense of congruity that filled him, every passing second, with keener familiarity, so strangely tinged with sorrow and regret ? Ah, he had it ! He bit his lip as it came clear to him. His little namesake neph- ew, dead at eight years old, and dear as only a dearly loved child can be, had delighted greatly in the Kate Greenaway pictures that came in " painting-books," with colored prints on alternate pages [261] MRS.


Missouri-Marias Basin, Voldseth Dams and Reservoir, Meagher County, Montana, MT-1153, MT-1590

Army Corps of Engineers' Report to the United States Congress on National Program of Inspection of Dams" in May 1975. The recommended guidelines were prepared with the help of engineers and scientists highly experienced in dam safety from many federal and state agencies, professional engineering organizations and private engineering consulting firms. Consequently, the evaluation criteria presented in the guidelines represent the comprehensive consensus of the engineering community. Where necessary the guidelines recommend a two-phased study procedure for investigation and evaluating existing dam conditions so deficiencies and hazardous conditions can be readily identified and corrected. The Phase I study is: 0) a limited investigation to assess the general safety condition of the dam. (2) based upon an evaluation of the available data and a visual inspection. (3) . performed to determine if any needed emergency measures and/or if additional studies, investigations and analyses are necessary or warranted. (4) not intended to include extensive explorations, analysis or to provide detailed alternative correction recommendations. The Phase II investigation includes all additional studies necessary to evaluate the safety of the dam. Included in Phase II, as required, should be additional visual inspections, measurements, foundation explora- tion and testing, material testing, hydraulic and hydrologic analyses and structural stability analyses. The authority for the Corps of Engineers to participate in the inspection of non-federal ly owned dams is limited to Phase I investigations with the exception of situations of extreme emergency. In these cases the Corps may proceed with Phase II studies but only to the extent needed to answer serious questions relating to dam safety that cannot be answered otherwise. The two phases of investigations outlined above are intended only to evaluate project safety and do not encompass in scope the engineering required to perform design or corrective modification work. Recommendations contained in this report may be for either Phase II safety analyses or detailed design study for corrective work.


The igneous rocks are alkalic and are composed of syenites and other alkalic-rich varieties. With the intrusion of the igneous bodies and the thrust faulting, the older Pre-Cambrian and Paleozoic rocks were uplifted and exposed as in the case of the Big Belt Mountains. The attendant foothills of the ranges are of later Paleozoic and Lower Mesozoic sediments. During this mountain-building phase, the basinal sediments were formed into a dome containing smaller anticlines and synclines. The most prominent of these are the Little Belt Mountains and the Snowy Mountains. 3 Subsequent to the mountain building came erosion. Erosional debris from the mountians swept down by rivers and streams covered the earlier Cretaceous sandstones and shales and formed the Eocene Fort Union formation consisting of sandstone, shale, and bituminous coal. Subsequent erosion of this domed basin has produced the present topography which shows a rim of Fort Union deposits with succeedingly older Cretaceous deposits toward the center of the present smaller basins. These Cretaceous deposits are predominantly the sandstones and shales of the Livingston Formation. The oldest formation exposed in the basins is the Colorado Shale. Later Tertiary gravels and sands form the terraces and benches of the Musselshell River with Pleistocene alluvium along the recent bed of the river. 1.2.3. Seismicity The reservoir and dams lie in Seismic Zone 3 as indicated by the Seismic Zone Map (Reference 1). The seismic probability of Zone 3 is one of a potential for major damage and is based on the know distribution of damaging earthquakes in the region. Although the Zone Map is based on a known distribution of damaging earthquakes, it does not necessarily reflect accurate or adequate seismic design parameters for this site. No major faults have been mapped in the immediate vicinity of the reservoir although the traces of minor faults can be inferred from aerial photographs and topographic maps.


The crest is very irregular, varying as much as 2.0 feet in height. Variations in crest width were not measured, but are estimated to be as much as ±5 feet from the value state above. These variations seem to have been caused by erosion on the upstream face. Variat- ions in slopes and in the crest elevations appear to be a result of construction Riprap is inadequate. 10 ) Borrow for the West Dam was obtained from below the downstream toe. Additional borrow was probably obtained from the reservoir area. Some weathered shale was obtained from above the right abutment of the West Dam. The borrow source for the East Dam is not known. 2.3.2 Foundation Conditions, Seepage, and Drainage The foundations of both dams appear to be composed of silts, gravels, and cobbles similar to the materials found in the embankments. The thickness of these alluvial and colluvial materials appears to increase from north to south, but the exact thicknesses are unknown. The foundation material is Comb Creek valley fill, the edge of which can be seen in a borrow pit at the north abutment of the West Dam. The foundation alluvial silts, gravels, and cobbles are very permeable in their natural state, and only slightly less so when compacted as em- bankment. According to the owner, the dam embankments contain no internal drainage systems. Because of these facts, seepage or the vegetative evidence of seepage was found along almost the entire length of West Dam. . The evidence of seepage consisted of greener grass and higher suscepti- bility to animal damage than the remainder of the embankment and a multitude of small shear failures with scarps 2 to 6 feet high. At two locations on the downstream face of the West Dam, there are unrepaired slope failures, the larger at station 14+50 and the smaller centered on the outlet conduit at station 12+00.


An investigation of the East Dam needs to be conducted to determine whether any remedial steps are needed to provide required stability. According to Gary Yoldseth, the owner's son, an attempt was made a few years ago to seal a portion of the reservoir with Bentonite. The degree of success is not known. 11 2.3.3 Stability The presence of unrepaired slope failures in the downstream face of the West Dam associated with an apparent high phreatic surface, indicates that the dam is in imminent danger of failure under the condition of steady seep- age from the maximum pool. For this condition the safety factor of the down- stream slope is estimated to be nearly 1.00. A safety factor of 1.5 is recommended by inspection guidelines. No stability evaluation of the East Dam could be made at the time of the inspection due to snow cover on the downstream toe area. The existence of failures in the downstream face of the West Dam requires an immediate temporary remedy, followed by a detailed investigation, analysis, and any necessary modifications. We recommend the investigation and analysis also include the East Dam. The investigation and analysis needs to be performed and the remedy selected with full consideration of the seepage problems, the apparent marginal stability of West Dam under normal pool conditions and potential earthquake effects. Riprap coverage is inadequate both in thickness and in extent. Although new riprap is apparent in some locations, most notably in the vicinity of the gate tower of the West Dam, it is completely absent above the normal high-water line on about half of the West Dam and all of the East Dam. In unprotected areas the crest of the West Dam has eroded as much as 5 feet toward the centerline (see Photo 7) and the crest of the East Dam has eroded as much as 10 feet, with no recent repairs visible (see Photo 13 and Plate 2). 2.4 PROJECT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE 2.4.1 Dams There is no formal plan for performing periodic maintenance of the Yoldseth Dams.


This dam is 35 feet high and impounds approximately 3000- acre- feet of water (based on total volume capability). In accordance with inspection guidelines, Voldseth West Dam is intermediate in size with a high downstream hazard potential rating. The recommended spillway design flood (SDF) for this dam is 100 percent of the PMF. Voldseth West Dam will not be overtopped during the PMF; however, on the basis of its physical cond- ition. West Dam is considered unsafe and requires emergency action. 3.1.2 Embankment Dams Two slope failures in the downstream face of the West Dam were observed dur- ing the inspection. Additionally, many small slope failures at the downstream toe of the same dam were found. Failures seem to be related to the large quan- ity of seepage water and high phreatic surface emerging 2 to 6 feet vertically above the downstream toe which occurs for most of the length of the dam. Based upon the results of our investigation, we conclude that the embankment stability of the West Dam does not conform to the recommended guidelines and the embankment is in need of immediate attention. Most of the downstream face of the East Dam was covered by a snowdrift at the time of the inspection, and a visual evaluation was not possible. The riprap on both, dams, wh^ere present, is generally too thin to offer adequate protection. There is no riprap present in about half the area above the high-water level on the West Dam and in all the area above the high-water level on the East Dam. The vertical distance above high-water line is about 3 feet on East Dam and 6 feet on West Dam. Erosion in the unprotected areas above high water has progressed toward the centerline about 5 feet on the West Dam and 10 feet on the East Dam. Rodent burrows were visible on all exposed surfaces of both dams.


The spillway channel would obviously erode downstream of its crest at discharges anywhere near its capacity. The spillway channel is some distance away from the downstream toe of the East Dam at the south abutment. It is our opinion that erosion in the channel would not encroach on the dam. The flood resulting from the PMP of 72-hour duration for the 1.0 square mile drainage area, including the reservoir, is computed to have a volume of 990 acre- feet. The combination of reservoir surcharge storage and total spill ing discharge capacity is insufficient to prevent overtopping of the East Dam during the PMF. The PMF routings indicate the West Dam would not be over- topped. 3.1.5 Operation and Maintenance Operation and maintenance are performed by Mr. Voldseth and his son, Gary. They both live about 1% miles below the reservoir and visit the site when necessary. Water is diverted to the reservoir from Comb Creek. '\ It is then released as needed for irrigation through the low-level out- lets of either the East or West Dams. As a consequence, the reservoir level fluctuates seasonally. Maintenance of the dams is not adequate. Slope failures in the down- stream slope of West Dam have existed for a least a year with no visible attempts to repair. There is extensive rodent infestation. Trees and brush on the upstream faces of the embankments have not been regularly removed. Although some riprap has been added in some critical areas, there is serious, unrepaired erosion on crests and upstream faces of both dams. 15 There is no formal warning system or plan of action to alert downstream in- habitants in the event of dam failure. 3.2 • RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Immediately develop, implement and periodically test an emergency warning plan to alert persons and downstream interests in event of imminent structural failure. • ^ 2. Immediately hire a qualified engineer to develop and implement in- terim measures to provide adequate- embankment stability and a new reser- voir operating plan that maintains the reservoir level not higher than 18 feet below the top of West Dam while interim embanlcment modifications are being constructed. 3.


Modal testing and analysis of the NPS Space Truss.

INTRODUCTION Spacecraft launch cost is the major part of the total cost of any space mission. This often prohibitive cost of launching payloads into orbit has driven engineers and scientists to develop lighter construction materials and weight saving designs, without compromising the dynamic stability and strength required for mission accomplishment. With these new materials and designs, however, comes the added challenges of modeling, measuring, and controlling the vibration of advanced, lightweight, space structures. The Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) Space Truss provides a key platform for the development and test of models and modeling techniques. Once a Finite Element Model (FEM) has been developed for the NPS Space Truss, it can be experimentally verified in the laboratory. Specifically, using accelerometers attached to the truss's nodes and exciting the truss via an impulse hammer (with a built-in force transducer) striking a node, the frequency response function can be obtained. The resulting Frequency Response Functions (FRFs) can be compared to the FEM using a computer tool such as X-MODAL thereby validating the FEM. Our goal should be to develop an accurate FEM (which could subsequently be used to predict other truss characteristics that may be unfeasible to produce in the laboratory), and then to validate that FEM through modal testing and analysis. Once a model has been verified as accurate, control methods can be applied and tested as well. A new and advanced dynamic and strain detection system is comprised of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors (FBGS). Employing light weight, low power fiber optics, this recently developed technology provides the spacecraft designer with a simple, yet highly accurate measurement tool for detecting both static and dynamic strain on the structure. Once detected via FBGS, a control system may be implemented to bring the structure's strain condition to within acceptable levels. Current applications include long- term static strain sensing, dynamic strain sensing (frequencies are presently low, about 50 Hz, but faster systems will soon be available), temperature and pressure sensing, magnetic and electric field sensing, and chemical sensing.


Deviation from this geometric configuration will cause a fatal error when creating the mass and stiffness matrices. Also, the elemental mass matrices in the code are constructed using a local coupled mass matrix, as opposed to local lumped or consistent mass matrices. Equations (2.1) and (2.2) describe the elemental stiffness and mass matrices for the rod model, respectively. The NRLFEMI program is presently available on several computers in the Dynamics Lab at the Naval Postgraduate School. The code used in the program and a better description of how to modify the truss properties are included in the appendices. For now, a brief description of the program's implementation and its results are all that is necessary. 2. FEM Implementation and Results We have already collected the truss properties required to build an accurate model of the structure. Specifically, we know the masses of different elements, we know the effective axial stiffness values for the longerons and diagonal elements, and we know how the truss is constructed (which element connects to which node, etc.). After we input 12 this data into the NRLFEMI program, we get the natural frequencies of the NPS Space Truss. Although these frequencies provide a good estimate to compare actual frequencies with, there are several limitations to the model. The first such limitation comes from the actual truss's mass deviations from the calculated truss mass. Referring back to Table 2.1, Truss Mass Breakdown, we know that there was some additional, unaccounted for mass on the actual weighed truss. This was attributed. to vibe tight, heat shrink, and lubrication. It should now be pointed out that the bare truss is not the same as the actual, tested truss. Likewise, the bare truss's mass is not the mass used in determining the truss characteristics for NRLFEMI. Specifically, the test mass of the NPS Space Truss includes the combined mass of eight accelerometers and 40 aluminum dummy masses (see Figure 7).


Each of its four pedestal legs contain a piston which, when charged with compressed air (or N2 via a storage tank in our case), floats the table. The advantage of using such a mounting platform is that it filters out unwanted disturbance vibrations. Specifically, disturbances in the frequency range above 12 Hz are attenuated by more then 99% by the table. [Ref. 9] Accelerometers are highly sensitive measuring devices (sensitivities range from 100 to 500 mV/g). Any outside disturbance could corrupt the data being taken. Since we only have eight accelerometers, we will need to run the experiment several times, while moving the accelerometers to different nodes between each test, in order to test the frequency response at every node. Ultimately, we will run the experiment six times, each time measuring the response on eight different nodes, to get a global picture of the truss's response. After successfully testing each node, we can alter the pattern of the accelerometer placement, tailoring the experiment to the type of data we wish to collect. The final piece to our modal testing relationship is the input. Our input will be provided via an impulse force hammer. By striking a predetermined node such that the force is distributed equally along all three axis, we can excite the truss through its range of natural frequencies. Two nodes were selected as impulse hammer targets: node 41 and node 24 (see Figure 9). Nodes 41 and 24 were chosen so that we may excite the lower natural frequencies with a certain degree of force as well as the higher natural 18 frequencies, respectively. Node 41 is located on the extreme end of the truss where the first mode shape, corresponding to its first natural frequency, will have its greatest amplitude (nodes 15, 52, and 26 would work equally as well). Node 24 is located midway down the length of the truss, where the higher mode shapes have their greatest energy, and hence the higher natural frequencies.


Accelerometer Placement (w/ Impact Point) Now with the accelerometer in place, the cable connected and fastened to the truss, we want to level and align the accelerometer. The Newport table and NPS Space 23 Truss are already leveled to acceptable testing tolerances. Each accelerometer should have an ordinary, carpenter's torpedo level placed on all horizontal surfaces to check for level. Any adjustments necessary can be made by applying firm, finger pressure and a slight twisting motion (similar to the mounting technique) and then rechecking with the level until they are satisfactorily in place. Horizontal alignment (parallel with the long axis of the truss) is a more subjective alignment. Basically, one should stand so that their line of sight is along the line of accelerometers. By "eyeballing" the accelerometers in this fashion, a reasonable alignment can be made. When it is necessary to move (or remove) the accelerometers, simply twist and gently pull them off the thumb screws. Usually, a finite amount of wax is left on the mounting surface and the accelerometer. Sometimes it may not be necessary to reapply the wax adhesive to a new surface. This way, the remounting process is greatly expedited and the whole testing process takes less time. It is up to the tester and the type of data being sought, that determines the accelerometer placement. To get a complete picture of the truss's response to input, every node should be tested. With eight accelerometers, this will require six separate tests in order to cover 48 nodes (excluding the four nodes fixed to the base plate). However, there are many other accelerometer placement scenarios to be explored. Several scenarios were used in the initial modal testing of the truss covered in this thesis. These placement scenarios will be covered briefly now, and in greater detail in Appendix D, Laboratory Experimental Test Log.


Description of Fiber Bragg Gratings "Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) reflect a specific wavelengtrfTthat shifts slightly depending on the strain applied to the FBG sensor." [Ref. 4: p. 2] Inother words, a Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor (FBGS) is a type of optical strain gage. Additional FBGS applications include: long-term static strain sensing (health monitoring), dynamic strain sensing, temperature and pressure sensing, magnetic and electric field sensing, and chemical sensing. There are several unique characteristics separating FBGSs from other, conventional sensors. Large numbers of FBGSs can be placed at predetermined locations, all co-located on the same strand of fiber. This string of quasi-distributed, quasi-point sensors can be interrogated simultaneously using wave division multiplexing or time division multiplexing. Additionally, due to the material and geometry characteristics of the fiber itself, FBGSs can be embedded in composite smart structures. After briefly discussing the many applications of FBGSs, a physical description and discussion of their fabrication is given. Optical fibers are made of fused silica, an ideal, high-temperature elastic material. Actually, silica filaments may have ultimate tensile strengths on the order of 1 Mpsi for a small segment. [Ref. 5] This translates into a fiber being able to withstand strain approaching 8%. Fibers used in FBGSs can potentially tolerate a higher strain-to-failure than most of the reinforcing filaments used to construct high-performance composites. Hence any sensor embedded in a composite should live as long as the structure and not induce premature failure. After drawing the silica fiber core, a coating is applied. In quality fibers, this coating is a high- temperarure/high-modulus polymer, such as a polyimide. This coating increases the overall diameter of the fiber by only 10 |im. This polyimide coating provides good adhesion to epoxies, important when attaching FBGSs to a structure, while not degrading during the epoxy curing process.


The ability to predetermine the filter's wavelength is important when employing multiple FBGSs on one strand of fiber. Usually, a FBGS's wavelength is recorded during manufacture. When several FBGSs are connected in series, they are usually arranged in increasing (or decreasing) wavelengths. In this fashion, it is easy to determine which wavelength corresponds to which measurement a FBG interrogation system is returning. As long as their position on a structure is properly documented (i.e. which FBGS wavelength corresponds to which element), a real-time picture of the structure's strain is readily available. There are some very desirable characteristics of the Bragg gratings in a FBGS. First, the linear response of the center wavelength prevents any direction ambiguity 43 during measurements. When the grating region of the fiber is disturbed in a manner that modifies the distributions of the gratings, the index of refraction changes accordingly. A small (non-permanently deforming) change along the longitudinal axis of the FBGS causes the narrow spike, or peak, in the returned wavelength, to shift to longer wavelengths during tension and shorter wavelengths during compression. Disturbances in the grating can be due to mechanical strain, temperature change, or any other physically- altering condition. Second, absolute measurement is possible since the Bragg grating center wavelength determines the measured value in terms of arreference state. Third, the grating tends to reject the effect of strain fields not aligned with the longitudinal axis. In fact, the unidirectional, transverse components are attenuated by a factor of 500 or more compared with the longitudinal response. FBGSs are ideally suited for real-time evaluation of load, strain, vibration, and other health monitoring functions of structures. A string of FBGSs on a single strand of fiber in a multiplexed network can provide light weight, highly durable, low power, and accurate feedback for use in controlling smart structures.


Once bonded, a fiber will be destroyed if it is removed. Make sure that all necessary calculations and 45 planning have take place prior to applying FBGS to a structure. Avoid allowing the M-Bond Adhesive to come into contact with unprotected skin. The greatest potential for erroneous or false data when taking FGBS readings arises in the application of the sensor itself. The FBGSs are relatively fool-proof. Due to their linear feedback, and increased attenuation in the off-axis transverse components, FBGSs provide very reliable data. However, if the data that they are measuring (strain, vibration, etc.) is not accurately transmitted through the bonding agent, the data that the fibers return is useless. Therefore, it is imperative that a bonding agent with a completely linear transmission and minimum attenuation of the transmitted information be used in the application of FBGSs. 3. NPS Fiber Bragg Grating equipment The Naval Postgraduate School's dynamics laboratory employs BRAGG Photonics FBGSs connected to a Micron Optics Inc., picoWave™ Fiber Bragg Grating Interrogation System (FBG-IS Serial Number 3005). This interrogation system can effectively monitor up to 31 FBGSs multiplexed on a single fiber. However, as the number of FBGSs increases on a fiber, their individual bandwidth decreases, compromising their overall dynamic range. Micron Optic's picoWave™ can resolve changes in the optical wavelengths as fine as 1pm (<1 jistrain) and achieve calibrated wavelength accuracy of ± 5 pm (4 distrain). The following schematic (Figure 26) is representative of the picoWave™ interrogation system: • ELED (light source) k_ FBGSi FBGS: FBGS31 50:50 Coupler Photo-detector FFP - Tunable Filter picoWave Reference • Figure 26. Schematic of picoWave™ Interrogation System 46 A drawback to the picoWave FBG-IS resides in its sampling frequency. Currently, the picoWave FBG-IS can perform dynamic strain sensing up to 25 Hz. [Ref. 4] Its sampling frequency is 50 Hz. To properly take dynamic measurements, specifically in regards to spacecraft sensing applications, much higher sampling frequencies are necessary.


Moulton Creek Dam, no. 1, MT-1467 and Basin Creek Dams no's 1 and 2, MT-374, MT-868, Butte, Montana

Is Based on its height, the inspection criteria classify Moulton Creek Dam No. 1 as intermediate in size and, because the downstream effects of failure are believed to be not exces- sive, the downstream hazard potential is classified as significant. Although no emergency conditions were, found, the report does list defi- ciencies which need attention; the major deficiency being the project's inability to safely handle the recommended spillway design flood. Inspection criteria for an intermediate-sized dam with a significant downstream hazard potential requires the project to safely handle at least one-half the probable maximum flood (PMF). Reservoir routing of the preliminary PMF showed the dam was overtopped at 34 percent of the peak flow and 28 percent of the 6-hour flood volume. We believe the embankment would fail if overtopped. A sudden release of the impoundment could jeopardize the nearby resi- dent operator's home, but flow would then traverse an undeveloped stream course to where the Anaconda Company's Yankee Doodle Tailings Pond would intercept and contain it. This report recommends actions ranging from maintenance to engineering studies. The major recommenda- tion is for the owners to develop a design PlIF and rehabilitate the structure(s) to safely handle at least one-half the PMF. The recom- mended spillway design flood of at least one-half PMF is based on pre- sent day conditions. Should the downstream flood plain area be con- sidered for further development, consideration should be given to requiring a larger spillway design flood capability or restricting new growth by appropriate zoning laws . b. Basin Creek Dam No. 1; Based on either height or storage, the inspection criteria classifies this dam as intermediate in size. Our vi visual inspection of the downstream area indicates the hazard in case of dam failure would be high. Inspection criteria requires an inter- mediate-sized dam having a high downstream hazard potential to safely handle the full PMF.


Chelton, Photographer, Seattle District, Corps of Engineers . 1 .2 Description of Project. 1.2.1 General . The Butte Water Company was organized in 1898, and its present system is composed of a series of dams, reservoirs, and pumping plants, which supply water to the city of Butte and the Butte Mining District (plates 1 and 2). Two dams and reservoirs are located north of Butte on Moulton Creek: Moulton Creek Dams Nos. 1 and 2. Southwest of Butte, water is taken from the Big Hole River and pumped into South Fork Reservoir and then over the Continental Divide into West Reser- voir, a holding reservoir. South Fork and West Reservoirs were not inspected because their sizes do not qualify them for inclusion under the Dam Safety Program. Two dams and reservoirs are located south of Butte on Basin Creek: Basin Creek Dams Nos. 1 and 2. Water is also taken from nearby creeks through gravity pipes and fed into some of the storage reservoirs. This inspection report covers one dam on Moulton Creek (Moulton Creek Dam No. 1) and both dams on Basin Creek. Moulton 2 Creek Dam No. 2, located about 1 mile upstream from Moulton Creek Dam No. 1, was not physically inspected because its reservoir content and location are such that a failure of the dam would not have significant downstream impact. 1.2.2 Regional Geology. The Butte, Montana, region exhibits a samp- ling of almost the entire geologic history of western Montana. Twenty miles south of Butte in the Highland Mountains, the 2-billion-year-old metamorphic basement complex is exposed beneath the slightly metamor- phosed Belt Supergroup Sedimentary Strata which is as old as 1 billion years. The Precambrian history of the region is incomplete because of erosional intervals hundreds of millions of years in duration. The Paleozoic formations are found as remnants of formerly continuous strata deposited upon the eroded surface of the Belt Supergroup.


From the time of Belt deposition through the end of the Paleozoic era, the region was a stable continental shelf close to sea level. Marine fos- sils indicate long-term cycles of sea level changes without deformation of the earth's crust. The Mesozoic era is represented only by thin formations of Triassic and Cretaceous sediments. The period of stability within the crust ended in Cretaceous time with the extrusion of the Elkhom Mountains Volcanics and equivalent vol- canics surrounding the Butte area. The region was intruded by granitic plutons before the completion of the volcanic episode. Large thrust faults accompanied the granite intrusion. The mineral deposits of the region were formed between 68 to 78 million years ago during the intru- sion of the granitic plutons. The main granitic mass is called the Boulder Batholith, although the formation of the batholith required repeated intrusions of granitic rocks with different mineralogies. Igneous activity ceased approximately 68 million years ago, although thrust faulting associated with the intrusions continued for several million years afterward. The Cenozoic era has been characterized by uplift of the mountain ranges and by block faulting which may still be in progress. The result of deep erosion and down-dropped valleys has been the accumula- tion and preservation of intermontane lacustrine strata not consoli- dated into rock. These lakebeds are common throughout the Montana Rocky Mountains, The present action of erosion has carved valleys in the lakebeds, deposit- ing stream alluvium in the channels. Some of the higher peaks had gla- ciers during the last ice age, but the effects of glaciation were restricted to the mountainous areas. 3 1.2.3 Physiography and Climatology. The climate of the area is gen- erally continental in nature, characterized by mild summers, cold win- ters, and a semiarid precipitation regime. These basins are located on the western slope of the Continental Divide.


A formal project emergency warning plan does not exist. 2.6 Potential for Downstream Damage. Overtopping of Moulton Creek Dam No. 1 would result in relatively rapid failure of the embankment, although the concrete core wall would likely slow down the failure rate to some degree. The valley downstream from the dam is essentially undeveloped. Visual observation and discussion with dam owners indi- cate that the dam operator's residence is the only residence subject to damage as a result of an embankment failure. The entire contents of the reservoir could be contained in the 765-acre Yankee Doodle Tailings Pond, about 4 miles downstream from the dam, resulting in an approxi- mate 1.5-foot maximum rise in the water surface at the tailings pond, well within the normally maintained freeboard. However, Moulton Creek Dam No. 1 is a water supply facility which supplies approximately 15 percent of the area's needs, and a loss of the project could impose economic hardship and loss. 15 CHAPTER 3 - FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Moulton Creek Dam No. 1. 3.1.1 Findings . Visual inspection of the dam, examinations of records and reports, and independent analysis of the project in terms of guide- line performance standards result in the findings discussed below. 3. 1.1.1 Size and Hazard Potential. Based upon height, the Corps of Engineers' criteria classify Moulton Creek Dam No. 1 as intermediate in size. The National Dam Inventory for Montana identifies Moulton Creek Dam No. 1 with the designation MT-1467 and lists it as having a No. 1 (high) downstream hazard potential in case of failure. However, during the inspection, the downstream valley was found to be undeveloped and habitated by only one dwelling, and the entire reservoir contents could be safely contained in the Yankee Doodle Tailings Pond downstream from the project. Loss of the reservoir would, however, impact the area's water supply. Therefore, based upon the guidelines, the downstream hazard potential for Moulton Creek Dam No. 1 is reclassified to "significant .


The dam is structurally safe for all design conditions, including over- topping with the reservoir 20 feet above the deck at the top of the dam. Some small cracks may develop near the top of the dam for this overtopping condition. The dam can resist earthquake forces consider- ably higher than 0.1 gravity with reservoir filled. 2.4 Project Operation and Maintenance. Operation and maintenance information was obtained from discussion with Butte Water Company per- sonnel, as no formal project operation and maintenance programs exist. Also, no formal emergency warning plan exists for the Basin Creek Dams Project . 31 Operations are accomplished at the direction of the water company offi- cials. Standard operating procedure is to try and keep this reservoir full until 1 July for use during the remainder of the season. The Big Hole pumping station supplies a good portion of the water to the city water system. As consumption increases during the hot days of summer, Basin Creek Reservoir No. 1 is used which helps reduce pumping costs. During August, the reservoir typically drops 0.5 to 1 foot per day. As consumptive demand decreases in the fall, the Big Hole pump continues to operate which fills Basin Creek Reservoir No. 1 through the water system. During late summer, the flow is typically out of the reservoir during the day and into the reservoir at night. Two of the outlet works pipes are tied directly to the city water system, but have blow- offs along the waterline. A third pipe is a direct blowoff at the toe. When flow over the spillway exceeds about 1 inch in depth, damage occurs to a road below the dam. When this happens, the blowoff at the toe of the dam is opened. If this is not sufficient to lower the res- ervoir below the spillway crest, then blowoff s along the water supply line are opened.


The spillway rating curve shown on plate 14 was developed from backwater computations through the spillway structure with critical depth at the control section and roughness coefficient, "n" = 0.02. Upstream from the control section, the spillway structure is obstructed by brush overhanging the left wall, the remnants of a steel pipe ini- tially intended to convey flow around the dam, and a pier supporting a wooden bridge crossing the spillway. The bridge may be readily dis- placed during high spillway flows and could block the spillway control section resulting in a reduction in spillway capacity. The concrete floor and walls of the spillway structure have deteriorated from weathering and would likely be further damaged if subjected to sus- tained high discharges. The effects of these obstructions have been included in the spillway rating computations by assuming the obstruc- tions to result in head losses varying as functions of velocity. At the control section, the height of chute walls are 2.2 feet and the chute transitions through an abrupt contraction; therefore, the chute walls are subject to overtopping with spillway discharges of about 70 percent of maximum capacity. Downstream from the control section, the chute becomes steep, maintaining supercritical flow. About midway down the chute, the right wall abruptly changes alinement. This geometric configuration will result in formation of a wave \diich will undoubtedly overtop the chute walls at discharges less than maximum spillway capa- city. Brush is overhanging the left wall of the chute essentially along its entire length and will impede flow down the chute, contribut- ing to overtopping of chute walls. Considerable erosion has occurred at the terminus of the chute because adequate means of energy dissipa- tion does not exist. Although the above conditions will result in unacceptable flow conditions in the spillway and chute, the structure appears to be located on rock, and overtopping of the spillway chute is not expected to result in failure of the dam. 2.1.2 Outlet .


Upstream slope (note rock protection, slump , and exposed concrete cut-off wall) 42 The downstream slope is about as designed, with a slope of 1 vertical on 1.5 horizontal. The downstream slope is supporting a considerable number of large trees with sparse grass cover. Several animal pathways exist on the downstream slope. One pathway near the embankment toe is about 1 foot wide by 1.5 feet deep, presumably from channeling surface runoff. A depression and sinkholes were observed on the downstream slope directly above the gate valve tunnel (see plate 10). A Butte Water Company representative reported that the observed depression and sinkholes were probably the result of the embankment material caving into the old vertical access chamber to the pipeline valves. The cham- ber was reportedly covered with earth after a new access tunnel was completed. Should the dam overtop, the embankment will probably fail because of the easily erodable fine-grained embankment materials. The concrete core wall and older timber crib dam would impede failure, but probably would not prevent it. 2.3.2 Foundation and Seepage Conditions. The foundation for Basin Creek Dam No. 2 is unknown; however, the design drawing does indicate the concrete core wall may extend to bedrock. While the foundation characteristics of the right abutment are unknown, the dam embankment on the left abutment appeared to be tied to exposed bedrock, and the concrete spillway structure appeared to be founded on bedrock. During our inspection, seepage was issuing from and above the base of the rock retaining wall adjacent to the gate valve tunnel entrance (see plate 10). A Butte Water Company representative reported that this seepage exit face enlarges and rises to about 4 feet above the base of the retaining wall when the pool is held at spillway crest elevation. (Pool elevation on inspection date was elevation 6,195 feet.) Seepage was also issuing from cracks in the upstream concrete wall of the gate valve tunnel with sand deposits noted near and downstream of the tunnel entrance and outlet; however, seepage water in all cases was clear.


Monthly performance report : Bond Construction

The solar energy system has an array of flat-plate collectors with a gross area of 465 square feet. The array faces south at an angle of 37 degrees to the horizontal. A propylene glycol solution is the transfer- medium that delivers solar energy from the collector array to an external heat exchanger. Water is the transfer medium that delivers solar energy -From the external heat exchanger to storage and from storage to the hot v/ater "load and liquid-to-air heat exchanger in the furnace. Air is the transfer medium that delivers solar energy to the space heating load. Solar energy is stored in the basement in an 800-gallon steel storage tank with walls approximately 1/4-inch thick. The storage tank has 4-inch polyurethane insulation on the bottom and 8-inch fiberglass insulation on the top and sides. Preheated city water is stored in an 82-gallon DHW tank. When solar energy is insufficient to satisfy the space heating load, a gas furnace provides auxiliary energy for space heating. Similarly, an electrical immersion heater in the DHW tank provides auxiliary energy for heating the supply water. Solar energy Is transferred from the storage tank to the hot-air heating system by a liquid- to-air heat exchanger contained in the furnace ductwork; solar energy is transferred from the storage tank to the DHW tank by an annular heat exchanger jacket around the hot water tank. The house also contains a fireplace with an integral fan; the fireplace is only instrumented for monitoring fan power- consumption. The system, shown schematically in Figure 1, has 5 modes of solar operation. Mode 1 - Col lector- to-Storage: This mode activates when there is a tempera- ture difference of 20°F between a control sensor located at the collector and a control sensor located inside the storage tank (near the bottom).


PERFORMANCE EVALUATION INTRODUCTION The site was unoccupied in May and the solar energy system operated contin- uously during the month. Total solar energy collected was 25.7 million Btu and the total solar energy used was 2.5 million Btu or 10 percent of the collected energy. The change in stored energy was 0.34 million Btu and the total system losses amounted to 3.8 million Btu. Solar energy satisfied 96 percent of the space heating requirements. The solar energy system incurred an electrical energy expense of 0.23 million Btu and provided a fossil fuel energy savings of 0.34 million Btu. The control problem that caused intermit- tent cycling of mode 1 during periods of good insolation continued throughout the month. There was no hot water load in May because the water was turned off. WEATHER CONDITIONS During the month, total incident solar energy on the collector array was 25.7 million Btu for a daily average of 1780 Btu per square foot. This was above the estimated average daily solar radiation for this geographical area during May of 1712 Btu per square foot for a south-facing plane with a tilt of 37 degrees to the horizontal. The average ambient temperature during May was 64°F the same as the long-term average. The number of heating degree-days for the month (based on a 65°F reference) was 98, as compared with the long-term average of 127. The number of cooling degree-days was 81, as compared with the long-term average of 99. THERMAL PERFORMANCE System - During May the solar energy system performed approximately the same as expected. The expected performance was determined from a modified f-chart analysis using measured weather and subsystem loads as input. Solar energy used by the system was estimated by assuming that all energy collected would be applied to the load. Actual solar energy used was 2.5 million Btu and was equal to the estimated 2.5 million Btu.


Montreat-Anderson College Student Handbook

Carole Tyler Dean of Students THE HONOR SYSTEM Life at Montreat-Anderson College is based on the belief that the ideal community is made up of honorable individuals. Mutual trust and consideration are essential to such a community, and it is for these that we strive. Each student and faculty member has a responsibility for himself and for every other member of the college community. The failure of one person to live honorably is in part the failure of all. The movement of one individual toward complete understanding of Christian living is a step toward honorable living for the whole college. For this reason the students of Montreat-Anderson College have accepted the "Honor System", under which each student agrees to try to discipline his own life and to be ready to help all others to discipline their lives toward the goal of a community in which each member will merit trust and respect. It is in large part due to the acceptance of faculty and students of the Honor System as a way of life, that the "Spirit of Montreat" is a reality, not only on the campus, but wherever former Montreat students are found. THE HONOR CODE Under the Honor Code, the student is on his honor not to lie, cheat, or steal, and, if he does,- he is on his honor to report himself within twenty-four hours to a member of the Honor Court. If he sees another student lying, cheating, or stealing, he is also on his honor to confront him by asking him to report himself to a member of the Honor Court, and, if he does not do so within twenty-four hours, he is to report him. The Honor Code places upon you a dual responsibility. First, you are responsible to see that you conduct yourself in accordance with the Honor Code.


To be eligible to serve on the Student Legislature or Honor Court a student must be registered for a minimum of 12 semester hours for the preceding and current semester and must have at the time of election and maintain thereafter, an overall 1.5 average (Grades to be used in determining the average will be final semester grades). In addition, both the officers mentioned above and members of the Student Legislature and Honor Court must not have been, nor in the future be convicted of an Honor Code Violation and must have a good citizenship record. Failure to uphold these qualifications, as confirmed by the executive committee of the SGA, will require that the officer relinquish his office immediately. Presidents of all other organizations and clubs (those not serving on the Student Legislature) must be registered for a minimum of 12 semester hours for the preceding and current semester and must have at the time of election and maintain thereafter, an overall 1.5 average. First semester freshman must be registered for a minimum of 12 semester hours and receive no more than one D and no F's when mid-term notices are given in order to be eligible for election to any office. 16 SECTION 5 VOTING PROCEDURES In order to win an election a candidate must obtain a majority vote. A majority vote is any vote over half the number of votes cast, ignoring blanks. If no candidate receives a majority in the primary voting, a run-off vote between the two candidates receiving the vote closest to the majority shall be held to determine the winner. The following procedures will be observed in all voting: 1. Voting for all offices under the SGA shall be by secret ballot. 2. The Elections Committee shall tabulate the votes. 3. All voting must take place at the place designated by the Elections Committee. 4.


The Hall Counselor will be expected to exert a positive attitude and influence on the entire dorm but especially his own hall and to help create cooperative resident hall living and cooperation with the College Community generally. c. The Hall Counselor will serve as a student counselor and when the occasion warrants notify the Dorm President and the Deans of Students about students who need special assistance in their studies or citizenship. d. At the end of each four weeks, each Hall Counselor will provide a written report of conditions on his floor to the Dorm President, Head Resident, and Deans of Students. The necessary forms will be provided by the Deans of Students for this purpose. e. The Hall Counselor will assist the Head Resident in the inspection of rooms and will serve as host at the desk for six hours each week at a time agreed upon by the Head Resident and the President of the dormitory. f. In case of illness or injury, the Hall Counselor will be responsible for contacting the Head Resident and in his absence the Infirmary. g. In case of emergencies the Hall Counselor is the head officer on his floor. h. The Hall Counselor will hold membership on the Social Standards Committee for the dormitory, i. The Hall Counselor will work with the Assistant Hall Counselors, President, and Head Resident in planning social events for his floor and cooperate with the Social Chairman and the above in helping with social events involving the entire dormitory. Council Positions— The following are positions to be filled on the Dormitory Council. a. Each Woman's Dormitory will have a Head Resident, a Student President and sufficient Hall Counselors to supervise each floor of the Dormitory. b. Each Man's Dormitory will have a Student President and sufficient Hall Counselors to supervise each floor of the dormitory.


It is expected that each student will keep the room he occupies clean and orderly. Rooms will be inspected regularly and a report made to the Dean of Students wno will determine when violations require disciplinary action. 2. Any damage to a room or its furnishings will be paid by the student involved or by the students occupying the room. 35 Damage to any part ot one of the college dormitories (other than the individual student rooms) must be borne equally by all residents of the particular dormitory involved when the responsible party or parties are not apprehended. The proportionate share shall be the total cost of the repairs or replacements divided by the total number of residents in the given dormitory at the time of the damage or destruction. The obligations incurred above shall constitute a debt to Montreat-Anderson College and shall be subject to all provisions and regulations pertaining to such debts. 3. Any student guilty of vandalism (deliberate destruction of property), shall be subject to discipline by the Administrative Committee. He shall be required to pay the full cost of the damage, plus a fine equal to the full cost, but not less than ten dollars ($10.00). He shall be subject to disciplinary probation, suspension or expulsion. In every case in which his parents are providing financial support, they shall be informed of the offense and the action taken. 4. Property not owned or supervised by the College is off limits to the student unless he has written permission from the owner with prior approval from the Dean of Students. Room Decorations There shall be no public display in windows or in hallways or other public rooms of decorations or materials which could give offense. Since it is recognized that accepted standards of good taste and propriety impose certain limits on room decorations, it shall be left to the individual student's discretion, subject to the regulations in the Handbook, as to the appropriatness of the internal decorations of individual rooms.