We have said nothing of the attitude Point of view. . . . of the new socialism toward religion. This would afford matter for special consideration. We have undertaken solely to consider the possi- bility of the economic scheme as judged by its funda- mental principle. In this view we have to remember that there is no temporal advantage which can com- pensate a man for the repression of his individuality, of his native autonomy. The development of his individuality implies freedom in the exercise of the right to earn. An absolute collectivism must stand in the way of this development, since its first meas- ure is to forbid the untramelled exercise of the right to earn. There is another tiling which is implied in the development of individuality, namely, the right to learn. The restrictions which an absolute collec- tivism must necessarily put upon this right would furnish matter for a separate study. In discussions like unto the one which A distinction. _ . . . . we have here outlined, it is necessary and of very great consequence that we know how to distinguish between official documents and unofficial commentaries. The official declarations, several of which wc presented in the beginning, tell us that socialism is a system of government by which it is pro- posed to establish an economic equilibrium through the absolutely collective ownership of all the means and instruments of production. Hence the name, socialism, is radically misapplied when it is made to stand for national or municipal ownership of certain public utilities. If that were socialism, then socialism exists wherever there is a civil community. For there Digitized by Google Socialism: Its Economic Aspect. 31 is no State or City in which there is not national or city ownership of something or other. When a city runs its own plants for light, water and rapid transit, that is not socialism any more than when the city runs its own court-house, jail and hospital.


Women of the Reformation, from Spain to Scandinavia

Price checked the manuscript. Suzanne Selinger has identified bibliographical references and the help of Andrea Foster for interlibrary loans has been invaluable. I am indebted to Marjorie Wynne for help and permissions in the Beinecke Library of Yale University. I have permission from the Student Christian Movement Press of London to reprint with some changes the article which ap¬ peared with the title “Feminine Piety in Tudor England” in the volume Christian Spirituality; Essays in honour of Gordon Rupp, edited by Peter Brooks. Similarly I am permitted to reprint with alterations the article “Queen Katarina Jagellonica,” which appeared in Theological Soundings, Notre Dame Seminary Jubilee Studies, 1923-73. Per¬ mission is granted by this seminary in New Orleans. 8 A few reflections are in order at the close of these three vol¬ umes. Why was the study undertaken? Because of a lifelong interest in those who have not had their due. In 1955 the Dud- leian lecture at Harvard was on The Office of the Ministers Wife in New England. The larger study followed the death of Ruth Woodruff Bainton in the hope of rendering a posthumous tribute to one widely loved but little acclaimed. A further purpose is to correct historical distortions. Women were not enslaved throughout the past, as some seem to think. To be sure, they had a rough time by reason of circumstances which affected all. In the sixteenth century the average length of life was around twenty five years, because of high infant mor¬ tality. To replenish the population after devastating plagues families of ten or so were required. Women in consequence spent one segment of their lives mothering and another grand¬ mothering. They had to be supported by men and were glad to be. And think not that the lot of men was easy with families of a wife and some ten children to support.


One was the romanticizing of marriage. Courtly love was at first extra-matrimonial, though not promiscu¬ ous. Prior to the Reformation it was beginning to be conjoined with marriage. And romantic love is obviously an individual affair. The Reformation broke with the authority of the church and at times with the authority of parents. Unity of faith was deemed needful for a successful marriage and since faith was individualized, marriage was personalized. Is there any evidence in these volumes that such was the case? There is some, but an extensive verification of the hypothesis calls for a study of the following century. 12 Preface Of incidental personal interest to me has been the heightened awareness of the interrelations of European society. I knew al¬ ready the contacts of the English printers with Basel, the resi¬ dence of the Marian exiles on the continent and of the English Recusants in Spain, of the Italians in Geneva and Poland, of the Poles in all of the universities of Europe and of the half dozen nationalities in the Church of the Strangers at London. But I was startled to find that the Italian queen of Poland needed a safe conduct from the queen of England in order to return to her own country. The real point was permission from Philip of Spain and lord also of Naples. He was married to the English queen. Hence the safe conduct was from Philip and Mary. I was surprised to discover that the king of Sweden was bargaining to sell a fleet either to Spain to crush the Netherlands or to the Netherlands to throw off Spain. I had not looked to find Sir Philip Sidney in Cracow, let alone to read a letter from the king of Poland to the Sultan beginning “dearest brother." I had not expected to find Lady Russell clandestinely disemmi- nating in England the views of Caspar Schwenckfeld.


Three groups came under attack: the Alumbrados or Illu¬ minists, the Erasmians and the Lutherans. The differences be¬ tween these three are not to be overdone. The Alumbrados had in common with the Erasmians the view that the rites of the church are valueless as external performances. They agreed with the Lutherans on the worthlessness of good works for the attain¬ ment of salvation and on the denial of purgatory and indul¬ gences. The big difference was the focusing of their piety on God the Father and the Spirit rather than God the Son. The Luther¬ ans, in turn, were not as remote as is often assumed from the Erasmians. The main point of difference was that Erasmus was still in the church whereas Luther had been cast out. The Alumbrados were groups with little formal organization, who met in conventicles under inspired leaders. Their total num- i6 Spain bers were considerable. The constituency drew heavily from three sources: con versos, Franciscans and women. The conversos from Judaism were attracted by a type of Chris¬ tianity which did not center on Christ, though his words could be used to justify reliance on the spirit, for did he not say, “It is the spirit that gives life, the flesh is of no avail”? They could see in his sufferings a foretaste of their own, but. hesitated to call him God save in the sense that there is “that of God” in all. The oppressed find solace either by way of time or of the timeless. The device of time is to posit surcease in a future age, in a restoration of paradise, when the spirit of the Lord will cover the earth as the waters cover the sea. Spain in this period had many apocalyptic movements, but we find no such dreams among the Alumbrados.


These can be cultivated and increased. The spark may be fanned, the seed sprinkled. Dionysius posited three stages which Alcaraz elaborated as: 1) purification through contrition; 2) illumination through contemplation of God's gifts in creation and redemption. Here he allowed meditation on the passion of Christ, which Isabel rejected; 3) union of the soul with God, the most perfect of the three. 35 Here is an example of what this doctrine meant to him in his own experience. He wrote: It is of God that there is in me no honor or preferment that any should envy, save that God dwells in my heart and works (Italics mine). These are my riches. Though I be but a foul sinner, I question not the goodness of God. I am blessed with the knowledge of the truth and the love of it. In the writings of the saints I have abundant examples and this is why I steep myself in holy exercises to free myself from many ills, to give me good desires and to withdraw me from evil doers. Although it is I that say this, I do so because God has done it, that I may give the glory unto him from whom proceeds every good coming down from the Father of Lights. 30 Some interpreters see in Isabel and Alcaraz anticipations of Luther. To be sure Isabel, like Luther, rejected indulgences, but the reasons were different. Luther's point was that there is abso¬ lutely no treasury of the saints transferable by the pope to those in arrears. Isabel stressed rather that, even if there were, to seek from it a benefit for oneself would be abhorrent. There is a measure of similarity between the Alumbrados and the early 24 Isabel cle la Cruz THE CELESTIAL LADDER OF CLIMACUS Climacus was one of the sources of the ideas of Alcaraz and presumably of Isabel.


The spiritualizing of religion was also alien to Luther. The dichotomy of God and man did not carry over into the relation of spirit and body. Therefore in worship he responded to pic¬ tures, liturgy and music. Especially when it came to Scripture he would not lay claim to the key of David to unlock the Word through the spirit, regardless of scholarship. Above all, Luther was aghast at such individualizing of religion that corporate forms dissolve into vague fellowships. His word for the spiritual¬ ists was Schwdrmer, fanatics. He had in mind the ilk of Denck, Franck, Munster and Schwenckfeld, whom he called Stenckfeld (Stinkfield). What now in the views of Isabel and Alcaraz offended the In¬ quisition? Not the mild mysticism of Climacus, Dionysius, Ber¬ nard, Bonaventura and Gerson, although the church is always leery of mysticism because it tends to undercut history. Chris¬ tianity is a historical religion, arising from an event in time when the Word became flesh. This is a historical event which the mys¬ tics tended to transform into a universal experience of the divine in the human. Again the spiritualizing of religion imperils the external structures, prized alike by Wittenberg and Rome. The rejection of established forms of worship, though not heresy, offends popular piety and defies public authority. How seriously this was taken is revealed in the statement of one of the inquisitors, who in the case of Isabel voted for the penalty of death. The arguments which he put into the record were in part traditional. The accused were repeating the heresies of the Beghards and Beguines, of Hus and Wyclif. Another rea¬ son, equally current, was that if lese-majesty against an earthly king is worthy of death how much more lese-majesty in the form of heresy against the King of kings!


She exerted an astounding influence on a circle of men seriously concerned for religion. A number of Franciscans looked upon this untutored lay woman as a miracle-working saint. Her vogue illustrates how easily an intense religious experience can merge with eroticism. She was active first at Salamanca, then at Valladolid. Beyond this our information is largely drawn from testimony before the Inquisition on the part of one of her devo¬ tees, the Franciscan Francisco Ortiz. This brief sketch is really more a biography of him than of her, but at the same time re¬ veals the catastrophic power of a woman to shatter the career of one of the great preachers of his age. Ortiz thus describes her: “She was small, fair, winsome and charming, so delicate as to frighten her doctor, for frequently she fainted. In her were combined the air of a child and the wisdom and prudence of heaven. . . . Her eyes were a trifle too merry for a saint. . . . She dressed elegantly to show that piety does not consist in a habit/' For the same reason she did not become a nun, since she agreed with Erasmus that monasticism is not piety. Ortiz had been delivered by her from a grievous affliction. During a period of four years he had been so tormented by erotic dreams and frequent emissions that he made an attempt at sui¬ cide. Word reached him that through her miraculous power 28 Fra n risen Hern an dez 29 others had been delivered from a like affliction. He sought her out that he might be cured like the woman in the gospel whose issue of blood was staunched by the Savior. At first Francisca refused to see him but yielded to his importunity when he stayed for a week in her area, persistently renewing his request.


She gathers up all that is known about Fran- cisca. This work supersedes Eduard Boehmer, Franzisca Hernandez und Frai Franzisco Ortiz (Leipzig, 1865), which, however, is not to be over¬ looked since it contains informative notes, such as that on the history of the term recogimiento, p. 251 and an excursus on the role of women in church history, pp. 48-52. m ana The Inquisition never ceased to distrust mysticism. The Span¬ ish mystics survived by avoiding the errors of the Alumbrados condemned in 1525. The Inquisition then turned to the school of Erasmus whose Dagger of the Christian Soldier in Spanish translation contained much to disparage the external aids to reli¬ gion. He did not call for an absolute rejection, but so spiritual¬ ized the external as to make it appear superfluous if not detri¬ mental. Take this passage from the Dagger, and remember the figure of the ladder dear to Climacus. Do you think you will move God by the blood of a bull or by incense? “The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit.” You venerate the wood of the cross and have no regard for the mystery of the cross. You fast, refraining from that which does not defile, but you do not refrain from obscene conver¬ sation. You adorn a temple of stone, but of what use is this if the temple of the heart is full of abominations? With the mouth you bless, with the heart you curse. You enclose your body in a cell, while your mind wanders over the earth. Creep not upon the earth, my brother, like an animal. Put on those wings which Plato says are caused to grow on the soul by the ardor of love. Rise above the body to the spirit, from the visible to the invisible, from the letter to the mysti- 33 34 Maria Cazalla cal meaning, from the sensible to the intelligible, from the involved to the simple.


Rise as by rungs until you scale the ladder of Jacob. As you draw nigh to the Lord, he will draw nigh unto you. If with all your might you strive to rise above the cloud and clamor of the senses he will descend from light inaccessible and that silence which passes understanding in which not only the tumult of the senses is still, but the images of all intelligible things keep silence. One can understand why in an atmosphere of paranoia the works of Erasmus were placed in toto on the Index by Pope Paul IV and in part by the Council of Trent. Among the Spanish Erasmians investigated by the Inquisition only one woman have I been able to discover. The reason may well be that while his piety would attract, his scholarship might repel. He would scoff at looking for a spiritual interpretation of a text which was not so much as to be found in the manuscripts of the Bible. This is not to say that women as a whole had no interest in such questions. Those who did were the products of Renaissance education and there were few such in the toils of the Spanish Inquisition. The exception was Maria Cazalla. Even she was not concerned for all matters of scholarship, but only for those which minis¬ tered to piety. Take the debate about the three Marys, whether Mary Magdalene, Mary the sister of Martha and the woman that was a sinner were one person or three. Maria would leave that to the judgment of Mother Church. And she would have left Erasmus also to the judgment of Mother Church had he at that time been condemned. Seeing that the translation of his work had passed the scrutiny of the Grand Inquisitor, she could say there was not a jot or tittle contrary to the gospels in the works of Erasmus. “I hold what Erasmus holds, because Erasmus holds what Holy Mother Church holds/’ The local inquisitors nonetheless pried into her views on Erasmian tenets.


Had she said that in the act of conjugal union one can be closer to God than in prayer? This was a charge brought several times against Alcaraz and may have been applied to her simply because she was regarded as his disciple. Her answer was a trifle ambiguous. Maria Cazalla 37 She had had pleasure with her husband, but it was possible to procreate without carnal pleasure. A particularly heinous offense was ascribed to her that, though a woman . she had dared to preach. Among others Alcaraz had made this accusation, saying that she was arrogant, presumptuous and inspired by self love. She had preached to conventicles, he said. She replied that no conventicles had met in her house. This left open the possibility that they might have met in some other house. After compiling the charges and her responses the inquisitors decided to put her to the torture. “Why do you need to torture me?” she asked. “I have told the truth and can say no more.” She was taken to the torture chamber and informed that if she were killed, or maimed or bled, the fault would not be theirs. She was ordered to disrobe. “You do this to a woman? I dread more the affront than the pain.” When stripped, she cast down her eyes. The torture took two forms. One consisted in tying cords around the thighs and arms with a belt around the waist from which in front cords went up over the shoulders and down to the belt in the back. Tourniquets dug the cords into the flesh at any point of the body. The other method was the water torture. The victim was bound to a trestle like a ladder with sharp rungs. The head was lower than the feet. The head was clamped immobile and the mouth pried open.


But she was insistent and he became reconciled. She was then twenty. 3 Now began a quarter of a century of wrestling with the angel, questing to experience the presence of God, to be utterly united with him in the bond of unfeigned love. The way was tortuous with risings and fallings in the course of a steady progression. She delineated the stages by the analogy of the modes of filling the cisterns. 4 The first was laboriously to draw water from a well with a bucket and a rope. The next was to employ one of those little Moorish windlasses in use on every Castillian farm. This was easier than the first and harder than the third which was to dip a pan into a living stream and the water would be purer than in any well. The fourth stage was to lay out vessels in the open to catch the rain coming down from above. The first three involved degrees of human effort. The last was solely the gift of God. Her fourfold scheme is not that of the traditional demarcation of the stations along the mystic way of purification, illumination and unification. She was familiar with the pattern but like other mystics did not relish geometrical precision. Yet her delineation Teresa of Avila 49 of her spiritual struggles corresponds very well with the threefold course. The first is purification. It affects the body and even more the soul and spirit which are not to be distinguished. In the case of the body, the object is by disciplined living to subdue the lusts of the flesh, the gratification of passion, the coddlings of com¬ fort. The extreme device is the mortification of the flesh through self-inflicted pain, the wearing of hair shirts, flagellation, fasting. Teresa did not absolutely eschew such methods and used them herself to a degree but mortifications were not of themselves an end in her eyes and should not be taken to excess to the detri¬ ment of health.


Montana's water policy -- 1997-98: an EQC communique to the Montana Legislature : working draft

Interpretive guidance has not been prepared, so many are wondering the extent of its sweep. According to FWP staff, the FWS has one person assigned to bull trout consultation and recovery in Montana. This person, though very experienced, has a very big job. According to FWP staff, he is focussing his current efforts on working with the Forest Service, as these lands are where the FWS feels they can get the biggest conservation "bang for the buck" in Montana. With any listing, there is encouragement of developing pooled conservation plans, rather than a plan for each "incidental take" permit needed. Questions loom as to; potential impacts to 310 projects, water diversions, the extent of "adjoining" associated with "uplands" in subsection (7) of the rule, the definition of discharge of "silt" in subsection (6), etc. There may be answers to many of these interpretive questions by looking at experiences with other listed species, but Montana has many questions at this point. There are a few things Montana is doing, however. The FWP is moving forward under a special section of the ESA to get their fisheries-related projects approved under the Act (for state fish and wildlife agencies only). They are also moving forward on their westslope cutthroat trout recovery plan, with the hope that early movement will avoid a "warranted for listing" finding fi-om the FWS next year. The range for this species is basically, the west slope, plus the upper Missouri drainage. FWP is also considering moving forward on a Yellowstone cutthroat plan (headwaters to just above Billings), which may have even more likelihood of approval, since there has been no court action on this species yet. The FWS appears to be trying to support these state-initiated efforts, as long as court decisions do not "force their hand" in these matters.


McCarthy) are currently included in the six-member Montana delegation to the Council. Relevant Federal Activities Related to Water • On October 18, 1997, Vice President Gore announced a set of Clean Water Initiatives to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Clean Water Act. This directed federal agencies to develop a comprehensive Action Plan within 120 days to improve water pollution control efforts across the country. President Clinton also addressed the new initiatives in his 1998 State of the Union address. His budget proposal for FY99 includes $145 million of new funding for a new Clean Water Action Plan to prevent polluted runoff, as well as protect and restore critical watersheds. . Updates of action items and proposed budget items for the Clean Water Action Plan can be accessed at a new EPA web page: (http://www.epa.gov/cleanwater). • Also associated with the Clean Water Action Plan, the Environmental Protection Agency 15 released for public comment a draft stratei^y for additional controls on animal feedlot runoff. The draft called for new water pollution control requirements, immediate inspections znd.0 increased enforcement for larger animal feeding operations. EPA intended to foster a dialogue between the regulated community and other members of the public on how to better protect public health and the environment, as well as encourage voluntary actions. News articles following the issue of this draft indicated concern among livestock owners about the implications of these new regulations. An EPA and Department of Agriculture joint draft was expected in July, with final regulations slated for November, 1998. Updated information on this plan can be accessed through the EPA web page: (http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/afo.htm). In October, 1997, the Western Water Policy Review Advisory Commission (Commission) presented a draft report for public review, culminating two years of research, field investigation, public discussion, and commission deliberation. The Commission was appointed by President Clinton under the Westem Water Policy Review Act of 1992.


Forest Service 16 assisted District-hired contractors in stabilizing the dam. The spillway channel was lowered 10 feet and a rock buttress was constructed on the downstream side of the dam. Phase 2 of this project began in late August and is continuing. Land Use-Related Issues • The stream access issue received some coverage in the papers during spring and summer of 1997. Some property owners in the Ruby River area reportedly began raising funds to finance a legal challenge of Montana's stream access law in federal court. Advocates of stream access formed a counter-challenge group, and raised awareness of the issue by holding a "protest float" on the Ruby. The issue was twofold: stream access in general, and the more specific concern of access to rivers at County bridges. In June of 1998, FWP issued a request for an Attorney General's opinion on stream access firom road rights-of-way at bridges. As of July, 1998, the opinion had not been issued nor (regarding the broader issue) was a legal challenge filed. (On a related topic, the counter-challenge group is currently discussing with sportsmens' groups, legislators and FWP, the viability of proposed river management legislation similar to that introduced to the 1997 legislature.) • On March 30, 1998 a major landslide entered the Blackfoot River, blocking 200 yards of river two miles upstream firom River Junction campground, southeast of Ovando. The landslide involved 15 acres owned by a timber company. It was later determined by DEQ officials that the landslide was caused naturally, and not directly by human activity. State officials planned to stabilize the slide by planting willows and other riparian greens, but otherwise left the landslide alone. Meanwhile, the state alerted river floaters by placing warning signs at access points upstream fi-om the landslide. • During the 1997 legislative session, the Montana Consensus Council was asked by a group of legislators to assess trends, issues, and concerns related to development pressure and management along Montana's stream corridors.


Each vmteup also includes a series of staff- or presenter- generated options for further Council analysis and comment, and a space for any recommendations made. (Please Note: These writeups are intended as intermediate versions — to stimulate further Council analysis and comment, and any recommendations that may be relevant. It is intended that, based upon full-Council review in September, and resulting conclusions and recommendations, these sections could be shortened, to make their overall treatment more succinct.) STATE WATER PLAN Section 85-2-105(3), MCA, requires the EQC to: (a).. .analyze and comment on the state water plan required by 85-1-203, [MCA] when filed by the department... Section 85-1-203, MCA, also describes necessary components and procedures of the State Water Plan process: 26 (2) The department shall formulate and adopt and amend, extend, or add to a comprehensive, coordinated multiple-use water resources plan known as the "state water plan"... The state water plan must set out a 0 progressive program for the conservation, development, and utilization of the state's water resources and propose the most effective means by which these water resources may be applied for the benefit of the people, with due consideration of arternative uses and combinations of uses. Before adopting the state water plan or any section of the plan, the department shall hold public hearings in the state or in an area of the state encompassed by a section of the plan if adoption of a section is proposed. (3) The department shall submit to the environmental quality council. ..and to the legislature at the beginning of each regular session the state water plan or any section of the plan or amendments, additions, or revisions to the plan that the department has formulated and adopted. (4) The legislature, by joint resolution, may revise the state water plan... (7) In developing and revising the state water plan as provided in this section, the department shall consult with the environmental quality council established in 5-16-101 and solicit the advice of the committee in carrying out its duties under this section.


Moy believed it did. Another member commented that this was an opportunity to better coordinate between water quality and water quantity. The Subcommittee began in this capacity at their June meeting. (Comments on the Chapter to be summarized later...) The Water Policy Subcommittee as State Water Plan Advisory Committee for 1997-98. As noted above, the Water Policy Subcommittee granted a request by DNRC that they serve as the State Water Plan Advisory committee for the 1997-98 Interim. This involved the following steps and results: (EQC staff to summarize efforts/comments/questions related to Ground Water Chapter. The Subcommittee and/or Council may wish to insert recommendations and/or comments on the result, f^ depending on progress achieved by working group/DNRC. 31 Options for Further Council Analysis and Comment on the State Water Plan 1. Regarding composition and oversight of the State Water Plan (SWP), the Council and/or Water Policy Subcommittee could continue to serve as the SWT Advisory Committee. Presuming such Subcommittees were created by subsequent Council's, they could serve as the focal point for review and comment in the development of the plan sections, but the full EQC involvement would be needed for final discussion and approval of each plan section. 2. The EQC or the Subcommittee could designate water policy issues which DNRC could take through the State Water Plarming process. 3. The Governor's MOU which was signed by the directors of 22 state and federal agencies is designated to enhance effective and efficient coordination among these agencies with the goal of providing better service and assistance to local watershed groups in Montana. The MOU is being implemented, in part, by the Montana Watershed Coordination Council which consists of professional staff fi-om these above agencies. The key ingredient missing fi^om the implementation of the MOU is the active coordination and involvement of the directors that signed the MOU and representatives of the Governor's Office.


Patton remarked that GWIC routinely sends data to various groups and that coordination is a Steering Committee issue addressed at each meeting. Options for Further Council Analysis and Comment on Water Research 1. The Montana chapter of the American Water Resources Association's annual meeting is planned for October. This gathering brings together water-related researchers and practitioners from across the state to present their work and discuss the work of others. EQC and/or Water Center staff could request and facilitate an agenda item at the upcoming meeting, tailored to further addressing the question of what should be the priorities for water research in Montana. This could be used to supplement Ms. Bradley's e-mail questionnaire, or to focus on other questions the Council would like the group to address (related to Ms, Bradley's request for guidance from the EQC, or otherwise). 2. Regarding the issue related to lack of predictability (and level) of funding for the Ground Water Assessment Program, the Council could request an update on any known proposals to restructure the RIT accounts, and provide input to those proposals. Or, individual Council members could track any such proposals during the Legislative session, to determine whether to integrate the ground water program issue into the deliberations. 3. In their role as the State Water Plan Advisory Council for this Interim, the Water Policy Subcommittee could ensure in their review of the proposed Ground_Water chapter of the State Water Plan that it appropriately address any research-related roles already set forth in public policy, or recommend that be the case. 4. Their have been murmurings of Legislator intent to eliminate the funding for the Ground Water Assessment program all together. The Council could attempt to determine whether those proposals are still active, and determine whether they wished to take a position (either collectively, or individually) on such a proposal. 5.


Stimson has continued to coordinate with several committees, increasing data sharing and reducing 46 duplication of effort among such groups as the Watershed Coordination Council, Wetlands Coordination Council, Volunteer Water Monitoring Advisory Group and Drought Monitoring Committee. ^ Water Information System staff are continuing their efforts to enhance the content and accessibility of the System by: 1. Improving water supply/drought monitoring capabilities by providing maps monitoring precipitation and soil moisture conditions statewide with the continued assistance of DNRC and the National Weather Service 2. Supporting development of base-level information on Montana's Wetlands by revitalizing efforts to complete the National Wetland Inventory for Montana and creating a wetland clearinghouse web page to notify users that this information is available. 3. Developing easy-to-use GIS Applications to support and improve management of water-related information. This includes providing the capability for Internet users to develop and print out their own maps using GIS information, and the possibility for Intranet use of information within an agency. Currently this software exists on a six-month trial basis. Challenges and Issues facing the Water Information System include: 1. Replacing the Palmer Drought Severity Index maps. Improved data availability and ftinding to ^ calculate the replacement index locally are needed. Water Information staff will continue to work with the DNRC and other cooperators on this issue. 2. A mobile computer lab is needed to support training of state agency persormel and citizen groups on the use of geographic information systems, databases, and the Internet for water-related applications like volunteer water monitoring, watershed management, and TMDL education and outreach. NRIS is exploring grant and contract opportunities to help meet this need. Council members were invited to visit the NRIS site at the library. Council Analysis and Comment A Council member questioned how many potential users would have the necessary software to be able to use the information.


The report summarized the Committee's final action of 1990 as well as the University System Action Summary. The three-page report is attached. (The purpose of this outline is to Identify the various studies which have focused on an upgraded Water Resources Center. This outline by no means does justice to the groups' efforts, and the quality and detail of their recommendations. Complete copies are available at the Water Center for those desiring more information.) Dorothy Bradley, Director Montana University System Water Resources Center October 1994^ , Section 8. - Water Research Introduction Since its creation in 1985, the Water Policy Committee has considered the question - How can water research best serve Montana? Despite progress this interim, to a large extent, a satisfactory answer remains elusive. Last interim, the Committee made the following recommendations regarding water research in general and the Water Resources Center specifically: 1990 Final Action Vie Wcuer Policy Committee endorses a strong and effective Water Resources Center. The Committee believes that before the legislature increases its commitment to water research and the Water Resources Center, the university system must demonstrate its commitment to these important state issues. At a minimum, the university system should restructure the Center charter to reflect the following goals: a. The Water Center should become vitally involved in all water issues in Montana. b. The Water Center should foster and nurture a network of water researchers and water research users in the state. c. The Water Center should become the focus of water research in Montana. d. The Water Center should pursue externally funded research through an aggressive grant proposal writing program. e. The Water Center should facilitate the development of academic programs in water resources. f. The Water Center should maintain an aggressive information transfer program. Additionally, the university system should provide increased funding to allow the Center to move towards the attainment of these goals.


TransTJortation Ground- Water Assessment Program: Status Report Environmental Quality Council May 8, 1998 Program History The Legislature established the Ground- Water Assessment Program (85-2-901 et seq.) in 1991 after considering the recommendations of a Ground- Water Task Force organized by the Environmental Quality Council in 1989. Within the Assessment Program, it specifically created the Ground-Water Monitoring and Ground-Water Characterization efforts as mechanisms to improve imderstanding of Montana's ground-water resources. As part of the mandate to make ground-water information more available, the Assessment Program includes the Ground-Water Information Center databases at the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology. The Legislature also created a Steering Committee to address the need for better coordination among the state, federal and local government imits and to oversee progress in the program. Ground-Water Information Center (GWIC) The data collected by the Characterization and Monitoring Programs would be of little use if not properly handled and made easily available. Our only view of the ground- water resource is through the borehole, and by interpreting measurements made at wells. All data gathered by the Monitoring or Characterization Programs are immediately stored in GWIC and become available for use by the people of Montana. Other agencies such as the Department of Natural Resources and Conservation use GWIC as a location to archive project data such as that fi-om their recently completed Flint Creek Return Flow Study or the Beaverhead Groimd- Water Study. To address the problems shown below, the Legislature decided to "systematically assess and monitor the state 's ground water and to disseminate the information..." 85-2-902(2) MCA. The Legislature recognized that ground-water information is the key to dealing with these problems. "Montana's citizens depend on groimd water..." "groimd- water supplies are threatened..." "there is insufficient information characterizing..." "ground-water information deficiencies are hampering..". "...focus on preventing ground-water contamination... but better ground-water information is required" "there is a need for better coordination among those numerous units of state, federal, and local government..." (85-2-902(1) MCA) Information Center staff update records in the Ground-Water Information Center (GWIC) databases daily.


Language School bulletin, 1992

The Language Schools are at the forefront of innova- tion in language teaching. Our language laboratory and computer center represent state-of-the-art technology. Our Master of Modern Languages degree prepares teachers to teach two foreign languages or a foreign language and English. In addition to our regular programs we hold workshops and institutes on topics such as teaching for proficiency and the new technologies. During the academic year, Middlebury College offers a baccalaureate curriculum which is unusually rich in op- portunities for language study. These opportunities in- clude intense and varied programs in Chinese, French, German, Classical Greek, Italian, Latin, Japanese, Russian and Spanish. Enrollments in language courses are particu- larly high. Middlebury also has a high percentage of lan- guage-proficient juniors studying abroad. Many double and joint majors involve advanced language study. The international major enables students in fields other than languages and literature to demonstrate functional foreign language competence by taking advanced courses in their disciplines at a Middlebury school abroad. Middlebury College thus in fact is an international uni- versity with a student body of international orientation. Faculty and program directors represent prestigious uni- versities here and abroad. Rather than a narrowly defined "language school" we see ourselves as a school for lan- guage. We believe that successful study of a language in its cultural context belongs in the mainstream of any curricu- lum as one of the most enlightening and humanizing activi- ties in which one can engage. Middlebury Language Pledge: Language Schools students make a formal commitment to use the foreign language as the only means of communication during the entire session. The pledge, strictly enforced, plays a major role in the success of the program, as both a symbol of one's commit- ment and an essential part of the language learning process itself.


Language School bulletin, 1992

Summer in Vermont Middlebury College sits on a hill overlooking a small Vermont town to the east, and the rolling countryside of the Champlain Valley to the west. The campus, self-contained yet only a short walk from town, is especially suited to the Language Schools and their unified approach to learning. Students and faculty live in dormitories assigned to their schools and take meals in dining halls where only the language of study is spoken. The summer climate is usually delightful, with warm days and cool nights. Classes meet in the morning and early afternoon. The schools reserve late afternoons, evenings, and weekends for social and cultural events including plays, films, lectures, concerts, amateur nights, and other enriching diversions from the academi- cally rigorous program. Such activities center on the use of the foreign language and often involve active student par- ticipation in planning and performance. Campus facilities include Starr Library, which houses extensive foreign language collections, and the Music Li- brary with over 10,000 recordings. The Freeman Language Laboratory has individual and group facilities and a large selection of audio and video materials to assist students in the development of their skills. The Ballenger Computer Center offers computer facilities for word processing in a variety of languages. Students can become involved in foreign language programming at the College's radio sta- tion, and make use of a wide range of audio-visual equip- ment, including a video studio, for class projects. Middlebury College's athletic facilities include an 18- hole golf course, a field house, an indoor pool, eighteen outdoor and eleven indoor tennis courts, racquetball and squash courts, and a fully equipped fitness center. There are jogging, running, and bicycling trails around the campus and in the surrounding countryside. 4 5 German at Middlebury In German, graduate and undergraduate courses are of- fered during the summer on the Vermont campus, and during the academic year, graduate and junior year study is offered at the Middlebury School in Mainz.


Language School bulletin, 1992

All programs of study emphasize both the development of language skills and the understanding of German culture. Classes from beginning courses through the doctoral level are taught in German, and all summer programs are intensive. Students may enroll in courses in one language school only and normally enroll in courses at one level only. We deter- mine placement by language proficiency rather than by length of previous exposure to the language. A summer at the Language Schools is an intensive one by design. Students can expect to spend approximately four to six hours per day in class, drill, and laboratory, in addition to other homework. Because English is not al- lowed, it can also be strenuous and even stressful, particu- larly for students attending for the first time. All students should come rested and in good physical and mental shape. Intensive language programs in Arabic, Chinese, French, Italian, Japanese, Russian and Spanish, and gradu- ate programs and opportunities for study abroad in French, Italian, Russian and Spanish are described in the bulletins of the respective schools. Graduate Degrees Master of Arts: Candidates for the degree of Master of Arts must hold a baccalaureate degree or equivalent from an accredited institution of higher education. Students must successfully complete a preliminary summer in Vermont before being officially accepted to degree candidacy. A highly qualified undergraduate stu- dent may accumulate a maximum of six graduate units toward a Middlebury M.A. degree before receipt of the B.A. degree or equivalent, but these units may not count toward both degrees. The M.A. degree in German requires twelve courses to be taken over a series of summers on the Vermont campus or in a combination of a summer in Vermont and an academic year in Mainz. It is designed as a broadly-based program of study in itself, rather than as the first stage of a doctoral program.


Language School bulletin, 1992

Financial Aid Middlebury College offers financial assistance toa substan- tial percentage of students attending the summer sessions and the graduate academic year programs abroad. Aid for the summer is in the form of grant and /or work. Loans may also be available to students enrolled in a Middlebury College degree program. Aid for the academic year abroad is in the form of grant and loan. (Please note:Financial aid for study abroad is not avaliable to undergraduates from other institutions. Consult the financial aid office at your home institution.) Financial aid is offered on the basis of financial need as determined by the Office of Financial Aid. The Language Schools Financial Aid Application and current federal tax returns are the primary documents used in determining eligibility, although additional information may also be requested. If you are not a U.S. citizens, a permanent resident alien, or a Canadian citizen, you should also complete the Foreign Student Financial Aid Form, which is available from the Office of Financial Aid. Our financial aid budget is limited and does run out, so you should send a COMPLETE application to the office of Financial Aid as soon as possible after January 1, 1992 to insure the best possible chance of receiving aid. A complete application includes all relevant documents as listed on the checklist on the first page of the Language Schools Financial Aid application. We will begin reviewing your application for completeness upon receipt of the first document you send. Aid decisions for students going abroad are made at the same time as those for students in the summer session; 8 9 we will make aid decisions on a rolling basis for those students whose applications are complete AND who have been accepted for admission. The only cost for the academic year which is payable to Middlebury College is tuition.


Language School bulletin, 1992

After successfully completing three courses at the summer session of the German School, M. A. candidates take at least ten courses, most of them in Fachbereich 13 (Deutsche Philologie, Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft , Theaterwissenschaft and Volkskunde ) at the Johannes Guten- berg-Universitat. With the permission of the Director of Studies, courses may be taken in related areas such as philosophy, history, political science, economics or art history. Any student who passes fewer than four courses in either semester may be asked to withdraw from the pro- gram. Graduate students are required to write four papers each semester and will be tested in a fifth course. Students submit a copy of each paper to the Director of Studies for inclusion in a Middlebury portfolio. The Director's judg- ment of each student's portfolio of papers will play a major role in the decision to award the M.A. degree. Each year the Johannes Gutenberg-Universitat awards a scholarship to a Middlebury College graduate student who is an American citizen. In addition, one graduate student is nominated for a DA AD fellowship funded by the German government. The Junior Program In order to qualify for the Junior Program, undergraduates must have junior standing and an average of B or better, plus at least two courses above the Middlebury College GN 201-202 level. Non-Middlebury College students normally meet this requirement during a preliminary summer on the Vermont campus. Juniors may enroll for the Sommerse- mester , the W intersemester, or the entire academic year. Juniors enroll in four courses for credit and write papers for at least three of these. The bulk of the students' work will be 18 19 in the Deutsches Institut , but juniors, especially those major- ing in departments other than German, may take one course in an area other than language and literature. Mid- dlebury welcomes applications from undergraduates en- rolled at other colleges and universities.


Language School bulletin, 1992

The Language Schools are at the forefront of innova- tion in language teaching. Our language laboratory and computer center represent state-of-the-art technology. Our Master of Modern Languages degree prepares teachers to teach two foreign languages or a foreign language and English. Our Doctor of Modern Language degree offers a combination of scholarly and practical training, and is conferred upon those who have demonstrated ability in research and teaching in two foreign languages. In addition to our regular programs we hold workshops and institutes on topics such as teaching for proficiency and the new technologies. During the academic year, Middlebury College offers a baccalaureate curriculum in the liberal arts which is un- usually rich in opportunities for language study. These op- portunities include intensive and varied programs in Chi- nese, French, German, Classical Greek, Italian, Latin, Japa- nese, Russian and Spanish. Middlebury also has a high per- centage of language-proficient juniors studying abroad. Many double and joint majors involve advanced language study. The international major enables students in fields other than languages and literature to demonstrate func- tional foreign language competence by taking advanced courses in their disciplines at a Middlebury school abroad. At Middlebury we believe that study of a foreign language in its cultural context , and study of a discipline in a foreign language and from the perspective of another culture, are among the most enlightening and humanizing activities in which one can engage. As such, they occupy an essential place in any liberal arts curriculum. Admission as an undergraduate to Middlebury College's baccalaureate program is entirely separate from admission to one of the Language Schools. Students wishing to apply for admission to the baccalaureate program may receive information and appli- cation materials by writing to: Dean of Admissions, The Emma Willard House, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT 05753-6002. 4 5 Middlebury Language Pledge Language Schools students make a formal commitment to use the foreign language of study as the only means of communication during the entire session.


Language School bulletin, 1992

This pledge, strictly enforced, plays a major role in the success of the pro- gram, as both a symbol of one's commitment and an essen- tial part of the language learning process itself. A summer at the Language Schools is an intensive one by design. Students can expect to spend approximately four to six hours per day in class, drill, and laboratory, in addition to other homework. Because English is not al- lowed, it can also be strenuous and even stressful, particu- larly for students attending for the first time. All students should come rested and in good physical and mental shape. Summer in Vermont Middlebury College sits on a hill overlooking a small Vermont town to the east, and the rolling countryside of the Champlain Valley to the west. The campus, self-contained yet only a short walk from town, is especially suited to the Language Schools and their unified approach to learning. Students and faculty live in dormitories assigned to their schools and take meals in dining halls where only the language of study is spoken. The summer climate is usually delightful, with warm days and cool nights. Classes meet in the morning and early afternoon. The schools reserve late afternoons, evenings, and weekends for social and cultural events including plays, films, lectures, concerts, amateur nights, and other enriching diversions from the academi- cally rigorous program. Such activities center on the use of the foreign language and often involve active student par- ticipation in planning and performance. Campus facilities include Starr Library, which houses extensive foreign language collections, and the Music Li- brary with over 10,000 recordings. The Freeman Language Laboratory has individual and group facilities and a large selection of audio and video materials to assist students in the development of their skills. The Ballenger Computer Center offers computer facilities for word processing in a variety of languages.


Language School bulletin, 1992

The faculty: student ratio in the summer is approximately 1:6. The School in France has programs designed for undergraduates wishing to spend their junior year in Paris and for graduates who complete their M.A. degree with an academic year in Paris. Academic Program Credits A full summer program of study is roughly equivalent to three college semester courses. Credit is defined in terms of units with one unit equivalent to three semester hours.The courses numbered 100-499 offered in the seven-week ses- sion normally carry a total of three units. The full six-week graduate session, levels 501-900, is open to students work- ing towards a Master's degree, a doctoral degree, or the degree of Master of Modern Languages. It is comprised of three graduate courses for a total of three units of credit. For transfer purposes, the student's home institution determines how many graduate or undergraduate credits it will grant for the summer's work at Middlebury. Middle- bury College considers the academic year abroad equiva- lent to an academic year in the U.S., but a student's home in- stitution determines the number of credits it will ultimately award for work abroad. Undergraduates are therefore urged to discuss the question of transfer credits with their advi- sors before leaving their own campus. All credits to be applied towards a Middlebury de- gree must be earned within a ten year period. The Middle- bury College Language Schools do not calculate grade point average or class rank. Graduate Degrees Master of Arts Candidates for the degree of Master of Arts must hold a baccalaureate degree or equivalent from an accredited institution of higher education. They must also have com- pleted course work equivalent to a major in French. Highly qualified undergraduate students may accumulate a maxi- mum of six graduate course units toward a Middlebury M.A. degree before receiving their B.A. degree, but these units may not count toward both degrees.


Language School bulletin, 1992

Financial Aid Middlebury College offers financial assistance to a substan- tial percentage of students attending the summer sessions and the graduate academic year programs abroad. Aid for the summer is in the form of grant and/or work. Loans may also be available to students enrolled in a Middlebury College degree program. Aid for the academic year abroad is in the form of grant and loan. (Please note: Financial aid for study abroad is not available to undergraduates from other institutions. Consult the financial aid office at your home institution.) Financial aid is offered on the basis of financial need as determined by the Office of Financial Aid. The Language Schools Financial Aid Application and current federal tax returns are the primary documents used in determining eligibility, although additional information may also be requested. If you are not a U.S. citizen, a permanent resident alien, or a Canadian citizen, you should also complete the Foreign Student Financial Aid Form, which is available from the Office of Financial Aid. Our financial aid budget is limited and does run out, so you should send a COMPLETE application to the office of Financial Aid as soon as possible after January 1, 1992 to insure the best possible chance of receiving aid. A complete application includes all relevant documents as listed on the checklist on the first page of the Language Schools Financial Aid application. We will begin reviewing your application for completeness upon receipt of the first document you send. Aid decisions for students going abroad are made at 8 9 the same time as those for students in the summer session; we will make aid decisions on a rolling basis for those students whose applications are complete AND who have been accepted in the School. The only cost for the academic year that is payable to Middlebury College is tuition.


Language School bulletin, 1992

To obtain a language school application, call the language school to which you are applying. Scholarships The following scholarships honor students, friends or fac- ulty of the French School: The Frieda Derdeyn Bambas Scholarship, The Lea Z. Binand Scholarship Fund, The Stella Christie Scholarship Fund , The French Center in New England Fund, L' Amicale (French School Alumni Associa- tion) Scholarship Fund, The Claude Levy Scholarship Fund, and The James Richardson Scholarship Fund. The Lois Behrman Watson '51 Scholarship fund was established in 1987 to provide financial aid to teachers who are attending the Masters or Doctoral program of any of the Language Schools on the Middlebury campus or at the schools abroad. Candidates for financial aid need not apply for a specific scholarship. We will automatically consider all financial aid applicants for an award from the appropriate scholar- ship listed above or from the general grant fund. Award The Frieda Derdeyn Bambas Prize in French Literary Stud- ies is awarded annually to a student who has a grade point average of at least 3.5 and who has demonstrated excellence in French literary studies, preferably of the medieval, ren- aissance, or neo-classical period. Fees A non-refundable fee of $40 must accompany each new student's application. Upon acceptance, all students must pay a $180 enrollment deposit to be applied to the tuition charges. This deposit guarantees a place in the school, but will be refunded in full provided that students notify the school in writing by May 1, 1992 of their decision to cancel their enrollment. After May 1 st and until registration at the summer session, students who cancel will lose the enroll- ment fee, but receive a refund for any other payments made. Other refunds are subject to the schedule published in the Language Schools Handbook mailed to enrolled stu- dents in May. The extra course fee for the six week session is $815.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

CAT could possibly explain the loss of some of the light planes in the Bermuda Triangle, tearing them apart accord- ing to the amount of pressure exerted (the G factor) or suddenly forming a vacuum and dropping the plane into the sea. . . . Nevertheless, it is doubtful that sudden pressure change could have been the reason for all of the many planes lost in the Triangle and could have knocked out their radio communications as well.” ® a. TSUNAMIS—These huge waves are caused by earth- quake disturbances. They have been known to reach a height of two hundred feet. The giant waves can come with- out warning and can easily sink a ship. Not only do small ships sink, but larger ones have been known to break in half from the tension. @ | The USS Ramapo on February 6, 1963 reported one wave 112 feet high. Underwater landslides can cause huge waves (seiche). 14 the Bermuda Triangle _ The Spray was Joshua Slocum’s boat, on which he sailed into oblivion in November, 1909. Photo: Courtesy, The Mariners Museum, Newport News, Va. a The Bible and These are caused by the pulling apart of a fault in the Karth’s crust. These waves, though smaller in height, are more deceptive. They have great amounts of powerful tides of water built up behind them. Such a wave could smash a ship and leave its wreckage strewn over long distances, losing parts of it as it travels. Could these sudden waves be the cause of some of the disappearances? ) road The Ancient Past PLATO’S ATLANTIC ACCOUNT—The mystery surround- ing the Bermuda Triangle is ancient and legendary. Plato told of a lost continent in the Atlantic four hundred years before Christ. - His account came from an earlier one written by Solon, an Athenian statesman, which describes a conversation be- tween Egyptian priests and Solon on one of his frequent visits to Egypt.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

It has an average thickness of 30 miles. This was the original earth. The crust was caused by volcanic,’ seismic and mountain upheavals according to Henry M. Morris in The Genesis Flood (p. 219). 33 The Bible and structures as the Columbian Plateau and the Canadian Shield. ~ ; THE COLUMBIA PLATEAU—In Washington and Oregon remains of an enormous volcanic eruption cover two hundred thousand square miles with a lava flow two thousand feet thick in some places. This happened in recent geological history because some of the old peaks rise out of this lava bed. . : CANADIAN SHIELD—There are many great volcanic shields in the world, and one of the biggest in the North American continent is the Canadian Shield. It comprises two million square miles of lava flow. Only a tremendous catas- trophe could cause this kind of eruption; nothing in the present day compares with this.? . CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS—Great thicknesses of rocks are uplifted thousands of feet, strata are buckled, folded, some- times have been thrust laterally or completely overturned on a gigantic scale. Such is the case in the Rocky Mountain Chain and the Appalachian System. APPALACHIAN SYSTEM—Believed to be the uplifted and eroded remnant ofa great geosynclinal trough in which a thickness of some forty thousand feet of sedimentary rocks was deposited. The crust of the Earth seems to have been distorted, fractured, elevated, depressed and contorted in almost every conceivable way at some time or times in the past. & SEAMOUNTS—Many of these have been found in the last few years. These are nothing more than drowned islands in the middle of the ocean. SUBMARINE CANYONS—These are canyons that were cut before the ocean basins were depressed during the del- uge period. Two deep undersea canyons were formed by the Hudson River off of New York, with a depth of fifteen 34 the Bermuda Triangle thousand feet, and the Congo River off West Africa.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

Plato did not invent the name of Poseidon; the worship of Poseidon was universal in the earliest ages of Europe. Ernest Curtius, quoted by John Denison Baldwin, says: “Poseidon worship seems to have been a peculiarity of all the colonies previous to the time of Sidon.”* ‘Curtius says this worship was carried to Spain and to Northern Africa, but most abundantly to Italy, to many of the islands and regions around the Aegean Sea. Poseidon is represented in Greek mythology as a sea god; astanding figure drawn by horses in a chariot. Donnelly says: Poseidon was a sea god because he ruled over a great land in the sea, and was the national god ofa maritime people. He is associated with horses be- cause in Atlantis the horse was first domesticated with race courses and chariots which were in- vented by them... .® Donnelly, referring to Plato’s dialogues, says horses were the favorite sacrifice of Poseidon; they were killed and cast into the sea from high precipices. The religious horse- feasts of the pagan Scandinavians were a survival of this Poseidon worship, which once prevailed along the coasts of | Europe until suppressed by Christianity. Not only was Poseidon represented as a sea god drawn by war horses, but upon his head was a trident crown. The three-pronged scepter of Poseidon reappears constantly in ancient history. We find itin the hands of the Hindu gods and at the base of the religious beliefs of antiquity. According to Arthur Schott: AT The Bible and Among the numerals, sacred three has ever been considered the mark of perfection and was there- fore exclusively ascribed to the Supreme Deity, or toits earthly representative—a king, emperor or a sovereign. For this reason triple emblems of vari- ous shapes are found in belts, neckties or any en- circling fixture, as can be seen on the works of ancient art in Yucatan, Guatemala, Chiapas, Mexico, etc.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

This forms a giant vortex of floating seaweed whose mass covers an area of 1.5 million square miles. Occultists believe this is the residue of vegetation that floated on the surface of the ocean when the lost continent Atlantis sank. | The Sinuous Trail of Eels Each year North American and European eels migrate to the depths of the Bermuda Triangle. Some suggest the eels at one time were like salmon, which go out to sea and return again to spawn. They came up the rivers and tributaries of the lost continent Atlantis until it finally sub- 56 the Bermuda Triangle merged beneath the sea. Now they still return to spawn in. the same place, but in the depths of the sea where Atlantis once existed. Here is an interesting Scripture in this context: Though they dig into Sheol, From there shall My hand take them; And though they ascend to heaven, From there will I bring them down. And though they hide on the summit of Carmel, I will search them out and take them from there; and though they conceal themselves from My sight on the floor of the sea, from there I will command the serpent and it will bite them. . . (Amos 9:2-3). » Here is a Scripture that connects the underworld com- partment, Sheol, and the serpent in the bottom of the sea. It _was a serpent in the Garden of Eden that ensnared Eve. This same creature is used in Rev. 20:2 as a description of Satan. It is interesting to note the connection between the stagnant refuse pool and sinuous serpentine eels that mi- ‘grate there and the Scripture which links sea serpents with Sheol, an underground abode of departed spirits. Submarine Rivers Huge canyons continue out under the ocean at the mouths of the Hudson, Delaware, St. Lawrence and Congo Rivers.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

Spirit forces from the parallel world are the perpetra- tors of the mysterious. They are masters of illusion and half-truths. But could their passion for mystery be a cover. for their real activity in the Triangle? 65 ° The Bible and Their purpose is to set the stage for prophetic events and bring glamor to Lucifer’s former kingdom, part of which is now beneath the sea. Let’s examine some of these lies: GLOBEMASTER—A United States Air Force Globemas- ter was said to have disappeared on the northern edge of the Triangle en route to Ireland in March 1950. The New York Times Index has no record of such an incident in 1950. But a United Press International story from London, carried in the March 30, 1951 issue of The New York Times, refers to a Globemaster that crashed at sea a few days earlier. The dispatch said the plane was blown to bits by an explosion, killing all fifty-three persons aboard. The plane had exploded and crashed at sea about 600 miles southwest of Ireland, the Air Force concluded. Says Kusche: The disappearance . . . is too similar to the one mentioned in the Legend of the Bermuda Triangle not to be the same. It was a Globemaster, the incident occurred in March, and search headquar- ters were in Ireland, although the plane was not on a flight there, but to Britain. The loss occurred far away from the Bermuda Triangle, and it appeared to have been caused by an explosion. at BILL VERITY—The Fort Lauderdale, rilesidas ocean voyager was reported vanished in August: 1969, north of Puerto Rico in a twenty-foot sailboat, Brendan the Bold. He had set out from Ireland earlier that year in a craft he thought may be similar to one an Irish monk, Brendan the Bold, used to sail to Florida in A.D. 550.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

The owner radioed Miami Coast Guard a few hours later saying the Witchcraft was in trouble: she had a damaged - propeller and was drifting near the harbor channel entrance in view of Miami. The Coast Guard was therein ten minutes, but there was no sign of the cruiser. Lonsdale explains it this way: The night was windy, and one propeller was dam- aged, which reduced her speed. She had a Bermuda top—a canvas covering which acted like a sail. Be- tween the action of the currents, the effect of the wind on her top, and her reduced speed, she was probably- carried north toward Fort Lauderdale. From the sea, Lauderdale looks like Miami. When Witchcraft radioed that she was off Miami, she was actually off Lauderdale. We were looking in the wrong place. She must eventually have been carried out to sea, and that was the end of that.’® The wind was brisk enough to create white caps and | waves were predicted to be as much as six feet high. It is easy to see how the cruiser could either be swept out to sea or swamped. We have talked with Kusche since this article was pub- lished in The Reader’s Digest. He has personally investi- gated this incident and discovered that parts of.it were fabricated by one of the occult authors. PIPER APACHE—This legend states that ona sunny day in April 1962, a twin-engine Apache radioed the Nassau control tower for guidance. The pilot was not able to deter- mine his position, despite the excellent weather, implying he was flying in a dense fog. Radio contact was lost after a few minutes of confusion. The legend states that the wing of the plane was found the Bermuda Triangle later that day about twenty miles from Nassau.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

Jacques Bergier, a French scientist and Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, also suggests there are secret doors — to the Earth, phenomenal passageways to other worlds within the visible Earth. He tells of seven energy levels, called dwipas, which are — worlds like ours. At least one of the dwipas is inhabited, he says. “Onit there lives the King of the World, who safeguards that which is essential to humanity, its spiritual aspira-_ tions,” he says. “It is possible to go to the city of the King of the World and come back. It is also possible to encounter on Earth its messengers just returning. And lastly, it is possi- ble to receive a teaching that originates from this city.” 7 . The Bible, of course, doesn’t support his dwipa theory, but it does have some interesting parallels. For example, it calls Satan the “god of this world” (II Cor. 4:4), and it describes Satanic influence on human spiritual aspirations. _ The Bible also supports the idea of travel to and from the spiritual and physical realms. -- Demonic beings, of course, are the Bible’s definition of Bergier’ s dwipa messengers. And that it is possible to re- ceive teaching from the spirit world is not only indicated by Scripture, it is evident in all the cultic religions of the world. Bergier believes the frontier between Earth and other — Earths, though invisible, is easily crossed, which could ac- count for occult experiences. He concludes, “If our Earth is a place of passage, there . must be doors that lead to the unknown. We have not the 94 F Kelvin Seamount -5412 N yA’ Hudson Canyon Blake Plateau E UERTO ag ENG GZ ye DEEPEST POINT Yi > Lae i are The Bible and the Bermuda Triangle slightest idea how a door is created._Once it is created, however, such a door makes possible accidental passages, and this could explain the aeeeance of things and ) people.” 8 .


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

Frontier of Mysteries The ocean is a great thermal engine. Most of the sun’s energy passes virtually unimpeded throughout the atmos- 97 The Bible and phere into the ocean where it is absorbed and transformed. Nearly a third of the solar energy reaching the Earth’s surface goes to evaporate sea water. The thermal inertia of the sea, the circulation of the water and the geographic distribution of ocean and land profoundly influence our planet’s weather and climate.? The ocean has locked many secrets in its depths, such as the living fossils recently found that were supposedly ex- tinct. And other species of marine life have been found, bringing their number to more than two hundred thousand with new finds on every oceanographic expedition. What other secrets will man find in the coming years? Sound in the ocean travels much farther than inthe air. An explosion of a one-pound block of dynamite in the air can be heard for about a half mile. Such an explosion at mid- depths in the Ocean can be heard for many thousands of miles. r What will man hear as he listens to the sounds of the inner Earth from the depths of the Bermuda Triangle and the Devil’s Sea in coming years? The fluid character of water on our planet is the miracle that makes life possible. But because the oceans fill the low places of Earth, they are the ultimate sink of ever increasing human and industrial wastes. ee Undersea Civilization Yes, the sea has many mysteries, and it serves many purposes. Not only is it the depository of man’s wastes and the thermal engine of the world, the sea is a cover for a vast underworld civilization consisting of the departed spirits of the human race and of fallen angels.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

This is the only time this word is used in the Bible, and in Greek writings Tartarus was be- “Hieved to be a place lower in the Earth than Hades, where lived the Titans (giants), the primeval deities who were supposed to be the first children of the Earth, even older than the Greek gods. These deities, according to Greek mythology, were cast into Tartarus when they lost their war with the head god, Zeus.” ; This is the first historical mention in the Bible of a nether world compartment. Tartarus came into existence for the Nephilim during the time of Noah. It is probably out of this lowest compartment in Sheol-Hades that many of the demonic beings are released during the tribulation. We have no evidence that any fallen angels were put into Sheol-Hades before the Noahic Flood. The angels who fell with Lucifer could have remained loose until the Noahic Flood. This is speculation, of course, but we know that many fallen angels still are not confined; they are free to roam the Earth under Satan’s control. It will be during the tribulation that the ones chained in-Tartarus will rejoin their comrades on Earth to prepare for the battle of Armageddon (Rev. 9). It is during this seven-year period that “all hell breaks . . loose.” : Until the resurrection of Christ, all departed spirits were kept in Sheol-Hades. : In the previous chapter, we Saw how this nether region was divided into two areas. One was called Abraham’s bosom, or Paradise, and was for the righteous. The unright- 107 The Bible and eous were kept in an area apart from Paradise. The sections. were separated a great distance so that residents of either side could not cross to the other, the Bible says. After the resurrection, Christ took those in Paradise and “when He ascended on high, He (Christ) led captive a host of captives” (Eph. 4:8) into Heaven.


The Bible And The Bermuda Triangle

In that day the LORD will punish Leviathan the flee- ing serpent, with His fierce and great and mighty sword, even Leviathan the twisted serpent; and He will kill the dragon who lives in the sea (Isa. 27:1). Are sea monsters real or imaginary? Are they spiritual | entities from a-civilization under the sea who assume the | physical appearances of monsters? Are these creatures of | the deep responsible for some of the unexplainable disap- } pearances in the Bermuda Triangle and the Devil's Sea? Or, are they merely grotesque, but innocent, mutations 1 of prehistoric creatures living in the deep? The conjecture of some oecultists is that sea monsters — | are real and that from time to time they pluck down into : their abysmal abodes vessels sailing the high seas. | There have been many sightings of sea monsters in the 117 The Bible and vicinity of the Bermuda Triangle. Could the occultists be right? If so, what can we expect from these creatures in the future? Sea Monsters of the Bible In chapter 3 we noted two outstanding indications of the entrance to Sheol-Hades in the Bermuda Triangle—the migratory spot of the North American and European eels and the giant vortex of the floating Sargasso seaweed. We turn now to Scripture to see what it says about sea creatures and their relationship to Sheol-Hades and its en- trances. The prophet Amos, in describing remote places where a fugitive may hide from God, says: Though they dig into Sheol. . . and though they conceal themselves from My sight on the floor of the sea, from there I will command the serpent and it will bite them (Amos 9:2, 8). Note the association of Sheol with the floor of the sea in Job 41. But this is not the only reference to the word serpent where it is associated with the sea.


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With a sense of independence not present before college, each individual shaped his own future. Whether gater- ing with friends outside the student center or captur- ing nature's beauty in the campus ampitheater. each day furnislied a record 12.571 Eastern students the opportunity to express their inner feelings. Responsibilities accomapnied students throughout their four years of higher education. Speculation, deliberation, and application were the residts of long hours of labor. Vet college life was more than just work. Acquiring nf\\' friends, partying on Thursday nights, and sharing experiences with dormmates were also vital parts of a persons learning process. Right: Lnthusiastic senior Keith Buenher supplies vocal support for the (;olonel basketball team. EJelow: Free mini-concerts during the first week of school allow freshmen to make new acquaintances. 20 University Life Above: As classes resume, students flock to the fountain to welcome back returning friends. Left: In deep contemplation, Joanne Lepera absorbs the intricate designs found in nature. University Life 21 Top: The Burnaiii Hall dorm mother aiid her assislaiils try to speed up room registration process as students arrive on eampus. Above: Trailers make the long trip of moving possessions easier tor both parents aird students. Right: Susie MiKee and Jean Leadingam find teamwork helpful when moving in those heavy objeets. 22 University Life Roommates Assist With Moving In After driving long hours with a carload of clothes, books, and other necessities they just couldn't leave behind, the students arrived to once again fill the dormitory rooms. The long waiting periods to obtain their room assignments, keys, and to find out who their roommates were, added to the frustrations of the day. Then came the job of unloading all those "valuable possessions" they had acquired over the years. With the aid of roommates and parents they finally got the rooms cleaned and things put in place.


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Whether the student had money to spend or just time to waste. EKU provided a variety of aetivities to release the building up of tensions aeeonipaning eollege hfe. Loeated in the Powell Building, a recreation center provided facililies such as a bowling alley, pool tables, foosball, and air hockey, if an outdoor envirunnieni better suited the personality, relaxation was found in the ravine or on the tennis court during the warmer months. On week- ends students spent free time viewing campus movies, playing racquet ball at the Begley Building, and taking ad\antage of the increased luimber of open houses. Free time was a needed facet of the college student. How it was spent depended on each iiulividu- ai's philosophy. Whether it was just rapping with friends, viewing a sport event, or participating in a recreational activity. Eastern provided facilities adapt- able to eaeii personality. Top: Proving their skillful ability, Mariko Kanamori and Manit Wong- somboom challenge Linda Davis and Sitlii Assanlivat to fast moving game of foosball. Above: The trees in the ravine provide a convenient place for students to test their tree climbing abilities. University Life 35 Rising Food Costs Strain Student Budgets \\ith the rising fuoii costs eating became a diffi- cult necessity in which the student had to search for the best buys. Tlie canijius grill and cafeteria, cen- trally located in the Powell Building, maintained last year's prices which contributed to their increased popularity Lunch specials aided those students on tight budgets and \et provided them with nourishing meals. Many students preferred to go off campus in search of a varietv of different foods. From grabbing a (juick hamburger to hours of enjoying a large meal, one could find satisfaction at one of the many restau- rants in and around Richmond. Others preferred to run to the grocery and pick up caiuied goods and the like.


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Such things as pre-cooked dinners and cans of tuna and soup were among the more popular items found in the students' shopping cart. Once back to their quarters, students could prepare these foods rather quickly as they maintained a busy college schedule. Top: Drive-in restaurants proMdr iioiinshnn'nt tor tlie student on the go. Right: Many students tind the Powell cafeteria loaded with nutri- ious dinner meals. Bottom Right: Grabbing a quick burger is a common practice among students with achve schedules. .36 UniversitN Life Left: Dawn Crisp purchases food items in order to prepare a quick sandivich between clajsses. Above: Grill specials entice students to save money wliile still obtaining good food. Below: These students find the grill a convenient place for a snack and to spend some time rapping with friends. University Life 37 Transportation Adds To Student Lifestyles Transportation needs xaried in each ol' thie stu- dents' lifestyles as tlie year progressed. lMan> loiind that rising prices of gasoline and oil made operating a car too expensive while living on a student budget. Others found the need outweighed the cost as autcj- mobile service centers continued to be filled witli students gasing up for tho.se weekend trips to visit parents and friends. However, the budget eonseious student found less expensive melhods of getting aroinid (he campus and Richmond communities. Walking, of course, was everyone's basic method. The central location of Eastern among the business dis- tricts of Richmond made the walks bearable. Other means such as bicycles, motorcycles, and golf carts were found dotting the eam[)us .surroundings. The campus parking facilities were again crowded. In contrast to rising fuel prices an increased number of student owned automobiles decreased the number of parking spaces available. Illegal parking citations were issued to those who chose to park out of zone.


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The early facial washes in the bathrooms, social gatherings on special occasions, and late-night slu<lying all became a special pari ol the lives ihey touched. Noisy halls made studying that much m(jrc hectic, yet the friend- ships which developed had nuniiM\)Us far-reacliing re- sults. l)(jrmatory living provided students with a chaiue to share experiences, gel along with other people, and dr(\im of Ihc I'll lure to come. Left: Preparations for the following day's appearance often begin the night before. Eielow: Reading during the late hours serves as a relaxing way to end the day's aetivities. University Life 41 Men Benefit From Residential Programs Li\iiiu; closlv with nicii Iroiii arross the nalidii. lili' in one ol' Easlcrii's eight men's dorms proved to be botli a trying as well as rewarding experience, floor residents eombined their physical talents and entered teams in intramural competition. House councils pro- vided special programs such as Commonwealth's mo\ie presentations and Palmer's karate demonstra- tion. All dorms conducted table tennis and rook tournaments to initiate rt'sidcnl participation. Other \arious activities in( luding several iuterdorm cl'I'orts rounded out a bu.sy schedule. Inconvenience was also a residt of the close con- finement. Card parties and loud music sometimes hampered slud\ el forts while I'irccracker attacks could result in irregidar sleeping habits. Kegardlc>s ol the disadvantages, dorm life proved to be an educa- tional experience. Right: Ueveloping a feeling of comradery, gatlierings in tlie liall result in the ambusli of an unsuspecting floor mate. Below: Winning the rush to the sink, these men prepare for ttieir day ahead. 42 University Life Top Left: Late night card games provide competi- tion among men's dorm residents. Above: A result ol carelessness, a room on the eleventh floor of Dupree suffers damage. Lett: Greg Lamping uses an old family receipt to prepare a midnight snack.


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As a result, current lifestyles were broken away from the traditional ex- tended family idea of generational ties by developing independent marital relationships. Top: In Uieir warm aiid secure Brocklon apartment. Ish and Donna Jolinson take a break from study aiid work by enjoying a night of televised entertainment. Left: The bicycle, a popular sight on Eastern's summer campus, is the mode of local transportation to the Jones Building for both mother aiid cliild. University Life 45 Right: Oil campus living allows .students the opportunity to study in a independent atmosphere. Below; Relaxed in the living room of her apartment just off campus. Sheila Maynard listens to an album while preparing for her sociology class. 46 University Life Off Campus Living Appeals To Students Taking advantage ol university policy, some stu- dents chose to live off-campus. Local apartment com- plexes as well as trailer courts were popular choices. These living quarters eliminateil some of the disadvan- tages of dorm life. However, disadvantages accompanied students in iiomes off campus. Besides rent payments, monthly light and gas bills had to be taken care of. Finding transportation to classes was an added responsibility. Top: Apartment residents anticipate visits from neighbors and campus friends. Above Left: Four burner electric stoves and ample kitchen space make the preparation of home cooked dinners less of a chore. Left: Sharing an apartment with her older sister, sophomore Danita Maynard entertains guests with her Lvely guitar music. University I,ife 47 Commuters Embark On Daily Journey Many shideiits in siirroimding comities chose to spend early morniiiff and late afternoon hours travel- ing lo anil from the ltii\crsit\. The inonev saved Ironi dorm Ices was put toward fuel expenses and wear and tear of their transporlation \ chicles. Due to the innnerous obstai les encountered ;ilong the wav. extra time often had to be considered when departing for the day's classes.


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Below: Steve Bailer finds the living room of the Sigma Nu house a quite and relaxing environment to catch up on la.^t minute fraternity matters. University Life 51 Downtown Provides Thursday Night Entertainment \\eekeiul a(ti\ itifs In-gaii on Thur-da) evenings as Ea.-tern students flooded Richmond's '"niglit"' spots tor a louple hours of dancing and refreshments. Fri- day mi)rning tests failed to silence the sounds of partying as local Listroe> provided Hve entertainment. Action downtown typically started around [):'M) and lasted until midnight at which time private parties were organized. Off-campus parties gave students the opportunitN to socialize until the wee hours of the morning. % eariness often accompanied those students attending first period classes the next morning. A long weekend of partying begins with a smile, a wave, and a [iat on the hack. A long weekend of partying begins with a smile, a wave, and a pat on the bacli. .52 University Life University Life 53 Nostalgic Dancing Highlights Student Events The weeks were filled with varied interests of entertainment and one of the most growing was an interest in daneing. From tlir rhursday night down- town excursions to social events sponsored by cam- pus organizations, many enjoyed this Inn l.ning art. As new dances appeared on tlie scene it was no time till they hit the student entertainment spots. Filled with laughter and loud music these places were the sight of many hours of enjoyment. The sponsoring of a'sadie Hawkins Day dance during the tail semester found the feminine role playing a strong part in the days events. In the >pring. the fifties came to life as greased hair and pony tails danced to the music of the Phi Mu Alpha honorary rock and roll gioup. \ aried as the dames were the students enjoyed the socializing that came with these activities.


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Below Various signs around campus remind students that it is tune to pull out the letter sweaters and saddle shoes to roek and roll as they did i,, the 5(rs. Bottom: Executing the dances of a past decade, these >tudenls enjoy Ihe lun involved in doing the hunuy hop. Top: Dressed in country attire tlie captives of Sadie Hawkins Day festivities enjoy dancing at one of the many Interdorm activities. Left: Recreation of the 5()'s art of bubble blowing is a challenge for this young coed. Above: The jukebox in the Powell Center grill is the sight of nemerous dancing exhibitions as this young couple demonstrate their version of the bump. University Life 55 Above: To L.yiin Kriday. iT^uisporling dirty ilotlics home tor mom to wash .seem.s to be aii easier ciiore thaii keeping them at school to do herself. Right: Limited trunk space presents an obstacle to over- come as this yomig mail wonders where the next suitcase is goins to be stored. 50 University Life Suitcasing Vacates Campus Community The grand exodus of Eastern students on Friday afternoons gave the ap[)earanee of a suitcase campus. Preferring home to the dorm life, students left to see friends, to work, and to enjoy home-cooked meals. Eastern's relative closeness to major cities and in- creased school holidays gave rise to weekend visits away from the campus area. Escaping the studious atmosphere, they found refuge in modern shopping centers, at spectator sporting events, and at concerts of popular performing artists. The reality of college life brought refreshed travelers back .Sunday night ready to begin a week of concentrated study. Above Left: MartJia Ballard and Sylvia Smith find a short inconvenient walk to the car a small price to pay for a ride home. Above: Searching for a glimpse of a familiar car.


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Presenting advantages not available in large cities. Richmond's appeal attracted many to Eastern Keiiluckv L'uiversitv . Right: Madi,-on County larmers \isit tlie couiih seat to take care of legal affairs. Below: A dowitowii restaurant sen es homecooked plate lunches to students and residents on lunch breaks. 58 University Life Left: KunniM|J llirout;li llu' center of tomi. Main Street bustles with aetivity during a work day. ESottom Left: Whittling to consume some free time, this resident wails for the arrival of friend.s. Below: To understand the citizens" needs, an offi- cer of the Richmond police force communicates with the townspeople. University Life 59 Above: Pinball machines ajid billiard.^ are two of llie recreational facilities offered an arcade. Right: Checkini» the designs of tlouer pots, Helen Graves and Jean Pohlniann compare pnces in an import noveltv* shop. 00 L niiersity Life The Strip Offers a Multitude of Emporia Tlie most rapidly expanding area in Richmond, the ■'Strip" provided an extremelv wide variety ol stores, restaurants, and enlertainnienl eslahlishments. Lo- cated on the Eastern liy-Pass. this l)nsiness district was within easv walking distance ol the campus. Shopping centers offered a multitude of enterprises, including an ice cream parlor, drug stores, department stores, and novelty shops. Privately-owned and chain restaurants lined both sides of the By-Pass. Those desiring a me;d were able to choose among the numerous hamburger, chicken, and pizza establishments. Recreational facilities of tlie '"Strip" attracted many students and town resi- dents. Two new modern cinemas displayed the latest screen hits. By continually expanding throughout the year, the "Strip" offered even more advant;iges to Eastern and the city of Richmond. Top Left: Students compete on the simulated speed racing game Trak Ten at tlie Strip's amusement center. Top Right: Nationally advertised fast food restaurants offer community residents and visitors a wide selection of food.


Milestone

The observance of the Centennial Year of Higher Ediualion on the EKll campus ended September '22 with (he Centemiial Awards laincheon at which 34.'5 Kaslern alumni were honored for excellence in teach- ing. The date marked the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of (Central University on the EKU campus and ended a year-long series of special events that dramatizeil higher education's history and ])aid tribute to outstanding graduates of Eastern and its predecessors. The Division of Alumni Affairs expanded its ser- vices to graduates with the initiation of a program of overseas tours in cooj)eration with other Kentucky institutions, and informing alumni of the opportuni- ties a\ailable to them, either as prosp(!ctive employers or employees, through the Placement Service. The established alumni activities such as Homecoming, Alumni Day and a comprehensive publications pro- gram were continued as alumni rolls approached the ;30,0()0 mark. Stemming from rccomineiidalions iro\n (he insti- tutional self-study prepared for the Southern Associa- tion of Colleges and Schools came revisions within the Placement Service. Following a series of meetings with each of the college deans and dcj)arlment chair- men, steps were taken to further increase the services of the Division of Placement to meet the diverse needs of the graduates of each of the llniversity's colleges. UnivcTsity-School Relations continued to com- municate the programs of the lini\ersit\ to schools and prospective students through comprehensive in- school visitations and coordinated several on-campus events which attracted high school students to the campus. These included the amiual Band Day. drama, music, speech, and debate festivals, and high school summer band camps. The Division of Public Information in a diverse number of ways, communicated the University's pro- grams and purposes to the varied publics. In addition to its regular programs in news and [)ublications. considerable emphasis was placed on cost-saving tech- niques which resulted in (be broadening of the scope of administrative and informational publications without increase in cost.


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This represented an in- crease of over twelve percent above last year's figures. -Many new academic programs and special projects were implemented in the College of Applied Arts and Technology. Three different degrees were offered in Agriculture. (j\er four new degrees openeil in Indus- trial Education and Technology, expansion of the Dietetics Program was seen in Home Economics, and a three-year grant was provided for students in a cooperative nursing education program. As of July, the School of Law Enforcement was elevated to academic college status and redesignated the College of Law Enforcement. Since its inception and implementation in 1965, the School of Law Enforcement was an administrative department of the College of Applied Arts and Technology. As such, it developed within tliis college from a single class of forty-seven students, during the spring semester of 1966, to its present status as a nationally recognized program whicli enrolled more than two thousand majors this year. . .y.^f'j-i:ji->- 1- Top: Dean William Sexton enjoys a free moment working with his miniature office arboretum. Above: The ground breaking ceremony for the new health and sanitation building is a big step forward for the tuture of many departments. 142 Academics/ Applied .^rts And Technology Top: Precision and care are exercised in bandaging a patient's leg. Above: This young student nurse checks the glucose level uf an intra- venous apparatus. Nursing Plans For A Promising Future Ccleliratiiig its (cnlli vcar. the Dt-partiiiciit of Nursing continued to experiemc an iiu rease in .stu- dent enrollment. Directed i)y Charlotte Detun . nurs- ing offered a wide \ariel\ of medical programs of interest to the students of medicine. In an effort to achieve career mobilit} . several courses were implemented for different programs. For example, a course of interpersonal relations in health care was required for a degree in l)otli Medical Terminology and Transcripti(jn.


Montgomery-Washington Building : environmental impact report : draft

In — FIGURE 22 Projected Shadow Patterns in Vicinity of Project Mid-December 64 IV. Environmental Impacts SHADOW The project, in replacing existing low-rise structures on the site, would create more extensive shadow patterns than exist at present. Much of the project shadow patterns would coincide with those cast by existing structures in the area (601 Montgomery, Holiday Inn, and the Transamerica building). The project would not shade any existing public parks. Washington and Montgomery Sts. are shaded by existing structures throughout the day at all seasons of the year. Portions of Columbus Ave. are shaded from mid-morning to early afternoon hours in the fall, winter and spring months. Portions of the lower floors of the Transamerica Pyramid are shaded in the late afternoon year-round. Sansome St., one block east of the site, is shaded in the late afternoon year-round, and in the early afternoon in the fall through spring months. At all seasons of the year, early-morning shadows due to the project would generally coincide with shadows from existing structures. New shadows from the project would begin to occur during mid-morning and would continue through most of the day; primary shadow effects would be on the portions of Washington and Montgomery Sts. adjacent to the site. Portions of the widened sidewalk and seating area on the north side of the Transamerica Pyramid would be shaded by the project in the late afternoon at all seasons of the year. During the mid-morning hours in the winter months the project would complete the shading of Columbus Ave. from Washington St. to Pacific Ave., eliminating the existing corridor of sunlight between shadows cast by the 601 Montgomery St. building and Transamerica Pyramid. Towards midday the project would eliminate the existing corridor of sunlight between the shadows of the Holiday Inn and 601 Montgomery St. building, shading Washington St. adajacent to the site, and Montgomery St., north to Jackson St.