Radio Shack CoCo Manual: Robocop (1988)(Tandy)[26-3164]

The hits indicator shows you how many more times you can get hit and still live. To build up your power so you can take more hiJs. pick up Power Food whenever you find it. Whenever you pick up Power Food, the hits indicator shows your increased strength. All the enemies take some of your energy, and some of them will hit you. The best strategy is to get these sleazeballs before they get you. Don't let them get too close— they may hit you before you can do anything about it. And if you try to punch someone who's too close, you can take as much damage as you dish out. Remember that you need to keep enough energy and hits in reserve to take on the powerful villains who appear at the end of each stage. WEAPONS The picture under the word WEAPON on the screen shows you which weapon you re using. The number to the right of the bullet icon snows you how many bullets you have left for the weapon you re using If the number reaches zero, you can't use the weapon again until you come across more ammunition So don't use up your ammunition too quickly! Weapons Inventory You start out with the Autc-9. You can pick up the other weapons as you go along When you finish one stage and goon to the next, you take all the weapons you have with you. You will need them to fight the more powerful forces of evil on the new stage— so finishing a stage by using up all your ammunition is not the best strategy Auto-9. The Auio-9 is a special issue hand gun made for ROBOCOP alone. It's extremely effective for short and medium range situations. One shot is usually all that's necessary.


On the further improvement of the health service : letter to the National Conference of Health Workers, April 21, 1985

Since then great advances have been made in health care under the wise guidance of the Party and the leader. The adoption of the PubUc Health Law, which is the crystallization of the Party's Juche-orientated idea on the health service, provided a legal guarantee for the consolidation of the socialist health service system in our country and for the development of health care. Over the past years the health service sector has worked hard to implement the Public Health Law. As a result, medical services have improved further, medical science and technology have developed rapidly, the ranks of health workers have in- creased, and the material and technical foundations of the health service sector have become stronger. Thanks to the measures taken by the Party and the state for the good of the people, the general standard of health care has risen, and our people's average life span has now reached 74 years and our country is gradually becoming a land where everyone enjoys a long and healthy life. The marvellous success achieved in health care during this period is thanks to the unrecognized efforts of the health workers who have devoted themselves to preserving the lives and improving the health of the people. These health workers have worked hard through thick and thin in order to carry out the Party's health policy and have discharged their noble mission and duty to the Party and the revolution with credit. A large number of medical workers have devoted their whole lives to the treatment and prevention of illness. They do not hesitate even to offer their own bones and flesh if it is for the sake of the lives and health of their fellow people. Many of them are unassuming heroes who have made a great contri- bution to the development of medical science and technology and to curative and preventive work in our country by displaying all their creative talents and overcoming all difficulties and hardships, believing only in the Party whether they receive recognition or not.


An improvement in health care is essential to providing the people with a better chance to lead an independent and creative life. A man's physical strength and hygienic living conditions as well as his independent ideological consciousness are a guarantee for his independent and creative activity. Even if he has the revolutionary idea and is endowed with creative talents, he will be unable to carry out independent and creative activity satisfactorily and perform his role and responsibility as the master of nature and society unless he is physically strong. Nor can people lead a cultured and happy life to the full unless they are provided with hygienic living conditions. We must develop health care if we are to ensure that the people perform their role and responsibility well as masters of nature and society and lead a more independent and creative life. Improving health care is a major requirement for display- ing the advantages of our socialist system to a greater extent. The socialist system in our country is the best social system, under which the working masses are the masters of everything and everything in society serves them. The true superiority of this system finds clear expression in the people- orientated health service by which the state assumes full responsibility for the health care of the people. By the Public Health Law everyone in our country is entitled to medical treatment, and universal and entirely free medical care is given to the working people, so that they are reUeved of any worry about medical treatment. A well-organized medical service has been established, covering provinces, cities, coun- ties and ri. General medical centres and specialized curative and preventive organizations have been set up and provided with modem equipment, and the working people receive medical benefits from the state. Through their own experience our people are convinced that our socialist system which provides them with a cultured and happy life is, indeed, the best social system.


In order to allow the superiority of the sociaUst system in our country to extend its influence, we must improve health care and consolidate and develop the people- orientated health service and see that medical benefits from the state reach the people more effectively. An improvement in health care is a major influence on accelerating the revolution and construction. Physical strength is the basis of the revolutionary struggle and of the building of a prosperous society. It is only when they are sturdy that the people can use all their creative power and talents in the revolution and construction. Putting a great effort into health care becomes all the more important as the building of socialism develops. Of course, the people's living conditions improve with the progress of socialist construction. Meanwhile, however, industrial es- tablishments are springing up throughout the country and all sorts of raw materials, power and technical equipment are used widely in production and, in consequence, the amount of harmful waste material discharged from factories is increas- ing gradually. In these circumstances, it is imperative to take far-sighted health measures to dispose of the harmful waste materials so as to protect and improve the health of the people and ensure that they make a better contribution to the building of socialism. Developing health care is also very important in success- fully carrying out the tasks of the cultural revolution for the building of socialism and communism. One important task of the cultural revolution is to wipe out all sources of disease and unhygienic practices which have been handed down from the old society, and to estabUsh thoroughly a new socialist way of life, modem work practices and a cultured lifestyle. The development of health care is essential to preventing epi- demics and all other diseases, to developing clean and healthy living environments in line with the socialist way of life, and to raising steadily the general level of cleanliness and hygiene in the country.


They must step up the inspection and control of hygiene and anti-epidemic work and ensure that all sectors and units, particularly the produc- tion and construction, commercial and distribution, and communal service and public catering sectors, strictly observe hygiene and anti-epidemic regulations. It is necessary to apply appropriate administrative and legal sanctions against those units which neglect the proper upkeep of living environments and working conditions in violation of these regulations and make sure that such violations do not occur again. An increase in the effort to prevent disease is very important in carrying out the Party's policy on preventive medicine. The social causes of disease have now been completely eliminated in our country, many of the fatal diseases which had menaced the lives and health of the people for ages have been wiped out. Not all diseases, however, have been eliminated because some of the people's outdated habits still persist, as do the generally low standards of hygiene and preventive work and of medical science and technology in the country. The health service sector must continue to con- centrate a great effort on preventing disease. An important task in combatting disease is to take proper steps to prevent the diseases that affect the cardiovascular system, cancerous diseases, diseases of the metabolism and others which have a high rate of incidence and are very destructive to a man's ability to work. In order to prevent disease, it is necessary to develop the medical service given by preventive hospitals. This type of medical service is a positive and effective method of prevent- ing diseases or diagnosing them and curing them promptly. You must improve the hospitals for preventing dental disease and all other preventive hospitals and they must provide better medical services. The popularization of preventive care is an important way of preventing disease.


Preventive medicine is an undertaking for the people and of the people themselves. We must conduct widespread campaigns such as the one for disease-free ri so that all the people join the struggle against disease. In particular, we must encourage the working people to make it a daily routine and a habit to take physical exercise to suit their age and constitution. An important task in the implementation of the Party's policy on preventive medicine is to press ahead with the work of preventing environmental pollution. Pollution is a major cause of fatal disease. Pollution control is not just a technical or business-like undertaking. It is an important political activity that preserves and improves the lives and health of the people and provides them with cleaner and more healthy living environments and working conditions. The health service sector must always pay par- ticular attention to the prevention of pollution. A system to monitor pollution is a prerequisite for pollution control. We must set up observation posts in the districts where they are needed and measure the state of the air, water and earth regularly so as to spot pollutants promptly and take steps to eliminate them. The effects on man's health of the harmful substances from factories and enterprises must be constantly monitored. If we are to prevent pollution, we must exercise strict control over industrial establishments and keep them from discharging pollutants at random. When factories and en- terprises are to be constructed, the health service sector must take an active part in examining how they are designed, in inspecting them in the interim period and in investigating the finished structures and discover polluting elements and take measures to eliminate them. In addition, they must keep themselves informed of the operation of the facilities to remove pollutants at factories and other enterprises and see that these facilities are operated properly.


In order to carry out the Party's policy on preventive medicine, it is necessary to improve information about cleanliness and hygiene. The publication of this information is political work aimed at mobilizing the masses efficiently in the implemen- tation of the Party's preventive medicine policy. Only by intensifying this work can we equip the working people fully with the Party's health policy as it stands at any given moment, and encourage them to participate with the attitude of masters in raising their standards of cleanliness and hygiene and in creating healthy living environments and working conditions. If we are to intensify the publication of information about cleanliness and hygiene, wide sections of the population must be enlisted. Since this undertaking involves all members of society, health workers alone cannot do it successfully. A large number of people must become propagandists of cleanliness and hygiene, and this is the way to broadcast such information throughout society. The health service sector must mobilize not only its own propaganda forces and resources but also those of society. Students at universities, specialized schools and senior middle schools must be pro- vided with propaganda materials on cleanliness and hygiene and sent to circulate them among the population after school. The media such as radio, newspapers, and magazines must also be mobilized in this work. This propaganda must be conducted by different ways and means. This will enable you to do it without being limited by conditions and circumstances, and thus increase its effectiveness. Oral, visual, artistic and various other ways and means must be employed widely in this work. Information on cleanliness and hygiene is the basic way of doing this. The health service sector must compile this information in accordance with the Party's health policy as it stands at any given moment, by dealing with real problems in simple terms so that everyone can understand it when he reads or hears it.


Health workers must improve medical services in line with any qualitative change undergone in the content of health care, and must raise the standard of health care for the inhabitants of the district in their charge. In particular, the system of medical responsibility for workshops and pits in the mining, metallurgical, chemical and other heavy industries must be improved so as to make sure that the standard of health care for the workers is raised. In order to strengthen the system of district medical care, it is necessary to appoint the units of responsibility properly and organize their assignments carefully. Although it is a good system of health care, the district medical care system cannot prove its worth to any great extent unless the units of responsibility are properly appointed and unless their assign- ments are organized carefully. The units of the district medical care system should be defined on the principle of combining production units and residential units. Assignments for each district should be given by taking into account the number of inhabitants, the status of their health, the conditions of cleanliness and hygiene, the doctors' qualifications, the amount of work to be done, and various other details. The doctors who take charge of districts should be selected from among the able people, and given the post for a long time so that they can make a systematic study of the health status of the inhabitants in their districts and take appropriate preventive measures. In order to improve the district medical care system, it is also necessary to review its work regularly. Only when you do this will you be able to correct any slight mistakes and shortcomings promptly, and develop the system steadily so as to meet the needs of the developing situation. You must keep yourselves familiar with the work of the district medical care system and review it weekly and every month in detail, correct the slight mistakes and shortcomings immediately, and publicize any useful experience. 3.


ON IMPROVING MEDICAL SERVICES Medical services are an important undertaking that provides the people with adequate medical benefits which the Party and the state accord them under the system of free medical care. You can only preserve and improve the lives and health of the people and give full scope to the advantages and vitality of the universal free medical treatment system when the medical services are efficient. The health service sector must continue to improve medical services in conformity with Party policy on preserving and improving the lives and health of the people to a greater degree and with their desire to enjoy a long life, good health and unrestrained happiness under the socialist system. In order to provide good medical services, it is imperative to improve the way diagnosis and treatment are carried out. This is essential to raising the standard of medical services. It is only when you improve the way diagnosis and treatment are carried out that you can raise the level of treatment and preventive work and cure disease so that your patients recover their health quickly. The health service sector must con- centrate a great effort on improving its diagnosis and treatment methods. An important task in this regard is to adopt a wide range of advanced methods. The development of curative and preventive work and success in medical services depend largely on how advanced methods of diagnosis and treat- ment are adopted. Curative and preventive organizations must introduce in treatment and prevention such advanced methods of diagnosis and treatment as new ways of con- ducting clinical and laboratory tests, functional examina- tions, intestinal transplantation, microsurgery, the use of radioisotopes, laser and so on. The conventional method of depending totally on medicines for treatment must be eliminated, and natural elements such as hot springs, mineral water and mud which are all abundant in our country must be used widely for treatment and prevention.


Next in importance in improving diagnosis and treatment is to combine Korean medicine and modem medical science properly. A good combination of the two is an important policy followed by our Party in curative and preventive work. It can ensure the optimum use of the advantages of both so as to take the correct measures for treatment in keeping with the living environments and habits of our people and their physical characteristics and increase the effectiveness of treatment. You must work hard to put the Korean methods of diagnosis and treatment onto a scientific basis, combine the modern method of diagnosis and the Korean method of treatment, organize the way folk medicine is used and apply it widely in treatment. Adopting widely new medicines and modern medical appliances is an important way to improve diagnosis and treatment. New methods of diagnosis and treatment require good medicines and modem medical appliances to suit the new methods. We must not hesitate to introduce in curative and preventive work new medicines and modern medical appliances which are based on the latest achievements of medical science and technology, and raise our methods of diagnosis and treatment to the world standard as soon as possible. If you are to improve medical services, the standard of specialization must be raised. This means subdividing curative and preventive organi- zations and medical specialization further and raising the scientific and technological levels of treatment and preven- tion. Only then will you be able to improve medical services to suit the people's physical characteristics and the symptoms of the diseases and achieve any notable success in your curative and preventive work. The rapid development of medical science and technology and the growing daily needs of the people for medical services require urgently that the standard of specialization in the medical services should be raised.


To this end, you must set up many specialist hospitals and specialist departments in hospitals. You must do this as medical science and technology develop and as the real situation of medical services requires and make the advance in curative and preventive work from specialization by system to detailed specialization by organ and disease. We must also put a great effort into services provided by sanatoria and other means of recuperative treatment which need less expense and are highly effective. In order to raise the standard of specialization in medical services, consultation among doctors in specialist branches must be intensified. This is the way to enlist the collective wisdom of medical workers as much as possible so as to make a correct diagnosis and take the right steps in specialist treatment and quickly raise the scientific and technological level of curative and preventive work. The curative and preventive organizations must establish a correct system of consultation by specialists, hold doctors' consultations regularly, eliminate the subjective and arbitrary views of individual doctors so that every doctor can express his opinion fully. If you are to improve medical services, they must be properly organized. The efficient organization of the medical services can ensure that medical staff and facilities, medicines and other medical resources are used effectively and that medical services are provided efficiently to suit the characteristics of each district, section of population, occupation and disease. An important factor in improving the organization of medical services is to make the medical service network more rational and make effective use of medical appliances. It is necessary to investigate closely how the hospitals and clinics of the institutions and enterprises arc being run and then merge, adjust and rationalize those which are distributed illogically, concentrate efforts on supplying them with medical appUances and see that they use them as effectively as possible.


Molecular characterization of the nonstructural protein genes of tomato mottle virus and development of transgenic plants resistant to the virus

Powell Major Department: Plant Pathology Tomato mottle virus (TMoV), a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus, is an important pathogen of tomato in Florida. The AC3, AC4, BC1 and BV1 open reading frames encoding the nonstructural proteins of TMoV were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Polyclonal antiserum to each of these expressed proteins was prepared and used in Western blot analysis to index the expression of AC 3, AC4, BC1 and BV1 genes in TMoV-infected and transgenic plants. The BC1 movement protein (MP) was detected in the extracts from both infected plants and transgenic plants. The BV1 MP was detected in the extracts from infected plants, and appeared to accumulate as leaves aged in contrast to the BC1 MP. The AC3 and AC4 proteins were also detected in the extracts from infected plants. VI Transgenic tobacco plants were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation with the AC4, BC1 and BV1 gene constructs. Transgenic plants expressing the BC1 protein had a range of phenotypes from severe stunting and leaf mottling to no visible symptoms. Three different mutated forms of the BC1 gene were identified from these transgenic plants. Two mutated forms {BC1A and BClAt/r) were associated with asymptomatic phenotypes, whereas the third one (BCJS) was associated with the phenotypes that were more severe than those of TMoV infection. The BClAt/r mutant had an open reading frame with a deletion of 119 amino acid residues at the C-terminus of the BC1 and an addition of 26 amino acid residues from an unknown source. This asymptomatic BClAt/r suppressed the symptom-inducing effects of the symptomatic BCJS in tobacco plants containing both of these genes. Transgenic plants were evaluated for resistance to geminiviruses and to several RNA viruses. Plants expressing the mutated BC1 with asymptomatic phenotypes were found to be resistant to TMoV and cabbage leaf curl geminiviruses, whereas plants with symptomatic phenotypes accentuate systemic infection of tobacco mosaic tobamovirus or cucumber mosaic cucumovirus.


As a result, geminiviruses have received increasing research attention. So far, more than 60 different geminiviruses have been identified in the world with about a dozen infecting tomato (Briddon & Markham, 1995). The most economically important geminiviruses are the whitefly-transmitted African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), tomato yellow leaf curl viruses (TYLCV), and the leafhopper-transmitted maize streak virus (MSV) (Fauquet & Fargette, 1990; Brown & Bird, 1992; Thottappilly, 1992). The detailed genetic and genomic information for a number of distinct geminiviruses led the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses to recognize the family, Geminiviridae (Briddon & Markham, 1995). Based on their hosts, vector specificity and genome organization, three genera are currently recognized. Genus "Subgroup I Geminivirus"(Genus I) consists of monocot-infecting (with the exception of tobacco yellow dwarf virus), leafhopper-transmitted viruses with monopartite genomes and narrow host ranges. There are 12 species and 2 tentative species in this genus. Genus "Subgroup II Geminivirus"(Genus II) consists of dicot-infecting, leafhopper-transmitted (with the exception of tomato pseudo-curly top virus) viruses with monopartite genomes. The genus contains type species beet curly top virus (BCTV) and two other tentative species. The BCTV has a very wide host range, infecting over 300 species in 44 plant families. Genus "Subgroup HI Geminivirus" (Genus HI) is the largest group, containing 43 species and 9 tentative species. All viruses in Genus HI are dicot-infecting and whitefly-transmitted with relatively narrow host ranges, and most of them contain a bipartite genome (except for TYLCV and TYCV) (Briddon & Markham, 1995). Genome Organization The twinned particle morphology of geminiviruses is a unique feature, making them distinct from all other viruses. The incomplete icosahedral virions (about 18 x 30 nm) contain either a monopartite or bipartite genome with single-stranded (ss) circular DNA (Briddon & Markham, 1995). The genes in geminiviruses are arranged in two divergent overlapping clusters separated by an intergenic region of about 200 nucleotides (nt).


Using site-directed mutagenesis, they confirmed that only one mutation (Arg to Cys) was responsible for the alteration of host range. Futhermore, mutational analysis revealed that both BV1 and BC1 proteins are involved in the determination of 11 host range of SqLCV, but only the BC1 protein was related to viral pathogenicity (Ingham et al., 1995). The movement proteins of plant viruses are essential for cell to cell spread of infection, and in part, determine the host range and pathogenesis (Heinlein et al., 1995). The pathogenic properties of bipartite geminivirus BC1 proteins have been demonstrated not only by mutational analysis but also by transgenic plant studies. Transgenic plants expressing the SqLCV BC1 protein display typical SqLCV disease symptoms, suggesting that the growth and development defects may result from misregulated phloem transport, which may be caused by the interaction between BC1 protein and host proteins (Pascal et al., 1994). However, the molecular and physiological mechanisms of the effects of the BC1 protein on the alteration of host metabolism remain to be investigated. Virus Movement The distribution of geminiviruses under natural field conditions is primarily determined by epidemiological constraints imposed on the whitefly and leafhopper vectors (Frischmuth & Stanley, 1993). Geminivirus movement within a plant and spread from plant to plant require the participation of the movement proteins (MPs) and/or coat proteins encoded by these viruses. The development of systemic infection of plant viruses involves two distinct types of movement, cell-to-cell and long distance transport via the vascular system. The intercellular movement of most, if not all, plant viruses requires virus encoded protein(s). The movement proteins encoded by plant viruses are essential for infection of the host plant but are not required for viral replication or encapsidation 12 (Hull, 1989; Maule, 1991). For cell-to-cell movement, there are two different mechanisms that illustrate how plant viruses conduct an active process for intercellular movement facilitated by their movement proteins.


One mechanism, exemplified by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (Wolf et al., 1989; Citovsky et al., 1990), indicates the movement of viruses as a nucleoprotein complex through plasmodesmata. The other mechanism, exemplified by cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) (Van Lent, et al., 1990; 1991), involves a tubular structure formed by a movement protein, through which virions are moved from cell to cell. Geminiviruses, unlike RNA plant viruses, replicate and accumulate in the cell nucleus rather than in the cytoplasm. Prior to moving to adjacent cells, the virus requires a DNA binding protein and a means to transport of the viral genome in and out of the nuclei (Lazarowitz, 1992). The BC1 (BL1) and BV1(BR1) proteins encoded by DNA-B of the bipartite geminiviruses, bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV) and SqLCV coordinate the movement of gemini virus DNA in and out of nuclei and from cell to cell. Using microinjection of the in vitro expressed BDMV MPs labeled with fluroescein isothiocyanate, Noueiry et al. (1994) observed that the BC1 MP increased mesophyll plasmodesmal size and potentated the movement of dsDNA from cell to cell, while the BV1 MP mediates the movement of dsDNA out of the nucleus, and suggested that two MPs may coordinate the movement of viral DNA across both nuclear and plasmodesmal boundaries. The BC1 and BV1 MPs of SqLCV have also been demonstrated to coordinate the movement of viral DNA across both nuclear and cell wall boundaries. However, the SqLCV BV1 MP binds ssDNA functions as a nuclear shuttling protein, and 13 contains domains essential for interaction with BC1 and nuclear localization, whereas the SqLCV BC1 MP has very weak affinity for ssDNA and no apparent ability to bind dsDNA. In addition, the SqLCV BC1 MP not only localizes itself to the cell-periphery, but also brings SqLCV BV1 MP to the cell periphery through protein-protein interaction, indicating that the BC1 may provide directionality to the movement of viral genome (Pascal et al., 1994, Sanderfoot & Lazarowitz, 1995; Sanderfoot et al., 1996).


After cloning a foreign gene into the cloning site under the control of a certain promoter such as CaMV 35S, the expression vector can be multiplied in E. coli and then mobilized into an Agrobacterium strain harboring a disarmed Ti plasmid (D-Ti) with a deletion of T-DNA and thereafter used for transformation of plant tissue or explants. The products of vir genes located in the D-Ti recognize the border sequences, and coordinately transfer the expression cassette into the plant chromosome(s). The expression of the selective marker gene (encoding for antibiotic resistance) allows selection of transformed plant cells on antibiotics-amended medium during plant regeneration (Joshi & Joshi, 1991). 15 Transgenic Resistance to Plant Viruses Viruses cause serious losses to crop production around the world. The losses result not only from virus diseases themselves but also from the costs of insecticides and chemicals used for vector control (Hull & Davies, 1992). The development of virus- resistant cultivars through conventional breeding programs, although effective, often proves to be difficult, time consuming, and the resistance can be overcome by rapid change of the adaptation to host in the virus population (Frischmuth & Stanley, 1993; Lomonossoff, 1995). An alternative way to produce virus resistance is so-called nonconventional breeding by which virus resistance may be developed in transgenic plants transformed with viral sequence(s). This phenomenon is known as "pathogen-derived resistance" (PDR). The theory of PDR implies that the transformation of a susceptible plant with genes derived from a pathogen's own genetic material may result in the development of heritable resistance in the plants (Sanford and Johnson, 1985). The first achievement of PDR was demonstrated by Powell-Abel et al. (1986), who reported that transgenic tobacco plants expressing TMV-CP were resistant to the virus. This discovery opened a new field of plant science research, and activity in this aspect of research has expanded rapidly in the past decade.


Transgenic tobacco plants carrying the 48 kDa MP gene of CPMV were highly resistant to Sb, SI, and S8 strains of CPMV, but not to other comovirus species such as cowpea severe mosaic virus (Sijen et al., 1995). These examples indicate that plants expressing MP or dMP may result in a broad- spectrum resistance, and that dMPMR interferes with the spread of infecting virus but not with virus infection. The TMV dMPMR, although not complete, restricts the local spread of tobamoviruses, and retards the systemic infection of heterologous viruses by delaying symptom expression and/ or reducing accumulation of virus in upper leaves in transgenic plants (Cooper et al., 1995). Based on the fact that transgenic plants expressing wild type TMV MP have increased their susceptibility, it is suggested that it is better not to use a wild type MP gene for PDR since plants expressing such a gene are likely to have increased susceptibility to certain other viruses (Cooper et al., 1995). The cellular and molecular mechanisms of dMPMR are not clear, but it was proposed that dMPMR prevents the accumulation of the MP of the challenging virus in 18 such a way as trans-dominant negative interference (Lapidot et al., 1993; Beck et al., 1994). This is an application of a concept called "dominant negative mutation", which was described by Herskowitz (1987) as the inhibition of the function of a wild-type gene product by an overproduction of the inhibitory variant of the same gene product. Because of the multifunctional properties of a MP, the interference may involve any aspect of the MP-associated functions such as multiprotein interaction, subcellular targeting to cell wall or to plasmodesmata, nucleic acid binding, or modification of plasmodesmatal structure and/or function (Lapidot et al., 1993; Cooper et al., 1995). In the scenario of TMV dMPMR, the dMP in transgenic plants reduces, but does not eliminate virus spread, suggesting that this may be the result of incomplete interference or incomplete competition (Lapidot et al., 1993).


In order to exclude possible PCR artifacts, the sequence analyses were done in several different ways and with independent reactions. For the "S" phenotype line BC3- 11-5S and "A" phenotype line BC3-11-6A sequences were obtained with independent reactions by sequencing cloned PCR products and by direct sequencing of PCR products from cDNA and from genomic DNA. Three other lines with the "S" phenotype (including one single copy line and 2 multiple sequence repeat lines, not shown) were also sequenced after PCR amplification of genomic DNA and the sequences were identical to BCJS. The 66 sequence for BC3-6-3A line (multiple sequence repeat line) was resolved from two different clones of PCR product amplified from genomic DNA. The sequence for the BC1 gene in the pKYLX71:35S2 vector (identical to the BCJS sequence) from the Agrobacterium culture used for transformation was done once from a PCR amplification of isolated plasmid DNA (data not shown). In the latter case we can not exclude the possibility that other BC1 gene sequence variations exist in the plasmid population in the Agrobacterium culture. Symptomatic Phenotype Mimics Impaired Photoassimilate Partitioning One of the processes involved in plant virus disease induction is the reduction in translocation of fixed carbon out of the leaves (Bos, 1970). Starch accumulation in the leaf causes alterations in leaf texture and color. The symptomatic and asymptomatic BC1 transgenic tobacco as well as TMoV infected tobacco were tested for altered carbon partitioning, determined by the starch-iodine test (Fig. 3-8). Symptomatic plants showed high levels of starch accumulation. Starch accumulation was not detected in the asymptomatic transgenic plants or in control plants by this test. The mottling symptoms in the leaves as well as the starch accumulation in the symptomatic transgenic tobacco were accentuated by high light intensity growth conditions. The phenotype observed in the symptomatic, transgenic tobacco associated with impaired photoassimilate partitioning mimic the symptoms induced by geminivirus infections.


This BCl transgene (BClAt/r, Genbank #U65506) had undergone a recombinational event which resulted in an open reading frame with a deletion of 1 1 9 carboxy-terminal amino acid residues and an addition of 26 amino acids from an unknown source (Chapter 3). The low level of BCl protein detected in the BC3-1 1-6 line may be due to the loss of epitopes since more than 1/3 of the codons for carboxy-terminal amino acid residues were lost during the recombinational event (Chapter 3). Transgenic Tobacco Plants Resistant to TMoV Based on the asymptomatic phenotypes and virus resistance in T0 transgenic plants (data not shown), selected transgenic tobacco lines (Ti generation) at the 7-9 leaf stage were exposed to viruliferous (TMoV) whiteflies for a 72 hr inoculation exposure in a greenhouse (Table 4-1). All of the transgenic lines tested, except certain ones expressing mutated BCl protein, were highly susceptible to TMoV. Based on this test and others (data not shown) we focused our analysis of virus resistance on three BCl transgenic lines, BC-3-6, BC-3-11 and BC-3-31. The transgenic tobacco plants (Tt and T2 generations) carrying mutated BCl genes showed the following symptoms after inoculation: 85 1 . No visible symptoms throughout the life of the plants, indistinguishable from noninoculated plants (Fig. 4-2 D and on the right in A). 2. Marked delay of symptoms for several weeks after exposure to viruliferous whiteflies with new growth showing typical TMoV symptoms (Fig. 4-4). 3. Symptoms of vein chlorosis and mottling on early leaves after exposure to viruliferous whiteflies but subsequent growth with significant remission of symptoms, consistent with significant reduction of virions (Fig. 4-3). 4. Stunting, mottling, and vein chlorosis on the leaves, typical symptoms associated with TMoV infections in nontransformed tobacco plants (Fig. 4-2 C and on the left in A). In general, the leaves exposed to viruliferous whiteflies (72 hr inoculation exposure) in most of the transgenic plants expressing mutated BC1 protein(s) showed no symptoms after the plants were challenged with TMoV (Table 4-1 and 4-2).


This phenomenon has been observed or implied in transformation with the BCl gene of two different bipartite geminiviruses (Pascal, et al. 1993, Chapter 3). 103 Using this approach, one may readily identify the naturally occurring mutants during transformation, which may confer virus resistance. CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The AC3, AC4, BCl and BV1 open reading frames encoding for nonstructural proteins of tomato mottle virus (TMoV) were individually cloned into the pETh3C expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed proteins were purified from the cell lysates and were used as immunogens for polyclonal antiserum production in rabbits. The antisera were used in Western blot analysis to index the expression of the nonstructural genes, AC3, AC4, BCl and BV1 in TMoV-infected and transgenic plants. The BCl movement protein (MP) (33-kDa) was detected primarily in the membrane fraction and in the cell wall fraction of leaf extracts from TMoV-infected and transgenic plants. The BV1 MP (29-kDa) was detected in the soluble fraction and primarily in the membrane fraction of the leaf extracts of infected plants. The AC3 (16-kDa) and AC4 protein (10-kDa) were also detected in the membrane fraction of leaf extracts from transgenic plants and/or infected plants. These results are similar to those reported for bipartite geminiviruses, tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) (Von Arnim et al., 1993, Pascal et al., 1993; Pedersen & Hanley-Bowdoin, 1994). However, It is the first time that the AC4 protein was detected in the extracts of tomato plants infected with a bipartite geminivirus. 104 105 Although both the TMoV MPs can be detected in the extracts from infected plants, the BV1 MP appeared to accumulate as leaves aged in contrast to the BC1 MP. Both MPs have been found to be phosphorylated in vivo (Pascal et al., 1994), but only the BC1 protein of bipartite geminiviruses shows an anomalous behavior.


All these transgenic plants were self-pollinated to produce the Ti generation, and selected Ti lines were propagated for the T2 generation. Transgenic plants expressing BC1 protein had phenotypes ranging from severe stunting and leaf mottling to no visible symptoms. Eight of the 19 transgenic To plants which expressed BC1 protein did not show any virus-like symptoms. The variations in the phenotype of transgenic tobacco plants were unexpected since similar levels of the BC1 mRNA and protein (with the exception for the truncated one from BC3-1 1-6 line) were 106 detected in the asymptomatic as well as symptomatic plants. The sequence data for the BCl transgene from the different phenotypes indicated at least three different mutated forms of the BCl gene in the transformed tobacco. All of the BCl transgenic plants from 6 lines analyzed revealed mutations in the BCl gene when compared with the viral sequence and with the sequence from the initial clone of PCR products used in the gene construction for transformation. Point mutations were found in all transgenes analyzed, and a recombination was found in one transgene. This BClAxJx had a modified BCl open reading frame with a deletion of 119 amino acid residues at carboxy-terminus and an addition of 26 amino acids from an unknown source. All the nucleotide changes with one exception resulted in an amino acid change. This high correlation of nucleotide changes with amino acid changes may be due to selection involved in mollifying the toxic effects of non-mutated BCl protein. The phenotype variations observed in the BCl transgenic plants appear remarkably similar to those reported for transgenic tobacco expressing SqLCV BCl by Pascal et al. (1993), who reported that 5 out of 17 lines expressing SqLCV BCl were symptomless, and the others showed a range of symptomatic phenotypes. Our results suggest that spontaneous point mutations in the transgene during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and other modifications in the transgene by chromosomal rearrangements need to be considered in the interpretation of gene function and regulation experiments.


Toward the truth

Suzuki is probably the most famous, although he is no longer living. He has done more to popularize Zen in the West than has any other single individual. Among others in this category many are Westerners living in Asia, such as Nyanaponika Thera, a German bhikkhu (monk) residing in Ceylon. The paucity of information about contemporary Buddhist thinkers, especially those within the monastic community or priesthood (Sangha) greatly limits our understanding of the Buddhism taught and practiced in Asia today. This shortcoming, however, is not unique. Every age lacks the perspective of history on its own men and movements, a problem enhanced when we examine differing cultures, languages, and religions. This problem is particularly acute regarding Southeast Asia. Southeast Asian Buddhism has been studied in re¬ cent years by anthropologists and sociologists, but few have attempted to present it from the perspective of its own self-understanding. Of course, some argue that mod¬ ern Theravada Buddhism has not produced any notewor¬ thy intellectuals, whereas others contend that Theravada 10 PREFACE monks offer no significant interpretations of traditional doctrinal formulations. Both positions are inaccurate and question-begging. The present volume attempts to contribute to an un¬ derstanding of contemporary Theravada Buddhism by presenting translations from the writings of Bhikkhu Buddhadasa, widely acclaimed in Thailand as that coun¬ try’s most provocative intellectual in the Buddhist Sangha. Buddhadasa is a prolific writer and speaker, and the chapters in this volume only begin to touch the depth of his thought. Some of his most important, longer works remain to be translated. We present the following selec¬ tions from Buddhadasa’s writings, however, in the hope that it will make a contribution toward meeting an ob¬ vious need in the area of Buddhist studies. The works included here have been translated by a variety of hands.


Toward the truth

In the West we have long since given up the practice of taking names for the meaning they contain, but in the East, and especially in the case of Buddhadasa, the meaning of the name illustrates something of the character or the quality of being of the man. Buddhadasa, in his unique way, sees himself as a servant of the Lord Buddha not in a narrow, sectarian manner but as a vehicle through which the uni¬ versal truths of the Buddha’s teachings might reach man. His service, then, is not simply to the Lord Buddha but to mankind. Buddhadasa 1 was born in 1906 in Chaiya, South Thai¬ land, a son of a merchant family. Unlike many Thai youths entering the monastic life, Buddhadasa was not INTRODUCTION 15 ordained as a novice but entered the Sangha at the age of twenty-one. After finishing the traditional levels of monastic study, and teaching for a short time, he fol¬ lowed the pattern of withdrawal and preparation set by Gotama the Buddha. He retired to the forest for a period of six years to meditate and study the scriptures of Thera- vada Buddhism, the form of Buddhism practiced in Thai¬ land, Ceylon, and other parts of Southeast Asia. He is reputed to have adopted a life of total isolation, seeing no one even to the point of having his brother leave his food hanging from a tree every day. Eventually he re¬ turned to a more normal monastic life and was appointed to head a temple in Chaiya, once an important center of Buddhism in Southeast Asia. During the past decade, however, he has devoted the bulk of his energy to the establishment of a forest hermitage several miles outside of Chaiya. If a religious genius is indicated by the number of fol¬ lowers he has attracted, Buddhadasa would not rank very high.


Toward the truth

One Christian re- 20 TOWARD THE TRUTH marked that if what Buddhadasa had to say were widely accepted, Christianity in Thailand would be put out of business. To the above kind of charge a number of observations must be made regarding Buddhadasa’s point of view. It is true that for Buddhadasa all religions are similar; how¬ ever, their similarity is based primarily on two shared characteristics: their understanding of the human condi¬ tion and the nature of ultimate reality. With regard to the nature of the human condition Buddhadasa says: “Every human being, no matter in what country he be¬ longs, or what language he speaks, or what religion he professes, has but one universal problem, namely, over¬ coming evil or mental impurity or defilements. That which is called evil or mental impurity is to be found in each individual. It does not belong to or is not the problem of one particular religion only; each individual professing any religion has the problem of overcoming evil. As such, the way to solve this problem must be one that can be used by every human being. The way or instrument to destroy evil is named ‘religion,’ therefore true religion or religion in essence is universal in its application. The be¬ lief that there are literally many religions is something meaningful only in the eyes of those who see only the outer forms, or view religion only superficially. There are different outer forms or embodiments of religion, but every religion or what is embodied in different forms of religion is but one and the same thing.” 3 For Buddhadasa all religions share the same, funda¬ mental soteriological purpose: the overcoming of evil, impurity, defilements, and sin which characterize the hu¬ man condition. The ways in which this condition is de¬ scribed may differ, and the theological conceptions in INTRODUCTION 21 relationship to which the human condition is viewed may also vary, but all religions see man in some sort of pro¬ fane state.


Toward the truth

For the person who “sees” or understands the truth about the nature of things, language is no longer bound simply by sensorily perceived referents; rather, it becomes a vehicle expressive of the Truth that has been seen or understood. There are, indeed, dangers in this approach. It may be¬ come a vehicle for an uncritical lack of appreciation of the distinctiveness of religious traditions. For instance, one could criticize Buddhadasa’s understanding of Chris¬ tianity at several points in his lectures at the Thailand 22 TOWARD THE TRUTH Theological Seminary. It might, furthermore, lead to an unduly subjective or arbitrary interpretation of a religious tradition if many of its historical and cultural aspects are written off as conventional or relative. On the other hand, if this approach is used as a means to provoke and awaken a religion from its “dogmatic slumbers” and to call into question the relevance and meaning of outdated forms, then Buddhadasa’s understanding of the nature of religion bears a great deal of validity. Upon reading these chapters one will probably conclude that Buddhadasa has gone in both directions at once. It may be that in the process of recalling not only Buddhism but other religions as well to their essential truths about the nature of human existence and the quest for the ultimately real, Buddha¬ dasa’s genius has led him to a kind of synthetic eclecti¬ cism. A fairer judgment would be, however, that Bud¬ dhadasa’s sense of mission at this particular time in the history of Thai Buddhism has made his orientation less that of the analytical expositor and more that of the vi¬ sionary prophet or spokesman. Our comments up to this point have focused on Bud¬ dhadasa’s understanding of Buddhism and religion but not so much on the kind of critique he offers.


Toward the truth

When we speak of the way to Buddha- Dhamma, bear in mind that by Buddha-Dhamma we mean the goal or state that Siddhattha Gotama attained in becoming a Buddha. What is the justification for focusing on the last mean¬ ing? Why not elaborate upon the first and second mean¬ ings, either of learning the teaching, the pariyatti - dhamma, or the way of practice, the patipatti-dhamma? By the pariyatti-dhamma, as is generally understood, we mean the study of the whole of the Tipitaka (the sacred books of Buddhism containing Lord Buddha’s words and those of his disciples). The question for most people will be whether sufficient time is available to devote to their reading and assimilation. As for the patipatti-dhamma , few men are able to renounce the world to lead a strict religious life. If the Buddha-Dhamma is something to be attained only through learning the Tipitaka or through leading a strict monastic life, Buddha-Dhamma will suit only the few. But because Buddha-Dhamma is for the welfare of all, its most important meaning is the attain¬ ment of the Buddha. We can all reach this goal without going through the Holy Texts and even without leading a rigorous ascetic life. There is a parallel in regard to worldly attainments. Nearly everyone wants wealth, fame, and wide social contacts. Furthermore, these may be ob- 28 TOWARD THE TRUTH tained without necessarily having academic qualifications or greatness or even working hard, and when the former are possessed no account is taken of the latter. These three much-desired worldly goals are not limited only to those who are great men. In the same way Buddha- Dhamma is not limited to a select few. It is within the reach of everybody. Nana, or wisdom, is that kind of knowledge_which frees ma n of all desires.


Toward the truth

In this way we act as though they did not exist. Our senses deceive us to such a degree about the real naturejprthings that we are often totally mistaken. Some people, for example, firmly believe that visual colors have an essential reality; yet science has proven that color has no essential existence per se. The seeming existence of different colors is de¬ pendent on the ability of our eye to pick up various vibra¬ tions of light waves, thus giving rise to visual impressions of different colors. The same color may appear to be dif¬ ferent to different kinds of creatures, or by some it may not be seen at all. On these grounds we conclude that color as we ordinarily perceive it is an illusion. In the same way, all the five sense organs are liable to arouse the wildest delusions. The physical world itself is mys¬ terious and difficult to understand. As for Buddha-Dhamma, or the Truth of Buddhism, it is something beyond the sphere of the physical world. We might use the word “metaphysical” to characterize it, and it can only be understood by turning within. It is imperceptible to our senses, including the ordinary mind. We can make contact with it only through meditation, that is, by a mind that is fully and rightly concentrated. If we want to attain Buddha-Dhamma we must see things by looking inward. To see things outwardly has become instinctual with us. We see, for example, a red rose and have an attitude of liking toward it. We are fascinated by its seeming color. Generally, however, we do not have the attitude of mind while seeing roses which enables us to understand that there is no such thing as a red color for which we have so great a fancy.


Toward the truth

The moment they cease to move, they cease to be. The so-called world is, therefore, nothing but organic and inorganic objects in constant motion. When these conditioned things are dissolved, an unconditioned, indestructible, self-existing state remains which is quite opposite to mundane phenomena in that it is not subject to motion or impermanence. It exists without being in motion. On the whole, therefore, we can divide things into two categories: conditioned, impermanent objects produced by causes and those without motion, free from the process of coming into being and ceasing. The former are called sankhata-dhamma, things created by causes, and the latter asankhata-dhamma, things uncreated by causes. Anyone who perceives both categories clearly is said to have perceived the Buddha-Dhamma, the Truth that Buddha found. To perceive in this case implies to have the insight or wisdom capable of changing our heart and min d to the extent that we become indifferent and unattached to worldly allurements and understand thor- TOWARD THE TRUTH OF BUDDHISM 35 oughly the supramundane state our mind has fully at¬ tained. In other words, when we see the interior of the mundane things dominating and covering the mind, we are free to see the supramundane state then and there, for both states are relative in much the same way as a chair and the state of chair-being-absent are relative. To perceive objects only outwardly means to see in terms of their shapes and forms, colors, tastes, and so on. The cause of our liking or disliking stems from this way of seeing things. Such liking or disliking things re¬ sembles a cancerous growth. It covers our heart and mind to the point that the light of lokuttara-dhamma, the su¬ pramundane state, can hardly penetrate. To see introvert- edly or to perceive the interior of mundane things, on the other hand, means to see in terms of their true char¬ acteristics, which allows us to transcend likes and dis¬ likes.


Toward the truth

To train the mind or to get control over the mind is not only the most important way to gain insight but also a simple process. Few people care to undertake it, however, for it seems to be overly difficult and beyond the power of the material¬ istic-minded man of our age. It is simple because the mind can be trained step by step if one earnestly wants to do so, in the same way that a person can develop his body by proper exercise. As we have often heard, the mind is fickle and flighty, quite resembling a monkey. In order to subjugate the monkey, the trainer ties the mon¬ key to a strong stake. To train the mind there must like¬ wise be a stake or focal ground. The most commonly known point of focus or subject of meditation, which the Buddha himself practiced and praised, is anapanasati , mindfulness of breathing. It is convenient and produces a calm state. We can practice it anywhere and at any time. With this meditation subject, inhalation and ex¬ halation are the points on which the mind is fixed. Sad (mindfulness) may be likened to a rope that ties the mind to the stake of breathing. Sampajahna, or discrimi¬ nation, is like the trainer’s whip which prevents the mind from going its own way. Unless one is negligent, the rope of mindfulness will remain unbroken, and the mind, like the monkey tied with a rope, will not get loose to leap into the jungle of sense objects. The uncontrolled mind is like a wild animal. For ex¬ ample, an elephant that is caught to be tamed dashes to and fro trying to wrench himself free, sometimes so vio- 44 TOWARD THE TRUTH lently that the rope cuts into its flesh. When it was in the jungle it did not behave in this violent manner, as it was not then subject to any restraint; nor when it is well tamed does it behave fiercely, but becomes gentle.


Toward the truth

The moment we arrive at this stage, the mind is completely freed from the unwhole¬ some mental objects which are technically called the five nivarana-s or mental hindrances of lust, ill will, torpor and sloth, restlessness and mental worry, and doubt. This taste of meditation is powerful enough to check all unwholesome phenomena and create a calm satisfaction. The Fruit of Meditation The fruit of meditation is twofold. The first fruit is a new kind of happiness that we have never experienced before. This happiness is not based on sense objects which can only stimulate an emotional happiness leading to suffering. The happiness derived from meditation is inexpressibly cool or calm. We may say that it is like tasting the attainment of Nibbana or of freedom from the defilements. Although Nibbana has not yet been attained, this happiness may presumably be compared to TOWARD THE TRUTH OF BUDDHISM 49 its foretaste, the only differences being those of subtlety and quantity. This is the first fruit of meditation. It is technically called dittha-dhammikattha or immediate profit. If a person’s energy is exhausted after having reached this stage, his effort will not be totally in vain. With the second fruit of meditation the mind reaches a penetrating insight into all phenomena, for practicing meditation is like sharpening a knife for exact cutting or like polishing a glass so as to see clearly. A well-trained mind is amenable like a tame monkey or elephant. It is active, strong, and unwavering under the impulses of passion, anger, hate, and envy. Such a mind cannot be overpowered by these defilements. Instead of succumbing to their power, the meditator laughs with the certain knowledge that the well-trained mind cannot be dis¬ tracted. When your mind is endowed with these two fruits of meditation, immediate profit and penetrating insight, you see the world through inward sight.


Toward the truth

Henceforth nothing in the world can attack you through your sense organs. Nothing can lead the eye, nose, ear, tongue, or body into temptation. The mind will be freed from all kinds of attachments. All worldly objects or allurements will ap¬ pear to be ludicrous and can be laughed away. You will feel as if the world as a whole were reduced to something completely within your grasp. The world cannot delude you when you see its inner or real nature. If you can establish your mind in this state and not lose your inward sight, no matter where you are or what posture you as¬ sume, your attainment will be stable. But without such skill your newly won intuition may easily fade away; therefore, you must guard it with all your effort. As the Scriptures say, just as a chief queen takes care of the 50 TOWARD THE TRUTH child in her womb who will one day be a “wheel-turning monarch” (a world emperor, ruling by righteousness) 8 lest she should have a miscarriage, so too one should guard diligently one’s newly developed insight until it is stable. For its sake you should willingly give up worldly acquisitions in much the same way as we are ready to sacrifice everything upon contracting a fatal disease. To this end it is better to live in an environment suitable for meditation and avoid disagreeable persons and places, just as a sick person avoids taking things that disagree with him. The fruits of meditation should not be misunderstood, however. The practice of controlling the mind in this manner does not make you abnormal or unable to function in society. One does not sit meditating all the time, for after you have gained mastery through meditation its taste never leaves you. The defilements of passion, de¬ lusion, anger, hatred, and jealousy lose their control over you, so that whatever may be your occupation or pro¬ fession it can be done with greater self-sufficiency.


Minimizing the effects of insecticides on Montana's terrestrial wildlife, with special reference to game birds

The long term solution to grasshopper-livestock forage competition is proper range management. In Oklahoma, grasshoppers were eight times as abundant on overgrazed lands as on conservatively grazed lands (Weese In Rudd 1964:234). In Kansas, Smith (1958) found grasshoppers were more abundant on heavily grazed lands than on nearby ungrazed land. A study in British Columbia 50 years ago concluded: "Judicious management of cattle within selected grazing limits is the keynote of success in grasshopper control on the range (Treherne and Bucknell In Rudd 1964:234). Drought conditions may continue to favor periodic grasshopper outbreaks even on well managed ranges. Restricted use of relatively "safe" insecticides can be justified in such cases. Continued use of insecticides to "bail out" the poor range manager cannot be endorsed. Carriers Problems occasionally arise from the type of insecticide-carrier employed. Pheasant eggs sprayed (on one side to simulate field application) with Number 1 diesel fuel resulted in complete embryo mortality (Kopischke, no date). This study concluded that oil-base carriers should not be used in areas where birds are nesting. Recommendations To minimize the effects of insecticides on wildlife two concepts must be recognized: 1. Insecticides are an environmental insult; they disrupt, in some manner, the natural processes of any given ecosystem; 2. Continued or increased ecosystem disruption can lead to a simplified, unnatural and unstable environment on which humans as well as wildlife depend for existence. Once these concepts are accepted it follows that insecticide use must be curtailed if their effects are to be minimized. The most important decision the land manager must make is whether the use of an insecticide is absolutely necessary. Changes in land management philosophy, which must precede changes in land use practices, could minimize the number of these decisions he may face in the future. When insecticide use is deemed absolutely necessary: 1. Insecticides causing the least environmental damage should be used; 2.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

How to Use This Book Tomb Raider II is all about puzzles. And so this book is all about solving them. The walkthroughs herein are detailed accounts of all Lara Croft’s adventures in Tomb Raider II, from the Guardhouse Key to the final showdown for the Dagger of Xian, and all points in between. We break out every Secret for ease of access within each level section. And although there are only three Secrets per level, you might never find some of the more diaboli- cal hiding places without our help. (We're particularly proud of the Uzis in "Bartoli's Hideout,” and the M-16 through the trapdoor in the middle of the burner trap in ... Oh, but why spoil it? You'll see.) We'll start off with movement and combat tactics. Much of what you can accomplish in Tomb Raider II is next to impossible without a good grasp of Lara's movement para- meters, and a little consideration to applying each weapon in her arsenal appropriately. If you have a hard time grasping the basic Jump parameters via the sterling prose herein, take a quick side-trip to Lara's Home, accessible from the Title Screen menu. There's an obstacle course on the lawn, and Lara goes so far as to provide nar- ration for any aspect of it that causes you trouble. And, yes, Lara faces more foes in Tomb Raider II than in the original game, but that doesn't mean our heroine has traded in style and athleticism for a high body count. It figures that Lara would have to defend herself more vigorously en route to unraveling a mystery of epic proportions. For tips on weapon.selection and applications, see the second half of "Movement and Combat", There we highlight the tendencies of Lara's enemies, and offer specific combat recommendations and some movement insights gained from hundreds of hours of prowling the canals of Venice, the mountains of Tibet, and the briny deep.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

Lara Croft's world is very much her own, and it comes with a well-defined set of movement para- meters. Its that strict adherence to movement parameters—the fact that Lara always jumps the same height and distance when certain keys are pressed—that makes navigating through the game's most difficult movement puzzles possible. To that end, the walkthrough section of this book refers to specific movements—and, more often, combinations of movements—needed to defeat any movement puzzle. Lara Squared First, understand that the primary building block for all the levels in the game is a square sector. That’s not to say that Lara’s world entirely comprises square blocks, of course, but things very often are square—or a readily recognizable collection of square sectors—if you look at them from above. More to the point: If Lara can stand on it, and you can look down on it from above, what you'll see is a square. One edge may be higher than the opposite edge, or one corner may be higher than the opposite corner—in either case creating a slope—but it still looks square from above. The view from J altove: Laras world, in large part, it a Coeli of tidy Square sectors. Understanding this is key to understanding how Lara moves around in the world of Tomb Raider II. That's because when Lara jumps or steps or rolls or dives—any horizontal action you can think of—when she moves, she traverses a fixed number of squares (or segments of squares). So you can be sure that, if you're standing on one platform and trying to jump to another, all you have to do is come up with the prop- er movement commands. Lara will wind up wherever you intend, as long as it's with- in her ability to do so.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

Because so many of Lara’s movement puzzles require precise aim as well as precise timing, it becomes important to point Lara in precisely the right direction. With Tomb Raider II's camera style, it's sometimes unclear from the view if such is the case. To check, simply hold down the Look button to swing the camera directly behind our heroine. Whatever you're aiming her at should appear center-screen. If it's an edge, it should make an almost perfectly horizontal line. To make adjustments, you have to release the Look button and re-position Lara with the directional commands; then check the view once more. Held down the book lotto te Cande the CAMA EV fe angle te swivel le di Press and hold the Action button to have Lara grab the edge of any ledge, and even the edges of some platforms she can't stand on, as long as the edge doesn't slope too radically. Place her at the base of a platform that's with- in her reach and press Action and Forward. Lara will leap. up to the exact height of the ledge and grab hold. This can be far more effective than combining Jump and Grab commands, because Jumping can over- shoot the ledge, and Lara would fall briefly before Grabbing. Although that's dan- gerous only if you're trying to leap from hazardous terrain, it's worth noting. In the rare instances where you want to Grab a ledge without Pulling Up, you must combine Jump and Grab commands. Otherwise Lara automatically tries to stand atop the ledge she's Grabbed hold of. Most often, Grab occurs in the walk- through after a specific type of Jump, and before a command like Shimmy or Pull Up. DOTT Tomb Raider II gives Lara a wide range of water-related movement options she lacked in the first game.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

In the original Tomb Raider, water came in one depth, practically speaking: If Lara was wet, she was completely submerged. In Tomb Raider Il, pools come in various depths, and quite a few are only knee- or waist-deep. When wading, learn the point where Lara has complete freedom for Jumping and Running, and the point where such movements are restricted: When Lara turns from her regular pinkish hue to a distinc- tive bluish one, consider her restricted in terms of certain movement parameters. Once she's blue, she can only Jump straight up in the air; you can't combine the move with some forward, backward, or Sideways component. Plus, she can only wade in waist-deep water, not swim. Try as you might, there's no way to get her to submerge in waist-deep water and move in any direction before she pops back to BH us the surface. f e í Pull Up/Drop Down Pull Up is just that—Lara pulling herself up to the top of a ledge. As she hangs from a ledge (and, therefore, as you hold the Action button down), press the Forward com- mand and Lara will attempt to stand atop the ledge she’s gripping. If the slope above is too steep, she'll slip back down, and you'll have to keep holding the Action button to keep her from falling. Also note that, in the brief instance after Lara Pulls Up and before she slips off of a steep slope, it's possible for her to execute a backflip by pressing Jump and Backward simultaneously. In the walkthrough, Pull Up usually appears in sequence after a Jump or Shimmy. Drop Down is the process whereby Lara hangs from a ledge, by Grabbing, before dropping to the floor below. This way, Lara can drop from ledges free of harm, when hopping from the height outright would injure her.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

Once she begins her Push or Pull animation, you $ - . can take your hands off the controls, and she'll complete the process on her own. Shimmy As she hangs from a ledge—and you hold down the Action button—Lara can Shimmy right or left when you press the right or left directional arrows. In the walkthrough, of course, that occurs as Shimmy Right or Shimmy Left. After you Shimmy, you either Drop Down or Pull Up, after avoiding some hazard or gaining some new area you couldn't reach directly by Jumping. The Tomb Raider II concept of combos is nothing like what Mortal Kombat fans are familiar with, in terms of results. But combining Lara’s various moves properly is nonetheless a key to ultimate success. In the text of the walkthrough, we separate movements Lara must perform in rapid succession with a forward slash (for example, Jump Forward/Grab/Pull Up). Depending on circumstances, it can be crucial you combine and execute these moves with no lag time between. Usually, you must defeat some timer and/or avoid some hazard. But combining certain moves involves considerations beyond simply getting from point A to point B expeditiously. Run/Jump Forward As important as Jumping is in Tomb Raider II, preceding Lara’s leap with a Run is just as commonplace and crucial. When Lara Runs a single sector before becoming airborne, she can travel considerably farther—crossing two squares as opposed to one. This allows her to cross two squares and land on her feet at the same elevation, as opposed to Grabbing some ledge. Her trajectory will be lower than with a standing Jump Forward. Run/Jump Forward/Grab With this series of movements, Lara soars over three squares and grabs the edge of the fourth square. This is an essential means of travel in Tomb Raider II, and though it looks risky while you're in midair, remember that as long as you hit the commands at the right time, there's no error factor.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

Hold that Action button down, and she'll cling to that distant ledge. Of course, leaping farther and Grabbing as soon as Lara becomes airborne flattens the trajectory considerably. And the target ledge can be no higher than the one on which Lara begins her run. Pull Up/Jump Backward Another very useful combination is the one where Lara backflips from the edge of a plat- form that slopes too much for her to stand on. By Grabbing the edge of a sloped platform and then Pulling Up, Lara hesitates just a minute when she gets upright before she slips back down again. As soon as she begins the Pull Up, press Jump and Backward and hold them down and Lara will backflip from the ledge instead of slipping off. This is essen- tial for reaching some of the game's more difficult-to-access areas. Roll/Grab/Drop Down Tired of having to walk in a little semicircle before you hop and hang from every ledge? Just take two steps back, and then Roll and Grab. Lara hangs from the ledge you faced, and you're free to Drop Down to the area below. | | | Walk/Jump Forward (Dive) By holding down the Walk button and then Jumping Forward, you can make Lara dive. Although getting into small holes sometimes requires a dive's trajectory, often this is something you do just for style—and to avoid screaming like a banshee as you fall a considerable distance into water. You can also dive on solid ground, but it's practical only a couple of times during the game. And if the drop in elevation is more than a few feet (relatively), Lara snaps her pretty neck. Walk/Forward/Action (Handstand) Hold down the Walk button and press the Forward arrow and the Action button at the base of a ledge and Lara will ascend via the Handstand, as opposed to the regular Pull Up animation.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

Many-Legged Foes (includes: Dobermans, Tigers, Leopards, Rats, Spiders) Another large category of Tomb Raider II opponents is the four-legged vari- ety—and, on occasion, eight-legged. Most of these enemies appear in bunches, and most are much quicker than humans. Of course, you want to stay out of their way. But more than that, you want to kill them quickly, especially if there's nothing nearby to climb. You're just not going to have time to plink away at one while another gnaws your kneecaps. Our recommen- dation here has more to do with weapon selection than anything else: The Shotgun at very close range, or the Automatic Pistols if you have a few seconds to get them out. In targeting packs of pooches or couples of kitties, shoot the closest enemy. By let- ting go of the Action button briefly, you can re-select Lara's target. Sometimes you'll find that the Doberman or Leopard initially closest will pause in its advance, and you'll keep plugging away at that one while another rushes up to do damage. Keep an eye on the pack, and, if one lags, make sure you save it for last. Airborne Foes (includes: Crows, Eagles) The feathered fiends of Tomb Raider II don't require a lot of tactical analysis. You just have to get them in your sight and get off a few good shots to send them fluttering earthward. Still, it's worth noting that they cast shadows a couple of seconds before attacking—a welcome tip-off—and tend to travel in pairs or flocks. They'll also attempt to circle around behind you, so give Lara room to backpedal, and don't overlook the Roll as a means of quickly changing direction. Underwater Combat (includes: all enemies that swim) Our first note on underwater combat is the biggy.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

Don't do it unless you absolutely must. f The thing is, fish of all kinds travel in schools, and there’s just & not enough time to kill three Barracudas. Two invariably close the 23 gap while you're hurling Harpoons at another. Get out of the water and shoot them from the shore, or Lara's probably fish bait. Sharks: Tough to kill before they close the gap, and fully capable of killing our heroine with one chomp. Swim in a straight line to get away from them, only dodging if you're swimming directly at one, or if one behind you opens its mouth to take a bite. Frogmen: It's possible to *dogfight" with one in a large underwater area, but two (or more) are real trouble. They shoot Harpoons very rapidly, while Lara must pause LOS RAS E EE aines PEERS A Ki after every third shot to reload her own Harpoon Gun. If more than one is present, head for shore and whip out the heavy artillery on solid ground. If you're fighting with one, swim away from him. When you hear the plink of his weapon, change direc- tion quickly, and the Harpoon will miss the mark. When you've opened up a gap, Roll and fire. Lara’s Arsenal Only a few weapons from the original Tomb Raider made it to the sequel, and some of the new toys provide its biggest combat thrills. A few notes, then, on properly applying Lara’s arsenal, culled from extensive field tests. Pistols Use them whenever you can to conserve the other weapons’ ammo. Use them to shoot fish in pools when you’re standing on the shore, or enemies with no distance attack who face some structural impediment to closing the gap. Shotgun Use on packs of animals and on nearby human foes.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

As soon as you're on dry land, get mobile. Use the green terrain near the base of the Great Wall, and then Jump Up/Pull Up to reach the top to return to the locked Guardhouse door. Fig. |-4, The 4uardlonse Key waits BEC An WISMETivA Lev cave, in the nal valley lelow the Great Wall. Guardhouse Step back as you open the Guardhouse door and deal with the nasty group of Spiders that scuttle in your direction. Even after you can enter the Guardhouse without tar- geting arachnids, you'll hear those scuttling sounds. That's because there's one last pest up the ladder. It guards the Rusty Key that fits in the lock beside the interior Guardhouse door. Cobwebbed Hall/Skeleton Room Put the Rusty Key in the lock and traverse the hallway toward a room with a Skeleton. It lies near some Shotgun Shells and a Large Medi Pack. More Spiders drop in front of you as you enter the room, and another creeps up from behind. If you Roll when the Spiders drop into the room ahead, you can charge the one in the hall- way before turning to deal with the room’s inhabitants. Pull the block and exit the room, sliding down a slope to a landing near a pool of water. Dart Trap Hop into the pool, turn left and wade over to the wall. Jump Up/Grab/Shimmy Right to the far corner to avoid the dart trap. Swim beneath the water to the exit, surfacing in the corner to avoid the @ darts coming from the center of the doorway. Pull Up into the hall- ¥ way, and save the game. — Rolling Boulders This is Tomb Raider IPs first real test. In the hallway ahead, 4} collapsing panels lie over pits of spikes. You must hurry over @ the panels and through the door at the far end of the hall, which seals behind you.


Tomb Raider II Official Strategy Guide

You must charge down the hall, Jumping Forward over each blade in rapid succession. Once you make it past this initial gauntlet, you must deal with another set of crushing spiked walls. How you deal with them depends on whether or not you intend to stop for the level’s second Secret. If not, simply zig left into the relative safety of the hallway beyond. There are collapsing panels in the floor there, as well, but the walls that threaten to close in and spike you actually stop halfway: You're safe if you stick to the right side of the hall. Hall of Spikes Stick to the right wall, and traverse the hallway with spikes closing in from the left. Panels collapse as you pass. Stop shy of the ramp at the end of the hall and pivot on the edge of the decline. Slide Backward/Hang/Drop/Jump Right to land on another collapsing panel that deposits Lara safely as another spiked wall closes in the room above. SECRET Secret 2: Jade Dragon Claiming the Jade Dragon from its obvious spot in the hallway is a risky endeavor. The trick is to run down the preceding hallway (the one with the blade traps) along the right wall. When you jump the last blade trap, Jump Forward and hold down the Left directional button. That should bend your trajectory in midair and deposit you atop the Jade Dragon. Press the Action button to claim the prize quickly and move into the adjacent hallway before the spiked walls can close. Cross the initial collapsing panels and hug the right wall: The spiked walls that threaten to puncture Lara from the left will stop halfway, so she’s safe keeping to the right. Rolling Blades Step into the cavern and Walk Forward until you can bend down for the Small Medi Pack.


Things Of Science (1970) Electricity

Gradually bring the rod toward the plastic strip. Note that it is repelled by the rod when it comes within a half inch or so of it. This is because a field of force exists around a charged body, called an electrostatic or electric field. A force is exerted on any charged body that 8 enters an electric field. If it is oppositely charged it is attracted and if it has a like charge it is repelled. ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE If a greater number of electrons are present at one end of a wire than at the other, a potential difference exists between the two. An electrical pressure is set up that pushes the free electrons toward the end with fewer electrons. This force that causes electrons to move toward the area deficient in electrons is called the electromotive force or voltage. For an electric current to flow, the electrons must move and in order for them to move there must be a difference in potential. The main purpose of batteries and generators that supply our electricity is to create and maintain a potential differ¬ ence to provide a constant flow of current. By convention, an electric current is said to flow in the direction a positive charge would move, i.e., toward the nega¬ tive charge. However, the actual flow of electrons, as in metallic conductors, we now know, is in the opposite direction— the negative charges move toward the positive. In the experiments in this unit, therefore, we shall always consider the current as flowing in the direction taken by the electrons. 9 CHEMICAL ACTION Electricity may be produced by several means—friction, mechanical action, chemi¬ cal action, heat, light, pressure and nuclear energy. Mechanical action and chemical action are the most common means of producing electric energy. Mechanical action is used to supply the electricity in our homes and chemical action produces the electricity from cells and batteries.


Things Of Science (1970) Electricity

The repelled hydrogen ions eventually come in contact with the copper. When this happens, each hydrogen ion takes on an electron from the copper wire causing the wire to be¬ come positively charged. Two hydrogen atoms combine to form hydrogen gas (H 2 ) seen as bubbles on the copper wire. The acetate ions (Ac - ) may combine with either the copper or zinc ions to form copper acetate and zinc acetate. Some of the copper ions are repelled by the zinc ions and return to the copper wire, pick up electrons and return to their solid state. As a result of these actions, an excess of electrons occurs at the zinc terminal and a deficiency at the copper end and an electromotive force is set up due to the potential difference. A flow of the excess electrons from the zinc to the copper terminal occurs along the insulated wire. These electrons are taken up by hydrogen ions and some of the copper ions. The zinc continues to go into solution, replacing the loss and at the same time pushing hydrogen and copper ions toward the copper terminal. The flow of electrons will continue until the zinc is all used up or the circuit is broken. You have constructed in this experiment, 13 the simplest form of electrochemical cell, called a primary cell. The copper and zinc are the electrodes, connected by an ex¬ ternal conductor (the insulated wire), and the acetic acid is the electrolyte. You can form a primary cell in a similar way using almost any two different metals, and a suitable electrolyte. Some metals ionize more readily than others and in making an electrochemical cell, the metals are chosen according to their relative activi¬ ties. The elements have been arranged in a table according to their tendency to ionize. This is known as the electromotive series.


Things Of Science (1970) Electricity

The negative electrode is zinc, shaped into a can to hold the electrolyte, a solution of zinc chloride and ammonium chloride in water with manganese dioxide added to prevent bubbles from accumulating on the carbon rod. A dry cell is not really dry. It is called a dry cell because the electrolyte has been made into a paste so that it cannot spill. Electrochemical cells like those used in automobiles in which the solution is in liquid form are wet cells. The potential difference of a particular type of dry cell is always the same, whether large or small. The size of a cell does not affect its electromotive force and there¬ fore, its voltage, since the potential differ¬ ence is determined by the chemical re¬ action resulting from the composition of the electrodes and the nature of the electro¬ lyte. If you examine the wrapper on dry cells of different sizes, you will find that they are all marked 1.5 volts. Making a cell larger, however, will increase the amount of current it can deliver because there are more ions present to do the work. Although single cells are often called batteries, technically a battery consists of two or more cells. 16 If you wish to obtain more power, you may connect several cells together in series and form a battery. When cells are ar¬ ranged in series, the voltage of each cell is added to that of the others. With three cells, you would have a battery of 3 x 1.5 volts or 4.5 volts (Fig. 3). —WV— 3 load or resistance (R) Fig. 3 Batteries may also be formed by con necting the cells in parallel (Fig. 4). Fig. 4 In a parallel connection, all the negative terminals are connected together and all the positive terminals are joined. The emf of this battery is the same as that of a single cell and, therefore, is equal to 1.5 volts.


Monterey news

In an effort to address this diversity the program will include New Orleans Dixieland, contemporary and fusion jazz, and jazz Brazilian style. As we have in the past, the council is working to bring the best available talent to Monterey; we have had to set the dates to suit those of these performers. As of now the program will begin on Friday evening, August 12, with the gala art show opening and reception. Included will be chamber music, jazz, and refreshments. Saturday, August 13, will be JAZZ from noon to early evening with three or four groups ina variety of jazz styles. On Sunday the art show will continue until three in the afternoon. The council is now preparing its annual mailing with all the details. Watch for it some time in late June or early July. — The Monterey Arts Council MONTEREY RESIDENT RELEASES FIRST RECORDING « Safe to Dream by Anson Olds presents his musical skills as contemporary folk singer, composer, guitar flat-picker and yodeler. Of special interest are five songs composed by Anson since he has been a Berkshire resident. Several other Monterey people assisted in the creation of the album including Bonner McAllester on hammered dul- cimer and Melinda Olds, recently of Monterey, on harmony. Storrs Olds co-produced the recording with Anson, and Emily Hyatt composed one of the songs as well as doing the photog- raphy for the record jacket. The Monterey Arts Council made a generous grant to Anson to assist in the cost of pro- ducing the album. Anson has been pursuing, for over ten years, his single-minded goal of being a skilled musician and performer. To implement this, he studied American music at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington, and studied under champion guitar flat-picker Roger Ferguson and champion yodeler Bill Staines.


Monterey news

From Cairo she went to Vir- ginia for two years of college, until her parents considered her old enough for her real goal —the Art Institute in the big city of Chicago. After three years of study in the non-commercial course, she took an additional year at the University of Chicago and emerged with a’Bachelor of Fine Arts. That was followed by study with Reginald Marsh at the Art Students League in New York. Together with Marjorie McLaughlin, a fellow graduate of the Institute, she opened Gallery House in Chicago. It served as a showplace and salesroom for the work of other young artists and was partially supported by the sale of antiques. But it burned, quickly and totally, after three years. Since it had been their residence too, Edith and Marjorie were freed of all types of material possessions. They put their dog, their cat, and their car on a train a few months later and came to Monterey in April of 1942. Raymond Ensign, Dean of the Art Institute in Chicago and owner of Brookbend Inn in Monterey, had introduced them to the town, and they had previously spent two summers here in a rented cottage. Almost immediately in 1942 they bought the house, outbuildings, and land where they have lived ever since, remodeling, enlarging, and gardening. Edith has painted and sculpted steadily down the years. She has a strong talent for portraiture and reads and remembers faces as others read print. Her works have been exhibited, among other places, at the Art Institute of Chicago, Oakland Art Gallery, Cleveland School of Art, Yale University, and- the Thayer Museum. Three of her portraits in oil hang in the Illinois State Capitol building in Springfield. Many of her pictures appear to be allegorical: the figures stand in dramatic or ceremonial relation to each other and are sometimes surrounded by emblematic objects and animals.


Monterey news

Watching these five closely, I have noticed one is dominant. He often chases the others, though not assiduously. Probably. this is the territorial male, the one we hear singing in the tree- tops. He will tolerate the other four in his territory as long as they refrain from singing. If they start, he will drive them off for good. | These grosbeaks arrive here in early May, after a migration from Central or South America. By this time our winter gros- beaks, the evening grosbeaks, have moved north to their own breeding grounds. We usually see the rose-breasteds high above the ground, in the tops of the tallest trees, because that is where they com- monly sing. But they nest much closer to the ground, building — loose twiggy structures in bushes and lower branches on the . edges of clearings or fields, about ten feet above the ground. The male and female work together on nest-building, incuba- tion, and care of the young, and both sexes sing. 2 3 It is unusual, in a species in which he is so gaudy, for the male to incubate the eggs. Most incubating male birds are pro- _ tectively colored so they won't give away the location of the nest. But these nests are always in such dense foliage that they ! are difficult to spot, even with a carmine-breasted, high-contrast male on the eggs. Sometimes the males even risk singing on the nest: “At Concord, Mass., by the river side, there was at one time a nest in a tree that overhung the roof of the cabin, and the male bird sitting there commonly sang while on the nest. When a hawk flew overhead he continued to sing, but so reduced the volume of the song that it seemed to come from far away, rais- ing his voice again when the hawk had passed on.


Monterey news

Eleanor Kimberley : MUCH DISCUSSION OVER BOAT RAMP ON BEACH At a public hearing held by the Monterey Conservation Commission on May 23 the Park Commission presented its Notice of Intent for a proposed boat access road across the southern end of the present Town Beach. As described in the Notice, the road will be 12 feet by 75 feet and will run adjacent to the fence between the beach and the Wilson/ McLaughlin property. Twelve inches of existing material will be removed and replaced by a stable combination of gravel and a blended material called “airport mix.” The road will provide entry to Lake Garfield from Tyringham Road to fishermen and duck hunters year round. However, it will only be open to motorized vehicles until June 15 of each year, remaining closed to these until September 1. This re- striction, the Park Commission feels, will enable swimmers to enjoy the beach undisturbed, except for hand-carried fish- ing boats and canoes, during the swimming season. No boats will be allowed to be refueled on the ramp, and there may be a restriction on size of motors allowed. Concern was expressed by the people who attended the hear- ing about safety, water pollution, increased wave action on the lake shores, parking, and the inappropriateness of the site as compared with other options. It was explained by Conservation Commissioner Jed Lipsky that some years ago, when the Town received state money to build a new road and dam on Lake Garfield, the obligation by the Town was to. provide a public boat ramp. One way or another the construction of that ramp has been postponed un- til now. Until this year, Kinne’s Grove on Route 23 has pro- vided access to boats and sportsmen without restriction. Now | the owners of Kinne’s Grove have limited the use of their ramp to residents of Lake Garfield, fishing boats, sailboats and canoes.


Monterey news

Then back to the Keys to stay five months. Tim spent Chri ‘ mas there with me, and my two nephews, both New Englande 5 and their families, visited me in the sun. Now I'm getting anxious to get home: getting my own na! from Wally, coffee at the store, the smell of the forest, and being with all my friends. ; Sincerely (and also lo\ Joan W. Reed MONTEREY WASTELINES - In case you weren’t at the Annual Town Meeting (you had a ‘death in the family, say, or the cows got out), let me tell you that the good citizens went ahead and passed an old-fashioned recycling ordinance for our future solid waste handling. Some- where about the end of the year or early next year (the Select- men will announce when we will start) the state-owned plant in Springfield will be ready and we will start saving a separate trash can of tin cans, bottles & jars, foil, and certain other things, all mixed together. When we go to the transfer station we'll toss this co-mingled recrement in a separate dumpster, and it will get hauled to Springfield. We won't pay any tipping fees at all on that junk, and it will be cleaned up and sorted by machine and by workers, and sold to industries which can use the materials. This is an exciting program, and Monterey is in good com- pany supporting it. Sandisfield, Sheffield, Stockbridge and a bunch of other towns all over western Massachusetts have signed on, too. It will take some work later by all of us. But for the summer, let’s congratulate ourselves on our civic wisdom and take a short break from garbage guilt. — Wayne Burkhart “FREE TENNIS LESSONS On your court by Full-Time Teaching Pro (USPTR) 0 emcee ea Also: Free racket stringing in return for use of court for practice.


Performance analysis of noncoherent DPSK with various diversity combining techniques over a Rician fading channel

The separation between successive time slots must equal or exceed the coherence time (A/)c of the channel. Here coherence time is defined as ML--5-. Bd (1) where Bd is the Doppler spread of the channel. A slowly fading channel provides a larger coherence time. Space diversity (antenna diversity), which is widely used because of its simple and economic implementation, uses a single transmitting antenna and several receiving antennas. The receiving antennas must be placed sufficiently apart to have significantly different propagation delays to each antenna. Generally a 10-wavelength separation between any two antennas is considered to be sufficient. Angle diversity (direction diversity) requires a set of directive antennas where each one responds independently to a wave to produce an uncorrelated faded signal. In Polarization diversity, only two diversity branches are available. This is achieved when signals that are transmitted use two orthogonal polarizations. The advantage of frequency and time diversity compared with space, angle and polarization diversity techniques is that the number of transmitting and receiving antennas does not need to be increased. On the other hand, they require a wider bandwidth. To obtain a performance improvement, the information from the diversity branches must be combined efficiently. For this purpose a number of powerful and robust diversity combining methods is examined to combine uncorrelated fading signals obtained from the diversity branches. Diversity combining can be accomplished before or after the signal detection. If the diversity combining is applied before the signal detection, it is called pre-detection combining. Conversely, if it is done after the signal detection, it is called post-detection combining. In reference 1, equal gain combining and different orders of selection combining techniques (SC, SC-2 and SC-3) are investigated for noncoherent Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) in a Rayleigh fading channel. The bit-error rate performance of the diversity combining methods shows that combining the two or three largest signals (SC-2 or SC-3) offers significant performance improvement over just selecting the largest signal component and the performance improves as L increases.