Nestar File Transfer Servers Carry Loads Electronic Design Jun 82

Reprinted from ElecironicDesign OFTARE File-transfer servers carry big loads between LANs Large collections of data move efficiently from one local network to another, keeping distant offices closely linked. By transferring text, program, and data files be- tween work stations, local-area networks provide such automated services as data sharing, communications, and distributed processing within the office. The next step is to supply such services on an interoffice basis, by transferring files between different networks or between remote mainframes and local networks. But whereas the buffered packet-switching gateways nor- mally used between work stations are suitable for real-time exchanges of brief messages, they will prove inefficient for internetwork transfers of larger collec- tions of data. A more effective solution is specially programmed microcomputers called file-transfer servers. Packet-switching gateways transfer uninterpreted packets of bits, with no particular relationship nec- essary or recognized between packets and with no memory of previous operations. File-transfer servers, on the other hand, can recognize and manipulate whole, related collections of data compatible with high-level operating systems. Most local-area networks built around microcom- puters assign certain stations to the performance of specific network tasks (Fig. 1). For example, to allow users to share expensive peripherals, such as hard disks, all commands to access hard-disk data are ad- dressed to a station assigned to be a network file server. This microcomputer is the only machine that directly accesses data on the mass-storage devices in question. User work stations often communicate with server stations by creating request files that are stored on shared hard disks. For example, work stations shar- ing printers execute print-request software and cre- ate print requests via a file server (Fig. 2). A microcomputer assigned to be a print server runs Joseph Malone, Manager Nestar Systems Inc. 2585 E.


Bayshore Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. 94303 under applications software that allows the microcom- puter to control multiple printers. Print-request programs, run by the users, not only create print requests but also store them on system hard disks. The print server, via a network file server, reads these requests and fills them. Print-request files include such parameters as files to be printed, where on hard disks the files are to be found, printer setup (forms, ribbon, etc.) to be used, number of copies, page length, and page title. One or two file-server and print-server stations are usually sufficient to handle the needs of 30 or 40 user work stations on a given network. Gateway servers can help Should a user wish to communicate with a file server on another network, he may address his net- work file-server commands to a gateway server on his own network (Fig. 3). This machine, connected to both networks, functions as a real-time buffered packet repeater, relaying user keyboard information and re- quests from one network to another. If a user wishes to transfer text, data, or program files to or from storage devices on another network, the transfer command may be sent to a server station assigned to file-transfer activities. If the file-transfer server is connected to both networks, it can accom- plish all requested transfers by itself. If the second network is remote, the first file-transfer server may be connected via a modem or other communications link to the second one. Server work stations are software-intensive. In fact, network performance, often presented in terms of hardware and compatible operating systems, is quite sensitive to such server work station software, and may be degraded if it is poorly written. In a typical implementation, user and server sta- tions bootstrap according to a hierarchy of start-up files (both text and program) stored on shared system disks ( Fig. 4).


Each type station maintains a set of virtual volumes in the shared memory; these are for- matted to look like floppy disks and contain the sta- tions’ current operating systems, start-up files, data, text, and programs. Systems & Software: LAN file-transfer servers At power-on, the station automatically bootstraps from a ROM chip within it, and reads its network profile file. This file contains the name of the station’s boot volume, whether the volume is to be boot- strapped automatically or not, access rights to be set for the station’s volumes, the names of any shared network library volumes, and the station’s name. Next, any start-up commands on the station’s boot- strap volume are read and executed. These commands will specify which portions of the network’s mass stor- age are to be made automatically accessible and which application programs are to be loaded and executed. In turnkey applications, consequently, the user need only turn on the work station. Automatic boots- trapping, profiling, and start-up files then configure the station automatically, setting system defaults and bringing the appropriate application prompting mes- sages onto the screen. Programs for server stations are loaded and run automatically in the same way. Command files and Cartridge tape backup Dual 8-in. floppy disk 14-in. Winchester disk Network Apple Il configuration commands within the program set the system parameters that determine the schedule of server activities (for example, how often electronic mail will be forwarded to a remote network). File-transfer servers run in two modes, which may overlap: a periodic, scheduled mode controlled by com- mand files and time-ordered command queues; and a demand-transfer mode controlled by real-time user input of commands and schedules (Fig. 5). In the scheduled mode, the program, using a net- work clock-calendar, checks shared memory for files (via the file servers) to be moved to other shared storage devices either on the same network or another network or to any CPU on those networks.


Data and program files on a local network are accessed via a microcomputer assigned to be a network file server. Real-time, buffered packet-switching with other networks and mainframes occurs using a microcomputer assigned to be a gateway server. A file-transfer server is used to move files between networks and to or from mainframes. Systems & Software: LAN file-transfer servers Say a branch office needs to obtain new product data from the main office immediately. A request is addressed to the file-transfer server, which passes it along to the main office. The required product infor- mation can be returned in the same way. Remote com- munications are available through dial-up, leased, and hard-wired communications circuits. In either mode, the FTS acts as a compiler and executer, keeping a time-ordered queue of commands to execute (Fig. 5). The two modes may overlap if, for example, a user Action on peripheral or internetwork transfer Server station Automatic bootstrap Server station profile Start command text file Application program files Application command files Format files Virtual volume issues a request that requires scheduled operations. In today’s corporate world, mainframes own the data, and local-area networks frequently serve as data- analysis tools and adjuncts to the mainframes. In such systems, central mainframes and their connected lo- cal-area networks also provide support for branch- office local-area networks. These distributed branch networks receive administrative and product infor- mation daily from the central site and return sales and inventory information. User station Automatic bootstrap ROM ROM User station profile Data and commands Start command text file Application defaults text file User application program files Virtual volume Data and commands File server 4. User and server microcomputers run under network-application software. A nested series of start-up bootstrap programs allows fully secure turnkey systems.


Wait for next event Construct time- ordered queue of real-time or one-time-only request file events Requeue event for later action Check for incoming request Discard event 5. File-transfer servers run in two modes, which may overlap: a periodic, sheduled mode controlled by command files and time-ordered command queues; and a demand- transfer mode controlled by real-time user input of commands and schedules. Systems & Software: LAN file-transfer servers fault parameters, may be overridden by direct user transmissions to the FTS station, or by an FTS dis- covery of a set of request-for-service files that previ- ously have been created by users on the network’s shared hard disks. In general, software for a file-transfer server is not particularly sensitive to the language in which it is written, although the low-level network access drivers and the drivers for communication-line access should be written in low-level language. Otherwise, the soft- ware need only be compatible with the operating sys- tem under which the server is running. It is important, however, that the file-transfer server understand all network protocols for naming files. In the case of the Cluster One system, file nam- ing is hierarchical, so that, the file-transfer server can manipulate complete trees and subtrees of network file server files with one command. In addition, the FTS will need to manipulate files formatted for use within various operating systems. Creates a message User (mail file) station 1 (sends message to user Stations 2, 3, and 4) Ret (reads and files messages) User station File server Branch office network Its software must know the internal structure of op- erating system disks in order to be able to extract and move files from within them. The software also must provide security and access control. Within the network, the network file server maintains a secure file system with controlled access governed by passwords.


FM 34 130 Intelligence Preparation Of The Battlefield

It describes IPB, its use in directing the intelligence effort, and its role in driving the staff's planning for contingencey or combat operations. It prescribes the procedures followed in performing IPB and illustrates the application of IPB in various situations. This manual is intended to serve as a guide for the use of IPB by units of all types, at all echelons, across the entire spectrum of conflict, and during the conduct of any mission. It does not contain all the data required to conduct IPB, such as specific information on threat doctrine or equipment capabilities. Rather, it is intended as a guide for applying the fundamentals of the IPB process to any situation. No part of this document should be construed as limiting commanders' freedom of action or committing commanders to a fixed or particular course of action (COA). Nor should it be construed to imply that all IPB products must be prepared by all commands in all situations. Commanders should apply the doctrine and information presented in this manual in any manner appropriate to their particular situation and mission. This manual is intended for Army commanders and staffs at all echelons. It applies equally to the Active Component (AC), United States Army Reserve (USAR), and Army National Guard (ARNG). It is also intended to be of use to commanders and staffs of joint and combined commands; Marine and Naval forces; units of the Air Force; and the military forces of allied countries. This field manual is printed in multicolors to clearly portray the IPB process. This color is unique to this manual and is not to be confused or related to the color keys normally associated with standard topographical symbols. This manual does not implement any International Standardization Agreements. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.


This is a listing and discussion of the COAs available to the threat. These COAs should exactly correspond with the enemy COA models developed in step 4 of the IPB process. 1-5 FM 34-130 Paragraph 5, CONCLUSIONS, is derived from the evaluations made during the IPB process. Here you summarize the effects of the battlefield environment on friendly and enemy COAs, list the set of probable threat COAs (in order of probability of adoption), and list the threat's exploitable vulnerabilities. IPB and the Decision Making Process Commanders and staffs use the decision making process to select a COA and develop an operations plan (OPLAN), operations order (OPORD), or fragmentary order (FRAGO) that implements it. The results and products of IPB, conveyed in the intelligence estimate, are essential elements of the decision making process. Accordingly, the major IPB effort occurs before and during the first of five steps in the decision making process. The decision making process is a dynamic and continuous process. The staff continues to estimate the situation as the operation progresses, adapting the command's COA to unforeseen changes in the situation. The IPB which supports the decision making process must also remain dynamic, constantly integrating new information into the initial set of facts and assumptions. The relatio nship of the IPB process to each step in the decision making process is discussed below (see Figure 1-1). Mission Analysis: In this step IPB products enable the commander to assess facts about the battlefield and make assumptions about how friendly and threat forces will interact on the battlefield. The description of the battlefield's effects identifies constraints on potential friendly COAs and may reveal implied missions. It also identifies opportunities the battlefield environment presents, such as avenues of approach, engagement areas, and zones of entry, which the staff integrates into potential friendly COAs ana their staff estimates.


Battlefield areas. 2-5 FM 34-130 each of the characteristics of the battlefield environment you identified as exerting an influence on available COAs or command decisions. Base the limits of the AI on the ability of the threat to project power or move forces into the AO. Also consider the geographical locations of other activities or characteristics of the environment which might influence COAs or the commander's decisions. Consider also any anticipated future mission or "be prepared" and "on order" missions identified during mission analysis, and determine their effect on the limits of the AI. Finally, consider changes in the command's battle space as a result of maneuver. An additional consideration would be to divide the AI into several components, such as a ground AI, an air AI, or a political AI. Such a division accommodates the types of information relevant in each AI as well as their usually different geographical limits. The air AI, for example, is usually larger than the ground AI. Within this extensive area, however, only activity related to the projection of air power is of interest. Although you might develop ana consider the various Als separately, at some point you must consider them as an integrated whole to ensure that you present the commander with a complete, integrated description of the battlefield. For the air AI, include a consideration of altitude. When conducting air defense related IPB, the AI should extend upwards to the maximum service ceiling of the threat's aircraft. When conducting aviation related IPB, the AI should extend to the maximum service ceiling of the friendly aircraft or the maximum effective altitude of threat air defense systems, whichever is greater. One of the primary considerations in establishing the limits of the AI is time. Base the time limit not only on the threat's mobility, both ground and air, but also on the amount of time needed to accomplish the friendly mission.


Although observation is essential to effective control of fire, the best observation does not guarantee the best field of fire; you must also consider the availability of cover. For indirect fire weapons, consider only the nature of the terrain in the target area and the amount of protection it provides from those weapons. Combine the analysis of each factor limiting observation and fields of fire into a single product. This is usually an overlay with areas of poor observation and fields of fire marked by parallel diagonal lines or cross-hatching. It identifies the areas where a unit is vulnerable to observation by intelligence collection systems or engagement by threat forces. Use these products to help you identify potential engagement areas and evaluate A As. To complete the analysis, identify areas that offer positions overmatching areas of vulnerability. This helps you to identify defensible terrain, potential battle positions, and possible locations for intelligence collectors. If time and resources permit, prepare terrain factor overlays to aid in evaluating observation and fields of fire. Consider the following: • Vegetation or building height and density. • Canopy or roof closure. • Relief features, including micro-relief features such as defiles (elevation tinting techniques are helpful). • Friendly and threat target acquisition and sensor capabilities. • Specific LOSs. Another technique which aids an evaluation of observation and fields of fire is to conductor request LOS studies. Some commands ( such as sign al units, MI units, and ADA units) have a great need for LOS analysis (see Figure 2-6), LOS studies aid in site selection for specific systems requiring direct LOS. Normally, you request or conduct LOS studies after the evaluation of the terrain's effects on observation have identified areas for likely employment of these systems. Concealment and Cover: Concealment is protection from observation. It can be provided by woods, underbrush, snowdrifts, tall grass, and cultivated vegetation.


Evaluating observation may require LOS analysis • Identify and evaluate AAs. • Identify defensible terrain and potential battle positions. • Identify potential assembly and dispersal areas. Concealment and cover are desirable for both the attack and the defense: • If an attacking force can move forward under concealment, the chances of achieving surprise increase. If a force can move protected from the threat's fire, the attack will be more effective. Concealed and covered approach routes are important to reconnaissance units, dismounted infantry, and insurgent or terrorist forces. 2-13 FM 34-130 • Defending forces seek to defend in an area which offers both concealment and cover to themselves but which does not provide covered approaches for the threat. Rear area units seek deployment areas and movement routes that are concealed from threat intelligence collection systems and provide cover from deep attack systems, including Levels I, II, and III rear area threats. Concealment and cover are desirable during force movements by any means. Units always seek to maximize— • The concealment and cover of their own forces. • Their observation and fields of fire into potential threat positions or threat AAs. Obstacles: Obstacles are any natural or manmade terrain features that stop, impede, or divert military movement. Some examples of obstacles to ground mobility are buildings, steep slopes, rivers, lakes, forests, deserts, swamps, jungles, cities, minefield, trenches, and military wire obstacles. Obstacles to air mobility include features that exceed the aircraft's service ceiling, restrict nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flight or that force the aircraft to employ a particular flight profile. Examples are tall (greater than 75 feet) trees, towers, buildings, rapidly rising terrain features, mountains, and smoke or other obscurants. An evaluation of obstacles leads to the identification of mobility corridors. This in turn helps identify defensible terrain and AAs. To evaluate obstacles— • Identify pertinent obstacles in the AI. • Determine the effect of each obstacle on the mobility of the evaluated force. • Combine the effects of individual obstacles into an integrated product.


If standard symbology does not exist, such as in the case of unfoldable rivers, depict them using wide solid lines, ad hoc symbology, or 2-15 FM 34-130 cross-hatching as appropriate. Ensure that all nonstandard symbols are explained in the graphic's legend. Terrain mobility classifications are not absolute but reflect the relative effect of terrain on the maneuver of combat formations. They are based on the ability of a force to maneuver in combat formations, usually linear, or to transition from one type formation to another, as opposed to simply moving through a piece of terrain. Identifying an area as SEVERELY RESTRICTED terrain, for example, does not imply that movement through that area is impossible, only that it is impractical. Units moving in column formations along roads generally have little trouble traversing SEVERELY RESTRICTED terrain. Additional Considerations: Obstacles perpendicular to an axis of attack favor the defender by slowing the attacker, forcing him into concentrations while crossing or negotiating obstacles, and holding the attacker for longer periods under the fires of tne defender. Obstacles parallel to an axis of advance may give the attacker flank protection but they may also interfere with his lateral movement, employment of reserve forces, and coordination between adjacent imits. To be effective the defender must cover obstacles by observation and fire. However, even undefended obstacles may canalize an attacker into concentrations which are easier to detect and attack. Terrain considered SEVERELY RESTRICTED for one unit may pose no obstruction to the mobility of another unit. For example, a dismounted infantry unit could easily negotiate a hilly, forested area that a mounted infantry unit might consider SEVERELY RESTRICTED. Similarly, an attack helicopter unit may consider an area containing several tall towers ana many high tension wires as SEVERELY RESTRICTED terrain while the same terrain would pose little or no obstacle to high performance aircraft operating at higher altitudes.


The classifications are not absolute. Key Terrain: Key terrain is any locality or area the seizure, retention, or control of which affords a marked advantage to either combatant. An example of key terrain is a bridge over an unfoldable river which gives access to the opposite shore without requiring an assault crossing. Another example is a level clearing in rough terrain which is the only accessible landing field for airmobile operations. Key terrain is often selected for use as battle positions or objectives. Evaluate key terrain by assessing the impact of its seizure by either force upon the results of battle. Techniques that aid this evaluation are— • Evaluate the other four aspects of military terrain first and integrate the results into the evaluation of key terrain. For example, if you identify only one valid avenue of approach to the command's objective, then the choke points on that avenue will probably become key terrain (compared to a situation where several A As are available). Ti me permitting , SeejAppendlxA conduct "mini-wargaming" to visualize possible outcomes of battle, for a discussion on now to do this. A common technique is to depict key terrain on overlays and sketches with a large "K" within a circle or curve that encloses and follows the contours of the designatedterrain. On transparent overlays use a color, such as purple, that stands out. In the offense, key terrain features are usually forward of friendly dispositions and are often assigned as objectives. Terrain features in adjacent sectors may be key terrain if their control is necessary for the continuation of the attack or the accomplishment of the mission. If the mission is to destroy threat forces, key terrain may include areas whose seizure helps ensure the required destruction. Terrain which gives the threat effective observation along an axis of friendly advance may be key terrain if the threat must be denied its possession or control.


Likewise, fog will affect US thermal sights less than it will affect vehicles with optical sights only. 2-28 FM 34-130 • Remember that "other characteristics" may sometimes influence threat actions more than terrain or weather considerations. Remember, also, to account for the cultural bias the threat operates within. They will evaluate the same legal, political, economic, and demographic aspects in a completely different manner than US personnel would. The bottom line is to evaluate the battlefield completely from the perspective of the threat. Remember to express this evaluation in terms of UOAs, not detailed descriptions of the analytical factors that led to the conclusions. Focus the commander on concluding statements such as, "Sir, the battlefield environment best supports insurgent attacks on US and host nation (HN) forces near Daleytown. The next best place for their operations is Elkinsville." Be prepared to back these conclusions with the detailed analysis prepared in the previous steps. Communicate the final conclusions from the description of the battlefield environment in written reports such as the analysis of the AO or the intelligence estimate. Distribute the graphic products developed during the analysis and evaluation as needed to support the remainder of the staff and other commands in their own IPB and planning efforts. Evaluate the Threat What Is It? Definition: The determination of threat force capabilities and the doctrinal principles and TTP threat forces prefer to employ. An Example: While planning a contingency show of force operation, a J2 directs the Joint Intelligence Center (JIC) to study the decisions on record of the targeted country's dictator. As a result of this research, the intelligence center produces a model of how the dictator makes decisions, with special emphasis on his tendencies during political crises. Meanwhile, the S2 of the brigade which will conduct the operation does his own evaluation of the threat.


Doctrinal templates are tailored to the needs of the unit or staff section creating them. For example, a division G2 creates a template that differs in scope from that constructed by a battalion S2; the template constructed by an EW section differs drastically from that constructed by an air defense unit. An air defense doctrinal template, for example, would include a description of normal strike package composition, altitudes, time spacing between groups of aircraft, and so forth. Some doctrinal templates consider the threat unit or force as a whole, while others focus on a single BOS, such as intelligence or fire support. Description of Tactics and Options: The threat model includes a description of the threat's preferred tactics. It addresses the operations of the major units or elements portrayed on the template and the activities of the different battlefield operating systems. It also contains a listing or description of the options available to the threat should the operation fail (branches), or subsequent operations if it succeeds (sequels). Even if the threat's preferred tactics can be depicted graphically, the threat model includes a description. This allows the template to become more than a "snapshot in time" of the operation being depicted. It aids in mentally wargaming the operation over its duration during the development of threat COAs and situation templates. The description should address typical tin-dines and phases of the operation (maneuver and support), points where units transition from one formation to another, and how each BOS contributes to the operation's success. Describe the actions of the supporting BOS in enough detail to allow the later identification of HVTs and HPTs. Since the target's value usually varies with its role in each phase of the operation, ensure that you examine each phase separately. Like the template itself, you develop the description of the threat's tactics and options from an evaluation of his doctrine and past or current operations.


As a result, the threat's actual capabilities usually will not mirror the ideal capabilities represented by the complete set of threat models. For example: • The threat's doctrine may call for penetration attacks when possible. Your evaluation of his current strength, however, may indicate that the threat lacks the force ratio he normally considers adequate for a penetration attack. • A terrorist group's normal tactics may call for the use of car bombs or similar devices to tie down emergency services while they conduct raids in other parts of town. Your evaluation of the threat's current logistics status, however, might indicate a critical shortage of explosive materials. 2-37 FM 34-130 Additional Considerations: • Use all available intelligence sources in the evaluation of the threat's current situation. Focus on the effects each incident or fact has on threat capabilities rather than simply enumerating details. • Use the OB files for the particular threat force you are evaluating. Most forces differ from the ideal portrayed in threat doctrine or tables of organization and equipment (TOE). They may be equipped or organized differently, train for special missions, or have a particular record or combat experiences that give them a unique set of capabilities. • In addition to identiying actual threat capabilities, the evaluation may identify additional threat strengths or vulnerabilities caused by the current situation. Ensure you incorporate them into the threat models, the intelligence estimate, and the threat CO As you develop in the next step of the IPB process. • Consider the threat's ability to operate in darkness or adverse weather. This is more than the technical capability of selected items of threat equipment. For example, the threat's tank fleet may be equipped with the latest in night vision devices but the supporting infantry and other arms may not be. • Also consider training levels. A force that frequently trains in night combat may have a better capability for such operations than a better equipped force that seldom trams at night.


The Montana natural resource information subject and geographic index (MNRI) : guidelines for the use of the index

The next prompt will appear- 'Enter a character string:' Type in a keyword and press enter. Quotation marks are not needed around the keyword. The next prompt will appear: 'Do you wish to search for another character string? Y/N' If you have only one keyword then type 'N' and press Enter. Otherwise type "Y' and press Enter; a prompt will appear for the next keyword and press Enter. The computer will automatically bring up the 'Output Choice' menu. Keywords should be typed in exactly as they would appear in a document. If normally separated by a dash in print, then type them in separated by a dash. You will need to properly capitalize any letters normally capitalized, if in doubt use the ADHOC Search option. The program will search for the keywords exactly as they have been typed in. If you type in two keywords the computer will search for all sources with both keywords contained in the keywords, and only those sources with. both keywords wall be retrieved. For example if you enter both Clark Fork and Silver Bow Creek, then only sources containing both Clark Fork and Silver Bow Creek will be retrieved. If you want everything on the Clark Fork as well as everything on Silver Bow Creek, then you must either do two single keyword searches or use the Ad Hoc option. [B] County - Searches the county field for one, or two counties. The county search screen is shown in figure 19. The following prompt will appear: 'Type in the first four letters of the county name:' Type in the first four characters of the county name and press enter. If you want to search for records with more than one particular county in them, answer Y to: 'Do you with to search for another county?' You will be prompted to enter the second county.


The Mirror [yearbook]

The Itawamba Community College Indians had a suc- cessful '93 season, finishing with an 8-2 record. Mis- sissippi Delta and East Mississippi handed the Indians the two losses, but they were big. The outstanding players were Shawn Young, Steve Tutor, Darrell Nicklow, Derick Burks and Chris Wash- ington. Several sophomores including Young, Nicklow, Burks, Washington, Tutor, John Casey and Chris Bu- chanan were selected to play in the Mississippi Junior College AU-Star game held at Northeast, December 4. Young and Nicklow also made the All-Region XXIII team as did freshman kicker Lee Miller and lineman Jason Ferguson. The head coach of the Indians is Jay Miller who finished his first year in that capacity. Miller served as head coach of the North All-Star squad which won the game. This season was Miller's eighth in the Mississippi junior/community college system. The offensive coordinator is Tommy Morton, who has been with the Indians for two years. He has 23 years of coaching experience including 10 years as head coach of the Pontotoc High School Warriors. Anthony Brewer was also in his second year at ICC as defensive backs coach. His experience includes student assistant at Murray State University and defensive back coach at Caledonia High School. Buddy Collins was in his first year as offensive line coach for the Indians. His experience includes assistant coach at Aberdeen, Grenada and Tupelo High School. "Because of what my high school and junior college coaches meant to me, I hope to have the same in- fluence on other people." Coach Jay Miller Football Mini-Division / 53 Indians. . on a roll! FOOTBALL GULF COAST The Indians started with a winning season when they defeated the Gulf Coast Bulldogs in the rain at Fulton, 28-27 in a game dominated by penalties and fumbles, Darrell Nicklow ran the opening kick-off for 92 yards and a touchdown.


The Mirror [yearbook]

Members of the ICC men's basket- ball team include (front, from left) Greg Morris, Tim Crump, Joe Mc- Coy, Cletus Hodges, and Chris Smith; (middle) Jerel Scott, Dustin Wright, Craig Matthews, William Long; (back) manager Eugene Ad- ams, manager Rob Logan, Benjie Ewing, Bradd Ball, Chris McGhee, Obra Carter, Curtis Johnson and Coach Wayne Newsom. Basketball / 69 Lori Russell of Saltillo gets in position to hit the ball. Michelle Minga of Shannon gives it her all as Kim Schukei attempts to tag an op- she hits a ball out. ponent out on first base. 70 / Softball Mini-Division LADY INDIANS SHOW PROMISE The Lady Indian softball team practiced long hard hours in order to strengthen their playing abilities last spring. They played hard and gave all they had to strive for victory. It was a long, hard season, but the Lady Indians played to the fullest extent of their abilities. Due to the number of young players on the team, there were times when the Lady Indians revealed their inexperience. The team was able to overcome the disadvan- tage, and they pulled together as a great group of Softball players. The more experienced players helped their teammates, and this effort enabled them to form a strong team that gave their all. The Lady Indians went 7-13 for the sea- son, but they were each looking forward to returning in the spring of '94 to better that record. "We started to develop a strong building block for future teams. I've seen the talent level rise steadily over the last three years and with future improve- ment, the teams will be a contender for state cham- pionships." Coach David Kelly Softball Mini-Division / 71 ICC Lady Indians give 100% SOFTBALL The ICC Lady Indians put forth a valiant effort during the 1993 season. The Lady Indians played several tough teams.


The Mirror [yearbook]

In playing tennis, the key is how quickly you move and how precisely you swing the tennis racket. Tennis at ICC is played by both men and women. The women's team is coached by Linda Partlow while Paul Johnson directs the men's team. Both teams worked hard during the past season. Members of the teams spent long hours in practice on the court in all kinds of weather to prepare for doing their best. Practice began for both teams in February. Tennis involves both singles and doubles with fast-moving action. Decisions of quick- ness and preciseness are required. The women finished the season with a state crown and Coach Partlow was named coach of the year. "This year's team was very young, but worked hard to have a successful season." Coach Paul Johnson Tennis Mini-Division / 75 Just serve it up, ICC MEN'S TENNIS The ICC men's tennis team was hop- ing to cause a racket this year, and that's just what they did. They longed for a better tennis team and that's just what they got. They defeated Gulf Coast, 8 to 1 and Southwest, 6-3 in early season match- es. They also beat Northwest with a big victory. Although the team didn't finish the season as they had wished, their spirit and optimism made up for it. The play- ers kept on trying as hard as possible. The team also had a "rather unique" member. Bob Willis, a 46-year-old stu- dent. Willis was a history major and part-time preacher. He said he enjoyed playing on the team. This year's team consisted of lots of talent and each player used his talents to have a winning season. "I've had a lot of fun and it's been a great experi- ence." Brian Quinn "Playing tennis was fun. Hopefully, my injury will heal and I'll be back in full swing next year." Shane Homan "I had a great time.


The Mirror [yearbook]

I'm ready for next season." Tommy Miller •♦ 76 / Men's Tennis Brian Quinn shows off his back- hand during a match. Steve Ward aims at the ball before he swings. Tommy Miller shows off his fore- hand while Coach Paul Johnson ex- plains the game plan. Men's Tennis / 77 Tennis swings into action WOMEN'S TENNIS The women's tennis team started out slow but finished the season with a winning record. The team consisted of four freshmen and two sophomores, but the inexpe- rience didn't stop their determination to win. The team finished the season with a 7-4 overall record and 5-2 in the con- ference. The team's only losses were to Meridian and Hinds. They also won the state championship title. The state winners were Cashenna McCullough, Crystal Senter and Stacy Christian. Coach Linda Partlow was again named coach of the year in the Mis- sissippi Junior/Community College As- sociation. "Playing tennis at ICC has been a great experi- ence. I have enjoyed every minute of it." Crystal Senter "I've enjoyed playing ten- nis. It has been a fun sea- son with lots of compe- tition." Karen Killough "Winning the state title was very memorable for all of us. This has been a great year." Cashenna McCullough 78 / Women's Tennis Cashenna McCuUough aims high to win the point j Crystal Senter shows off her back- hand. Stacy Christian sets up for a fore- hand. Members of the ICC women's ten- nis team include (front, from left) Crystal Senter, Heidi Grubbs, Ka- ren Killough; (back) Coach Linda Partlow, Stacy Christian, Shae Ow- ens, and Cashenna McCullough. Women's Tennis / 79 Gary Enis is congratulated by the other In- Jeff Harmon attempts to pick the dians after another victory. runner off at first base. 80 / Baseball Mini-Division M INDIANS EXCITED ABOUT SEASON Coach Roy Cresap and his assistant coach Mike Patterson are ready for a new season, and so are the players.


The Mirror [yearbook]

"We were exceptionally young with only two sophomores on the team. We did improve as the season went along and should be better in '94." Coach David Rather Golf / 87 Rob Whitehead prepares to return the ball as he participates in an intramural ping-pong tournament. Concentration is the key word for a partic- ICC students play hard as they ipant in the intramural pool tournament. compete in the intramural volley- ball tournament. 88 / Intramurals INTRAMURALS ASSIST IN RELAXATION Intramural sports help students get away from the day to day grind of going to classes and studying. Intramurals also help students to get to know new people and make new firends. The challenge and competition of intramural sports add excite- ment to the lives of the students. Intramurals also teach the participants valuable lessons in good sportsmanship that will continue throughout their lives. ICC offers several different areas of intramural competition during the school year. The sports provide fun and excitement for the participants as well as for those who watch the fun and games. "Intramurals are impor- tant because they give the students the opportunity to have fun and compete." Carrie Ball Intramurals / 89 Clubs offer ICC student involvement Clubs, study groups, teams and band are great ways to be involved in the many ac- tivities at Itawamba Community College on both campuses. ICC offers a wide variety of clubs from dra- ma to nursing to publications and "just for fun'' organizations. Clubs help to get students involved with other students and to spark their interest in either a major field of study or a special interest group. These clubs expand the student's future horizons, leading them down the right career path. Many clubs held fund raisers, and some were in charge of various activities throughout the year. Involvement in student organizations and activities helps to build character and friend- ships that last a lifetime.


The Mirror [yearbook]

Cosmetology Club members include Kim Carpenter, Camille McKinney, Tabitha Harris, Mimi Prather, Tanya Richardson, Michelle Lofton, advisor Tommie Whiteside, Lori Saxon, Cindy Williams, Roxane Hollingsworth, Patricia Norman, Christi Davis, Pierre Keys, Dawn Motes and Mitzi McNinch. Agribusiness Club members include Charlie Hudson, Shannone Hudson, Rosanne Maxcy, Nolan Cochran, advisor Stephen Banes, Jeremy Wood, Marc Payne, Jennifer McMillen, Jason Dickinson, Rose McMillen, and Brian McCarty. Career-Related / 95 ICC students are involved in the arts Itawamba Community College stu- dents who are majoring in art or theatre have an opportimity to enhance their interest by joining a related organization. Delta Psi Omega is a national frater- nity for the dramatic arts. Members par- ticipate in the dinner theatre, the Miss ICC pageant and the spring musical. The Drama Club is for students who display an active interest in theatre and drama. The club's main goal is to help its members acquire an appreciation of the performing arts. The Art Club is open to all students interested in all phases of art. It promotes an interest and understanding of campus and community art. Members traveled to Chicago to tour the Chicago Museum of Art. Art Club members are (first row, from left) Latasha Holt, Jermifer Hood, Marcia Griffen, M, VanDommelen, Tutricia Holt; (second row) Russell Stafford, James Price, Cashenna McCullougl Gina Schrock; (third row) Anthony Patterson, Jason McMillian, Rickey Adams, Mickey Adami! (fourth row) advisors Robert Ring and Tom Douglas. Instructor Tom Douglas gives art students a few pointers about sculpture technique. Art Club members visited the Chicago Museum of Art on their annual field trip. 96 / Theatrical Society /Delta Psi/ Art CLUBS fji^f-^^^ Doris Smith, Stacey Cowsert, Chad Davis and Renae Bullock perform in "A Case of Belong- ing", one of the three-act plays which were part of the Dinner Theatre.


The Mirror [yearbook]

Students receive a $100 scholarship and one hour credit. The Fashion Tribe is chosen through tryouts at the beginning of the semester. The Fashion Tribe not only recruits for ICC, but they gain experience in fashion design and modeling. They also partic- ipate at various luncheons, dinner the- atre, homecoming, and fimd raisers. The Fashion Tribe and Indian Dele- gation are great ways to meet new peo- ple and have lots of fun. Members of the Fulton Campus Indian Delegation include (front, from left) Mary Ellen Boyd, Patricia Enoch, Pil Rae Curtis, Brandie Brown, Brandie Gordon, Leslie Russell; (middle) Allison Ford, ; Carla Chrestman, Cindy Burnette, Kristi Tapp, Merry Gillespie, Candy Cooper, Karen Umfress, Nikki Wilemon; (back) Jay Humphries, Joy Young, Jason Dickinson, James O'Neal, and Mark Duvall. Charlotte King and John Gordon show their style. Amanda Spradling and Joy Young take time out to pose. 102 / Fashion Tribe/Indian Delegation CLUBS Kristi Holcomb, Allison Wallace, Charlotte Bow- en, and Heather Rollison enjoy modeling for the Fashion Tribe. Members of the Tupelo Campus Indian Del- egation include (front, from left) Amanda Hinds, Stephany Whitworth, Suzanne Tacker; (back) Jacqueline Ray, Tiffany McGreger, Shelia Goines, Deborah Douglas, Mary Sheffield, Amy Boutwell, Linda Handle, and Diane Rogers. Not pictured: Julie Rogers Indian Delegation members Trisha Enoch, Kristi Tapp and Allison Ford Brandie Brown, Dawn Malone, and Pil Rae Curtis assist with registration visit with Delbert Turner, ICC alumnus, at a reunion at homecoming. at Homecoming. Fashion Tribe/Indian Delegation / 103 Students work to improve technology The Data Processing Management As- sociation is very active with 45 members. They not only work but also have field trips and social activities including a piz- za party in October and volleyball. The Computer Club has helped many pursue careers in computer-related fields. Some members of the club served as work-study students in the lab.


The Mirror [yearbook]

BSU/Wesley / 107 Clubs make political difference Both the Political Science Club and the Student Government Association teach students about government procedures. The purpose of the Political Science club is to promote the analysis of politics, to perform functions beneficial to the students, school and community; and to provide congenial company for those showing an interest in the organization. One of the purposes of the Student Government Association is to serve as the supreme student instrument for ef- fecting the fulfillment of the objectives of the Preamble of the Constitution. SGA also promotes wholesome school spirit and establishes the highest standards of ethical conduct. The Student Court is responsible for appeals for students. Fulton Campus Student Government officers include (from left) Nan Davis, secretary; Charlotte King, treasurer; Cashenna McCulIough, vice president; and Stacey Jones, president. i Tupelo Campus Student Government Associ- ation members conduct business at their regular meeting. Jennifer Tanner is one of several ICC Fulton Campus students who cast their ballots in the Homecoming election. 108 / SGA/Pol Sci/Student Court ^. CLUBS Mike Eaton, Student Government Association sponsor, discusses plans for the new year. Student Government Association members on the Tupelo Campus are (front, from left) Teresa Swanson, Amanda Hinds, Suzanne Tacker, June Young, and Becky Whitt; (back) Mitzi Chism, Wes Grissom, Jack Tate, Debbie Douglas, Amy Birmingham and not pictured: Natacia Payne. Political Science Club members are (front, from left) Scott Green, Wesley Holley, Shannon Clark, Thomas Jackson; (back) Danni Bessey, Mandy Tutor, Jessica Waldrop, Kathy Bagwell, Pil Rae Curtis and Charlotte King. Student Court members are (front, from left) Pil Rae Curtis, Tracy Evans, Jennifer Coleman; (back) Scott Todd, Lamorris Shelton and Kathy Bagwell. SGA/Pol Sci/Student Court / 109 Students learn to communicate with others The French and Spanish Clubs at Itawamba Community College give their members the opportu- nity to understand and experi- ment with the cultures of foreign countries.


The Mirror [yearbook]

Through trips and guest speakers, members learn to ap- preciate their neighbors. Writing is also an important fac- et of communication. The Projec- tions staff on the Fulton Campus is responsible for the college lit- erary magazine. It also provides an avenue of self-expression for students through poems and sto- ries. Spanish Club members are (front, from left Taylor Riley, Brian Loden, Ted Sheffield, Charles Lockhart, Shannon Ward; (back) Rinna West, Pil Rae Curtis, Lakeita Williams, Stephanie Gaveau, Alana Tucker, Jennifer Freeland, Kim HoUey, Mandy Cockrell, Tammy Lockridge, Emily Lauderdale, Tammy Cannon and sponsor Pat Bishop. Rinna West and Emily Lauderdale look at a foreign culture magazine. Rinna West shows Tammy Lockridge a souvenir from Mexico. 110 / French/Spanish/Projections CLUBS Advisor Pat Bishop and Chris Cook look at fa- mous French paintings. French Club members include (from left) Jen- nifer Freeland, advisor Pat Bishop, Kim Easley, Amanda Bray, Carly Martin, Carla Williams, La- Wanda Prude, Stephen Davis, Phyllis Murry, Justin Pittman, Stacy Jones, Angela Owens, Chris Cook, and Tom Wood. Projections staff members are (front, from left) advisor Ken Bishop, Emily Bean, LaWanda Butler, Benny Glasgow, Kelley Young; (back) Brandt Ham- mock, Stephen Davis, Thomas Jackson and Jesse Espinosa. Advisor Pat Bishop and Chris Cook read about France. French/Spanish/Projections / 111 PTK recognizes achievement Phi Theta Kappa is a national honors society recognizing the academic excel- lence of community college and univer- sity students. Students must have at least a 3.6 grade point average to become a member. Throughout the school year, PTK sponsors several events and activities to promote academic excellence including Honors Day, which recognizes the out- standing students in each department and division on the Fulton Campus. The tutoring program is a major ac- tivity for the chapter. Students who need assistance in a variety of subjects can benefit from the program which is free.


The Mirror [yearbook]

HOSA/Phi Theta Kappa / 113 Students strive for successful future careers Students in business-oriented careers may take advantage of membership in Students in Free Enterprise and Phi Beta Lambda. SIFE is a Fulton Campus organization that informs the nation and the com- munity about the budget and what cit- izens can do to help in times of economic crisis. This year, SIFE members partic- ipated in Free Enterprise Month and En- tiepreneur Day, both held in February. Phi Beta Lambda is a business-related organization with chapters on both the Fulton and Tupelo campuses. The club's main objective is to prepare students to take their place in the job market. Fulton Campus members sponsored the Most Beautiful pageant in October. Members of both chapters worked toward com- petition in the spring. SIFE members are (front, from left) advisor Susan Loden, Heather Davis, Trisha Enoch, Nan Davin Charlotte King, Jamie Owen; (middle) Stacey Jones, Sonya Montgomery, Wesley HoUey, Jennifet! Coleman, Kim Vaughn; (back) Sandra Wilson, Rhonda Hardin, Charissa Garrison, Chris Cook, Grant Spradling, and Amy Johnson. SIFE vice president Stacy Jones talks about the club's upcoming events. Jacqueline Ray, a member of the Tupelo Campus PBL Chapter, talks with Dean Charles Chrestman. 114 / SIFE/PBL CLUBS SIFE secretary/treasurer Nan Davis talks about club projects at a meeting of the business ad- visory board. Tupelo Campus PBL members are (front, from left) Raffieal Wallace, Lisa Southward, Diane Bean, Annette Hampton, Sonya Craven, Mary Ann Wallace, Stephany Whitworth, Becky Whitt; (middle) Sandra Lindsey, Kathy Cope- land, Tammy Jackson, Jacqueline Ray, Teresa Swanson, Mary Sheffield, Tiffany McGregor, Cindy Russell; (back) Doris Buchanan, Marsha Ray, and Travis Westbrooks. Fulton Campus PBL members include Shannon Clark, Arline Halloway, Teresa Hamner, Donald Bowden, Michelle Pierce, Amie Gillentine, Yvonne Lavanchy, Regina Brown, Christy Young, Jennifer Young, Kim Goree, Pam Bishop, Tammy Lockridge, Michelle Moss, Jennifer Dees, Michelle Burrell and Deidre Chambers.


Montana economic study; research report

L 5.2 Most of the industries classified as trade, service, or finance share a number of common characteristics. In the first place, they are derivative industries, serving the local population and dependent upon what this study calls primary industries (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, 3 railroads, and federal government) for grov.th. There are exceptions, of course: those retail and service establishments which serve out-of-state travelers and vacationers can be regarded as export industries, and thus they too can provide a basis for economic growth. Special services- - medical services, for example- -which attract large numbers of persons from outlying areas can also frequently be termed growth industries . In the pages that follow, special attention will be given to the place of these industries in the state econc: . The trade, sendee, and finance industries are labor-intensive; productivity per worker is low and is not increasing very rapidly. The small size of many firms, particularly in sendees, tends to limit the economies of scale which could accrue to larger units. The limited increase in output per worker is one reason why employ- ment in these industries since World War II has grown more rapidly than inmost other industries. While agriculture, manufacturing, and mining, for example, have met increasing demand for their output with fewer em- ployees and thus account for a declining share of total employment, the trade, service, and finance industries have required an increasing share of total employment to satisfy the growth in demand for their services. Tnis is true both in Montana and the United States. 3. "The Montana Economy," Research Report of the Montana Economic Study , pt. 1, chap. 2 (Missoula, Montana: Bureau oF Business and Economic Research, University of Montana, in progress) , p. 2.14. 5.3 Low productivity usually means low wages, and workers in Montana's trade, service, and finance industries are paid some of the lowest wages in the state- -especially those in retail trade and services.


Montana economic study; research report

Department of Commerce, Census^f Business: 1967, Selected Services, Montana, table 1, p. 28-5. 5.26 places, automobile agencies and gas stations, and hotels and motels--has increased more rapidly than the total number of nonagricultura] wage and salary workers in the state, but at the same rate as total employment in the trade and service industries. What changes, if any, may be occurring among the mix of travelers --Montana residents versus out-of-state persons, business versus nonbusiness travelers- -remain a mystery. The only posi- tive statement which can be made is that overall travel appears to be increasing, but no more rapidly than other activities which affect the trade and service industries. In view of the dearth of information about Montana's tourist industry, it is well to keep in mind that when enthusiastic supporters of travel promotion label tourism "the state's third most important industry" they do so without documentation or proof. It is not surprising that people would look to travel and tourism as a vehicle for development in Montana. The state's natural beauty, the presence of Glacier and Yellowstone National Parks, the mountains, the lakes, and the fishing streams offer many opportunities for outdoor recreation, Yet forecasts as to the extent of the growth of travel and recreation fre- quently seem unrealistic. In the foreseeable future, most Americans will continue to work five days a week and most annual vacations will last only two or three weeks. This will be true particularly for those in professional or managerial positions- -members of those affluent groups whom the state would like most to attract. There is also the problem of competition; the hopeful dialogue about the rich possibilities of tourist travel is being repeated in all of the western states. These states also have national parks, lakes, and ski 5.27 areas. Several of them are closer to major population centers than Montana; frequently their public transportation facilities, particularly for air travel, arc superior to ours; often they offer a greater variety of attractions, with metropolitan centers a; well as well-developed out- door recreational facilities.


Montana economic study; research report

Because of the lack of data, it was not possible to project the number of self-employed persons in these industries. The tendency toward fewer small businesses in retail trade has already been noted; however, it is possible to envision some increase in the number of self-employed service workers. Among the conclusions that can be drawn from these projections are the assumptions that, one, the overall expansion of retail trade in Montana may slow rather dramatically and, two, that the growth of employment in the service industries probably will exert downward pressure on per capita income in the state. Such generalities, of course, conceal many different influences at local levels. There are cities and towns in Montana which in recent years have experienced a respectable growth, among them Billings, Bozeman, 39. Table 5.1; and "The Montana Economy," Research Report of the Montana Economic Study, pt. 1, chap. 4. 5.46 it Falls, Havre, Helena, Kalispell, and Missoula. It. should be noted that only 4 of the towns --Billings, Missoula, Havre, and Helena iched or exceeded the 28 percent increase In retail sales recorded nationally, and that Havre showed up poorly in the service industries. 4° It is worth noting, too, that three of these cities- -Bozeman, Great Falls, and Helena- - are heavily dependent upon government activities. Nevertheless, Ln most cases these cities will continue to increase their stature as trade centers during the next few years. The outlook for many small towns in Montana can only be described as grim. Some are close enough to larger cities for residents to commute to work. Some, especially in western Montana, are supported by activities (such as wood products) which can be expected to continue or even expand. But many a small town in rural Montana, with a clientele limited to farmers and ranchers, has almost no way to go but down.


Montana economic study; research report

Fuel plants are privately owned and must be deducted from total privately owned capacity before computing the proportion of hydroelectric capacity in private ownership. 6.21 • Ly because other national priorities have evolved. With the exception of the most recent federal Installations --Yellowtail Ham 011 the Big Horn River near Hardin (completed in 1967) and Llbby Dam--recent additions to generating capacity have been In the form of privately owned steam-general Lng plants using coal for fuel. One remaining hydro site- -the Knowles Dam site on the Clark Fork- -has been recommended to Congress for authorization by the Corps of Engineers; a counter proposal for its development has been made by The Montana Power Company. Most of the direct sales of public power in Montana go to two industrial firms- -the Anaconda Aluminum Company at Columbia Palls and Stauffer Chemical at Butte. Both these operations were established in the 1950s to take advantage of low-cost power from Hungry Horse Dam. The Bonneville Power Administration, which markets federal power west of the Continental Divide, and the Bureau of Reclamation in eastern Montana also sell power to private utilities and to rural electric cooperatives. Because of the federal dams located within its borders , Montana is a net exporter of electric power. With the completion of Libby Dam, which will offer no low-cost at-site power and will transmit most of its power to the Pacific North- west states, the proportion of power exported from Montana will increase. Montana's private utilities west of the Continental Divide --Montana Power and Pacific Power and Light- -also are a part of the Northwest regional power system. Montana -Dakota Utilities in eastern Montana is tied to the West Central system. The discussion on coal ~n the minerals chapter of thi~ report indicates that steam plants will in the future assume greater importance in Montana, and that such plants producing power strictly for export are I I I I 6.22 a possibility.


Montana economic study; research report

As a result six state institutions are located in that area. They arc the state capitol at Helena, the prison at Deer Lodge, the state hospitals at Warm Springs and Galen, the Boulder River School at Boulder, and the Mountain View School at Helena. Thirty-one percent of the population of the state now lives more than 200 miles from these institutions- -and 200 miles is still at oo least a 3 -hour drive under the best of conditions. Other cases could be cited; the dearth of public health services in sparsely settled eastern Montana has drawn considerable attention in recent months. It would be pleasant to be able to report that a satisfactory solution was in sight, that there was a more or less painless way to provide more and better government services for Montana residents. Unfortunately, the outlook for economic growth in the state gives little hope that revenues for state and local government will become more abundant without new sources of tax revenue and a heavier per capita tax burden. Readers interested in the state's fiscal problems should consult the Montana Fiscal Affairs Study, to be published in 1970. The foregoing paragraphs and the accompanying tables have provided a brief survey of changes in state and local government employment in Montana and have compared the number of workers providing various govern- ment services and the amount of per capita expenditures for these services with the averages for the 50 states . The intent has been to provide some idea of the financial effort Montanans make to provide governmental services and to point out some of the difficulties involved. 28. Based on "Population Estimates for Montana Counties as of July 1, 1968" (Bureau of Business and Economic Research) . 7.30 But employment in state and local government, like that in any other industry group, also has an economic effect on the state.


ပပ်ႉ ၵွၼ်းၶေႃ မၢႆ 5 freedoms way vol.5 (1988) English

Many leaders in the same mold can be produced by the adoption of this type of leadership. After victory, a rehabilitation program needs to be chalked out on democratic lines. This will permit contenders to inititiate competative measures to work in constructive ways in all spheres of life. 22 > “> -- REscSSs Freedom's Way Without progress and prosperity, there can be no peace. Therefore, to attain peace all will have to co-operate to work hard together. In short, winning freedom is our priority, after which we must up a systematic program to build up peace and pros- perity, It isto this end that we are following our leader. However, there may be certain groups of people who are not in favour of our movement, especially our enemies, who try to undermine the movement by calling it a gang plagued by Warlordism, Fascism, Dictatorship and the likes, We must be careful of such kinds of subversive rumuors, and turn a deaf ear to such gossip. Such remarks are coined with the aim of splitting our unity, We must not let ourselves be misled by them. Should there be anyone who is lacking in conviction among our group, it is our duty to clarify the facts and defend our policy It is to be remembered that there are two distinct types of people: ideologists and pragmatists. None can be both an ideologist and a pragmatist. For instance, Alexander the Great and Aristotle; each was an expert in his way, and neither could act in place of the other. In the same way, there have been various types of leaders in the world, such as Fede] Castro of Cuba, Dr. Sun Yat Sen of China, Dr. Rizal of the Philippines, etc. All these men possessed qualities needed to lead their respective countries. Likewise, a Shan State leader needs particular qualities, and the most important quality is the ability to lead the Shan State people to freedom.


Later on, when it was decided that the place was ideal for putting up the Aung San statue, the blackmarketeers, presumably was ideal for putting up the Aung San statue, the blackmarketeers, presumably afraid to 24 : 88x88 Freedom’s Way embarass the fallen martyr’s eyes, moved to the party mem- bers’ quarters. After serving the families of party members, it finally settled down in the new Sao Sarm Htun Market, thriving better than it ever was. And it was only one of the thousands of towns and cities in the Socialist Burma, which had supposedly freed itself from the yoke of decadent capital- ism more than two and a half decades ago. The obvious fact is that The Burmese Government is in a state of economic bankruptcy. To satisfy their people’s needs, they must either have the means or adeguete foreign currency. And their obvious trouble is they are shockingly short of both. The happy people of Burma, prospering under socialism, need every import item from a cap down to a pair of slippers. Yes, even headache tablets, dry cells for their radios and torchlights, toothpastes, lipsticks and even underwears. And what do the Burmese people have in exchange in order to buy these things without any hard foreign cash? No, the Thais don’t want to have the lowgrade Burmese rice for their meals. No, sir, they are also not interested in trying out the Meittila tetoron fabrics. And of course, why should they wish to ride the Maung Bama bicycles? The only viable mediums of exchange for the cross- border transactions at the present are cattle, antiques, jade and, inevitably, opium. Cattle exports, however, do not constitute as a major medium of exchange for the under-industrialised nation, which for the greaterpart still has to rely on these beasts of burden for their faming.


Mongnainite. 31 China is now practising an Open Door trade policy, and likewise Russia and Vietnam are now trying to open their doors to foreign investors. Only Burma, despite calling itself a socialist country. is not daring to follow the lead of other socialist gover tents. It seems ironic that whileeven the mightiest and most media-exposed leftist countries are ready to experi- ‘ment with adapting their policies to.allow free enterprise and private ownership. such a poverty-stricken and under developed country as Burma.with nothing to lose, is reluc- tant to try relaxing its tightly controlled eceonomy. The reason, however, is very clear. The dictator Ne Win and hisgovernment do not dare open their doors for fear of exposing the t of their cruel and oppressive stranglehold economic ruin. They are choking under the yokeof the government's policy of land nationalization. The constant threat that the military will confiscate their fields has drained them of allincentive to improve their yields. The farmers in Burma have no sophisticated technology. They plough with cows and harvest with sickles. The gover -nment has not even the means to provide them with simple, cheap, insecticide sprays. And yet the government expects the farmers to produce yields that will bring profits on the world market. The farmers are thus caught in a vicious circle. “geese * PErcSSs Freedom's Way They are forced to grow what the government orders, because otherwise they will have their fields confiscated. and yet they have neither the incentive nor the proper technology to produce a satisfactory harvest. The government is now taxing the farmers over ten times more than. in the pre-coup days of parliamentary rul In the past. an acre was usually taxed a mere 5 kyats a year. Now each acre is taxed 2 baskets of paddy. which fetches 18 kyats at the government rate. and 25 kyats on the black market.


Shan State is our own home-land and the Burmans had usurped from us and made it their own. The Rangoom Government tried to run down us by ex- aggerating about the surrender personnel. Actually it was only one or two defectors or quislings. But the Rangoon Government makes a mountain out of a mole and big cere- monies are made just to raise the morale of their troops whose death toll and casualties are awfully higher than ours. Sai Namkhone (24.12.87) "a PEACE AND STABILITY Durma and Shan State Se In any country, whether communist or socialist, or other- wise, PEACE and STABILITY are most important for the well-being of the country and its people. In Burma and Shan State, however, war has been raging for 24 to 30 years with no end in sight. Because the war has been raging for so long, one cannot help but wonder if the people of Burma are not all raving lunatics - the most serious cases holding the reins of power in Rangoon, and the lesser ones commanding various rebel armies. Rangoon says the war is on because the rebels, either feudal or leftist extremists, and as well as narcotics traffick- ers, are opposed to national unity and progress. 37 oS BEscSS: Freedom's Way On the other hand, rebels claim that Rangoon is oppres- sive, racist, dictatorial, and lawless as well - a bunch of rob- ber barons and Hitlerites. In this war, Rangoon has an upper hand because it is able to obtain funds and assistance from various governments, multinational organizations, international agencies, the World Bank - among others - with which to pay its officers, soldiers, buy weapons, and other logistic and military requirements. It is doing its best to portray itself as a force of civilization, law and order, the force of light and reason etc -- blaming every- thing bad ranging from drought to flood, from economic re- gression and collapse, breakdown of social cohesion etc to narcotics, on the rebels.


There are at least three households in each village (at least one member of each such family) suffering from leprosy in the following areas: Muang Sawng-Nong Tao Village circle; Keng Tong-Keng Kham Village circle (the worst afflicted); Nong Lom village circle; Wan Haat Village circle; and Salong Village circle. These areas are along the strip south of Muang Yai bordered by the Salween to the East, and in the West by the Loikaw- Hopong-Loilem-Muang Kung-Kehsi Mansam motor road. As far as can be perceived, no attention is being paid to this serious health hazard by the Burmese government. Leprosy is according to the locals a curse of the gods. Victims are treated as outcasts and thus live separately, a few hundred metres from the main village, preferably upstreams -- from the belief that leprosy germs or carriers do not swim down- stream. This is the only leprosy prevention in force! 55 OV 8 20881 Freedom's Way But how effective this is can be judged from the increase in the number of victims, The locals of course know nothing, and cannot be blamed especially since they are, due to their ignorance, potential victims as well. It is doubtful if Burmese authorities know how many leprosy victims there are in the areas mentioned, and most possibly, do not care. Even if there are local headmen aware of the true nature of leprosy, or that it is curable, nothing can be done because there is absolutely no leprosy treatment or eradication pro- gramme in Shan State. Before 1962-63, there were missiona- ries dealing in leprosy in Panglong and Muang Nai, and slow Progress was being made in keeping leprosy in check. But since the expulsion of missionaries due to their con- nections, as alleged by Burmese authorities, with CIA and SEATO, absolutely nothing has been done in this direction.


There wererumors saying that ex-Brigadier KYAW ZAW (formerly Burma Army but drummed out for commu- nist connections in the late 50s and in late 60s joined the BCP via Lashio, Shan State) & several hundred followers had broken with BA THEIN TIN, current BCP Chairman, and had set up a vietnam spons ored faction in the Shan-Laos border area. The problem with CPB RY one’s judgements of Maa BCP MILITARY 7 Ne orm; Presence the BCP’s strength or otherwise on Rangoon’s reports is that, like all governments with communist insurgency problem, it tends to cut the cloth to fit the needs of the moment, exag- gerating when necessary, and vice versa. Rangoon’s politicking nonetheless, it is amply clear that the BCP is comfortably dug-in in the 60,000 square miles comprising Shan State, & as well, in KARENNI and KA- CHIN states, 61 BEcS8s Freedom's Way In Shan State, BCP units move at will. and, in platoon & company sized fire fights are able to bloody the much praised Burma Army. In fact, BCP fighters have but scant respect for the army’s fighting ability and there is very little the army can do against swift and experienced communist jungle fight- ers. When the army moves in strength, not only do BCP forces disappear, but the army’s practice of press-ganging villagers as coolies and indicipline rampant among Burmese armymen further ALIENATES the local populace -- contri- buting to BCP’s grassroot support. In contrast, BCP troopers behave according to the rules laid down for the Eight Route Army by Mao, and the fact that they are local boys or non - Burmese tribesmen also helps a good deal. What is most important is that the BCP’s Voice of the people radio broadcassts in Shan and tribal languages daily.


Modeling and simulation of a continuous fluidized-bed dryer

Grain Marketing Research Laboratory. vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1-1 Fluidized-bed drying is one of the modern methods for drying. In comparison with the conventional packed-bed or moving-bed dryers, fluidized-bed dryers possess the following significant features: 1. Drying gas is locally mixed intensively during its passage through the bed; consequently, the rate of mass and heat transfer between gas and solids are high. 2. This extremely rapid heat transfer enables relatively high inlet gas temperature to be used. 3. The time of drying is relatively short. Because of its numerous advantages, fluidized-bed drying has been increasingly applied in diverse industries in either the batch or continuous mode. While batch fluidized bed dryers are often used when the production scale is small or products are heat sensitive, continuous fluidized-bed dryers are extensively used in processes closely integrated with continuous production without intermediate storage. Besides, the cost of drying per unit mass of product is relatively smal 1 . Although the theory of fluidization has developed rapidly in the last two decades, this development is not amply reflected in the study and practice of fluidized-bed drying. Conventional models for a fluidized-bed dryer are mainly based on the overall mass and ener- gy balances around the entire dryer. In addition to these mass and energy balances, the models for a continuous fluidized-bed dryer co- mmonly impose assumptions that 1. The bed temperature is uniform. 2. The outlet streams are in thermal and concentration equili- brium. 1-2 3. The fluid-mechanistic behavior of the drying gas is homoge- neous; in other words, the drying gas is not partitioned into different phases of the fluidized bed, such as emulsion and bubble phases. Hence, all these models involve postulates which are not adequately representative of the complicated phenomena occuring in a fluidized bed dryer. This inevitably limits their range of applicability.


In this review, we shall present several n-a examples of each category. For additional examples, readers are refered to the references listed in Tables 1 and 2. Single-stage dryers The best known dryers in this category are cylindrical ones (Fig. 1). Their main advantages are simplicity in construction and operation, ease in maintenance. low cost and the possibility of complete automation. Among disadvantages must be included the relatively large unevenness of drying in comparison with other types of f luidized-bed dryers, and convection of fine particles of the dried material. To increase the uniformity of drying, some dryers are built in a slightly conical form, with a tapered angle of 30-40° (Fig. 2). The ratio of the cross section diameter of the upper part of the chamber to the lower varies within the range of 10:1 to 50:3. Multi-stage dryers Multi-stage dryers are used mainly where, due to the sensitivity of the dried material to relatively long exposure to elevated temperatures, the drying temperature must be low. and. al the same time, where a final low moisture content in the material is required. A two-stage dryer with back- mixing/plug-flow bed (Fig. 3) is suitable for products that initially release their moisture readily and later have a drying curve of decreasing drying rate. These stages are so arranged that the product flow in the counter-current mode to the drying gases, thereby reducing considerably space requirements and construction costs as well as energy consumption. Another example of multi-stage dryers is given in Fig. 4. 1 1 -3 Centrifugal-bed dryers The centrifugal fluidized bed allows table, smooth fluidizalion for large irregular particles of low bulk density at air velocities well above those required for pneumatic transport. High velocities of air flowing in the radial direction permit intensive heat transfer at relatively low temperatures. Thus, this type of dryers (Fig. 5) can be used for initial moisture reduction of sticky, high moisture and heat sensitive materials.


A vibro- fluidized bed can be obtained in apparatus of different construction by means of vibration of the drying chamber, the bottom or baffles of the bed, and also by using special vibrating devices inserted directly into the drying chamber. It has been shown (Slenov and Mikhailov, 1972) that drying in the vibrated fluidized bed significantly intensifies the drying process; the drying rate is increased several folds with the effect of vibration; and sticking of the particles is avoided. II-4 PHENOMENA OF FLUID1ZATION When a fluid flows upward through a bed of solid particles at a rela- tively low flow rate, the particles remain immobile or fixed. As the flow rate of the fluid increases, the drag force acting on the particles will also increase until a point is eventually reached where the drag force is equal to the gravitational force holding the particles within the bed. At this point. the particles will begin to move apart, becoming suspended in the flowing fluid, and the bed will expand upwards. Under this condition, the frictional force between a particle and fluid counterbalances the effec- tive weight of the particle, and the bed is considered to be in the state of minimum or incipient f luidization . If the flow rate of the fluid is in- creased further, the movement of particles is intensified, and bubbling and channeling of the fluid are observed. Such a bed is called a dense-phase fluidized bed, bubbling fluidized bed or, simply, fluidized bed. A still higher fluid velocity results in the solid particles being transported out of the bed with the flowing fluid. A bed under such a condition is termed a lean phase fluidized bed or. simply, entrained bed. Recycling of these carried-away particles by means of a mechanical device, e.g., a cyclone, to the bottom of the bed will give rise to the so-called "fast f luidizat ion" regime, characterized by a high degree of particle turbulence.


Although a substantial number of correlations have been proposed for the bubble size velocity, the semi - empi rica 1 equation proposed by Davidson and Harrison (1963) is overwhelmingly popular; it is Ub " (V°-f> + 0-71K8V0-5 <22» This expression has been shown experimentally to give a good estimation of the bubble rise velocity (Kowe and Partridge, 1965, Kunni and Levenspiel, 1969) . Gas movement and gas mixing. The pioneering work by Davidson and Harrison (1963) on the characteristic features of a fluidized bed in the light of fluid mechanics has paved the way for the later systematic studies on the subject. The model suggested by Davidson and Harrison inciudes some bold assumptions: (1) the original two-phase theory of Twoomey and Johnstone (1952) is valid and (2) the bubbles are circular in shape and behaves as if they were in inviscid liquid. Although the model is simple, it correctly predicts some significant flow characteristics, including the flow pattern of gas and movement of solids in the vicinity of bubbles, pressure distribu- tion, and the formation of cloud verified experimentally by Rowe (1964). The assumption of circular bubbles is obviously an over-simplified one. Experimental evidences show that a bubble normally has an indented base of solid particles, which is defined as the wake region. A theory based on this more realistic picture of bubbles has been proposed by Murray (1965). A variety of models have been proposed for the mixing of gas in the emulsion and bubble phases. These include, among others, the plug flow, perfect mixing and dispersive flow models. The flow of gas bubbles is usually assumed to be in the plug flow mode, that is, individual bubbles rise at a uniform velocity without coalescence. This is obviously an over- simplified assumption. Nevertheless, it is widely employed and yields surprisingly good predictions. No definitive experimental evidence is available to base the assumption about the flow pattern through the emulsion phase; thus, widely varied flow patterns are assumed in different models.


DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLIDS The drying characteristics or a given species of solid under specified conditions of the drying medium are required to set up drying schedules and to determine the size of a dryer. These characteristics are often reflected in the drying rate curve. A typical drying rate curve is represented in Pig. 11. While different soiids and different conditions of drying often give rise to curves of very different shapes, a drying rate curve usually exhibits two major parts. the so-called constant and the failing rate periods, as marked on the figure. Constant Drying Rate Period The mechanism of constant rate drying is that of evaporation from a liquid surface with little interference by the presence of the solid (Nonbehel S Moss, 1970). The resistance to mass transfer is usually assumed to be completely in the boundary layer of the drying gas. Though solid may aTfect the properties of the liquid surface so that the rate of evaporation is somewhat different from that obtained with a pure liquid, this solid effect is relatively small. It. often corresponds to a reduction in the evaporation rate of not exceeding 20% (Nonbehel & Moss, 1970). The rate of drying in the constant, drying rate period is determined by the rate of vaporization of the liquid from the drying surface into the main body of the gas stream. The entire surface of a solid particle tends to stay at the wet-bulb temperature corresponding to the temperature, humidity and quantity of the drying gas. If the condition of the drying gas at the surface of solids remain constant, the surface or wet bulb temperature will also be constant. Consequently, the partial pressure and humidity at the 11-37 surface will be the saturation partial pressure and the saturation humidity at the wet-bulb temperature, respectively. The velocity of the drying gas affects the mass transfer coefficient or equivalently; the resistance to the mass transfer.


These models have incorporated the effect of bubbling characteristics and various mechanisms of transport processes in the bed. Model proposed by Viswanathan and Rao As previously stated, Viswanathan and his co-workers have published a series of papers which eventually have culminated in a comprehensive model for a batch f luidized-bed dryer (Viswanathan and Ran, 1984). Their model is essentially based on the three phase theory of f luidization , which includes 'bubble, cloud-wake and emulsion phases (see Fig. 12 for schematic repre- sentation). The tanks-in- series model is assumed to be applicable to the emulsion phase; in other words, the emulsion phase is treated as being composed of a number of compartments, with emulsion gas being completely mixed in each compartment. Both the downflow and upflow modes (the latter is illustrated in Fig. 14) have been assumed separately for the overall flow of the emulsion gas. In the bubble and cloud-wake phases, the drying gas is considered to be in plug flow. The solids in the dryer are regarded as 11-45 being homogeneous with negligible internal resistance to mass and heat transfer. They are considered to be throughly mixed in the bed. Consequently, the temperature of the bed, the moisture content of the par- ticles and hence the equilibrium surface moisture content of the drying gas are independent of the position in the bed. Furthermore, the drying gas is assumed to be at quasi-steady state with respect to the solids in the bed. This is due to the fact that the residence time of the drying gas is much shorter than the time needed to dry the solids. Thus, the moisture and energy transfer in the gas phase in conjunction with the solids is ap- proximated by that under the steady state conditions. Hased on these assumptions for the change of moisture and energy in various phases, a set of governing equations has been derived.


II -69 Continuous Operation In contrast to a batch fluidized-bed dryer whose content of solid particles is fixed, the solids in a continuous fluidized-bed dryer are constantly added to and removed from the bed. Though a single particle can be viewed as a batch dryer, the performance of a continuous fluidized-bed dryer confining a multitude of particles can not be evaluated by merely considering the behavior of an individual particle. This is due to the fact that the state of the drying gas by which drying characteristics of solids are affected depends also on the flow of solids. Consequently, the modeling of a continuous fluidized-bed dryer is even more complicated than that of a batch fluidized-bed dryer. Relatively little has been published on the modeling of continuous fluidized-bed drying. In the few existing models (see, e.g., Vanecek et al. , 1966; Kunni and Levenspiel, 1969; Palancz and Part.. 1973). it is often assumed that the bed temperature: Is constant and Lho outlet streams are in thermal or concentration equilibrium. The fluid mechanical behavior of the drying gas is considered homogeneous; In other words, the drying gas is not partitioned into different phases of the fluidized-bed, such as the emulsion and bubble phases. Instead, these models are based on the overall heat, and mass balances over the dryer. They do not take into account the intricate transport processes of moisture and energy among various phases, and thus these models are often restricted to specific applications. Mode] proposed by Palancz Recently, a mechanistic mode] has been developed for continuous fluidized bed drying (Palancz, 1983). Inessenced, the proposed model is based on the two phase theory of f luidization . The bubbling behavior and 11-70 its effect on the performance of the dryer are characterized by the visualization that a soiid-free bubble phase exists in the bed and that this phase constantly interacts with the emulsion phase.


The underlying assumptions of this theory are that the bed is divided into two phases, a bubble phase and an emulsion phase (which remains in minimum fluidization conditions), and that the excess flow of the fluidizing fluid above minimum fluidization passes through the bed as bubbles. The fluid in the bubble and emulsion phases and the solid particles are considered to be continua. Additional simplifying assumptions imposed in deriving the present model are as follows: 1. The bubble phase is solid-free and the size of bubbles is uniform and fixed at the so-called effective bubble size. 2. The movement of bubbles through the bed is of plug flow. 3. The clouds surrounding the rising bubbles are very thin, and therefore, the bubble phase exchanges mass and energy only with the emulsion gas. 4. The emulsion gas and solid particles are perfectly mixed. 5. Solid particles are added and removed at a constant rate. 6. The inlet temperature and moisture content of solids are assumed to be uniform. 7. The internal resistance of solids to mass and heat transfer is negligible. 8. Particles are considered to be uniform in size, shape and physical properties. 9. The temperature and moisture content of each particle depend on its age, t , that is, the length of its stay in the dryer. III-2 As a consequence of assumptions 4 and 5, the residence time distribution function for solids under a steady-state condi- tion is 1 Cs f(t ) - ^ exp(- 3 (1) 10. Viscous dissipation is negligible. 11. The changes in Che physical properties of both solids and drying gas due to the change of temperature are negligible. These assumptions give rise to the mass and energy conservation equa- tions for each phase of the f luidized-bed dryer. Mass Conservation Equations A- Bubble phase. A steady-state moisture balance around the controlled volume depicted in Fig. 2 gives (see APPENDIX A) Ub dxb b with the boundary condition: 0 (2-b) Integration of eqn.


It has given rise to a fairly rigorous mechanistic model for a continuous f luidized-bed dryer. Based on the model, the numerical simulation has been conducted for the purpose of investiga- ting the influence of the various operating parameters. The results indicate that the performance characteristics of the dryer are affec- ted significantly by the superficial gas velocity, inlet temperature of the drying gas, mean residence time of the solids and dryer-wall temperature . In drying, the moisture content of the drying gas is appreciably increased by evaporation of moisture from the solids. Consequently, a substancial amount of energy is transfered through this moisture migration. This factor is taken into account in the present model. In contrast, the existing comparable model proposed by Palancz assumes that the specific heat of the drying gas remains invariant. Results of simulation have proved that this assumption leads to an over-estimation of the temperature and moisture content of the solids. It is unlikely that the moisture content of the drying gas on the surface of a particle can undergo a discontinuity as suggested by the existing model. The present model does not contain such a discontinuity, and thus is more rational in expressing the heat and mass transfer relationships between the drying gas and solids. In the modeling, it has been assumed that cloud does not exist around the bubble. This is often true in the case where bubbles are small as they leave the distributor and move slowly to the top. When IV-2 the bubble has grown sufficiently large to have cloud, three-phase model should be employed to include the transport processes occuring in the cloud. It is worth pointing out that even though particles in both the emulsion and cloud-wake phases are commonly assumed to have residence time distribution of the completely mixed type, they should be treated differently because of their different moisture contents and mean residence times.


Montana outdoors

Bureau of Land Managemeni Photo Breedng pairs of Canada geese are attracted to islands on small and large water areas throughout the Hi-line area of the ]Malta Bureau of Land Manage- ment District. This region is but ten percent of the continent's total duck production area, but it produces more than half of North America's ducks. Up to 80 per cent of all mallards and pintails are produced in the pothole country in addition to great numbers of blue- winged teal, baldpate, and gadwall. These "puddle" ducks prefer the small water habitat characteristic of the prairies in contrast to "divers" such as redheads and canvasback which normally nest in larger marsh- es or wetlands. Much of the loss of critical water- fowl breeding and nesting habitat has been offset through construction of stock ponds, particularly in eastern Montana. Nearly 8,000 of these ponds have been developed by the Bureau of Land Management in eastern Montana, and these attract breeding pairs of mallards, pintails, teal, gadwalls, and baldpates, the blue-ribbon ducks of the Central fly- way. An untold number of ponds have also been constructed on pri- vate and state lands in the same area. In addition, this prairie region con- tains a large number of potholes of glacial depressions which fill during wet years providing additional "bonus" habitat. The pond construction program has taken on even greater dimen- sions within the past ten years. Canada geese now nest on stock ponds as small as two surface acres if suitable nest sites are available. This local breeding population of geese has established itself naturally as a result of this attractive "new" habitat. With such a natural breeding base, an expansion of this population to other pond areas with suitable nesting habitat is inevitable. The Canada "honker" is known to have a strong homing instinct.


Montana outdoors

The Bureau of Land Management has now modified the reservoir de- velopment program to provide bene- fits beyond the initial purpose of livestock water. Stock ponds are an excellent example of modifying a going program to provide additional benefits fcr wildlife. Frequently, if the modifications are initiated at the time of construction, they can be done with little or no additional cost. Guidelines for certain modifications have been developed through a joint effort by personnel from Mon- tana State University, the Montana Fish and Game Department, and BLM Vv''ildlife Specialists and Engineers. Emphasis is presently being placed ori guidelines involving island con- struction and shoreline manipulation. Small islands are frequently planned into the actual construction phase. The value of islands to nest- ing geese and various species of ducks, such as gadwalls, scaup, and teal, is well known. Island habitat provides greater security for nesting waterfowl and will enhance brood survival to the flight stage. Nesting success for geese on islands has been reported as high as 90 per cent compared to 20 per cent on the mainland. Island construction is pos- sible by cutting off peninsulas, throwing up dirt mounds on delta areas, and isolating natural knolls or humps during the construction op- eration. Opporlunities also exist for island construction on existing ponds under the regular reservoir maintenance program. Islands are easily thrown up during periods of low water levels with earthmoving equipment or with a dragline. Other modifica- tions include leaving irregular shore- lines and short peninsulas to produce ideal breeding and loafing areas for many species of ducks. Such irregu- larities, rather than a smooth "bowl- shaped" effect, adds that bit of pri- vacy which nesting waterfowl seem to prefer. Future pond construction on public lands will be justified more on the basis of multiple-use benefits rather than single purpose.


Montana outdoors

Bureau of Land Manayenienl Photo An existing stock dam where islands are being thrown up with a dragline during maintenance operations. benefits for waterfowl. Nesting cover adjacent to ponds is important to ducks and geese and are of special interest to BLM's new livestock graz- ing systems. Habitat losses will continue to be paramount in the minds of persons having a deep interest in the well- being of migratory waterfowl. Like- wise, the responsibility for creating and maintaining suitable habitat for these unique birds will be a keynote for BLM resource people managing the public lands of Montana and the Dakotas. Director's Column Season Setting Procedure Early in March, the Commission will meet and set f nal deer, elk and bear seasons for 1970. The tentatives, which are the Department's re:om- mendations for seasons, were com- piled in early-January. They were mailed to sportsmens' and agricul- tural organizations and other inter- ested conservation groups for evalu- ation and comment. It is hoped that anyone who desires to comment on these recommendations will do so. This is an extre.mely important part of our season setting procedure. The public must be brought into the pro- gram and a review of the procedures the Department uses for seasons may be in order. A Commission policy governs the opening date of the general big game season. This date has teen set o'-. the third Sunday in October. It is neiessary to establish a firm opening date so that people can plan their hunting well in advance. Consider- able time was spent in analyzing the various land-use patterns and land user conflicts before it was de- termined that the third Sunday in October is best suited to the Mon- tana situation. The Departments recommendations for seasons, the tentatives, have been available for the public to examine for some time.


Montana outdoors

We cannot make total counts of game animals in herd units. This is an almost impossible task; however, we can deal with trend information showing whether the basic herds are increasing or de- creasing. Classification counts are also made that give information on animal productivity. These counts show how many calves or fawns were produced per adult. When all information is evaluated, game man- agers have necessary information to determine whether the food supply on critical winter areas is adequate, whether the trend in animal popula- tions utilizing this food supply is up or down, and how game is produc- ing. The harvest situation is evaluated. This is done on the basis of checking station information and mail ques- tionnaires. This information is com- piled by hunter districts. When hunt- et harvest information is plugged into other data relating to welfare of the animals, the type of season nec- essary to maintain, increase, or in certain instances, decrease the size of a herd can be recommended. The information is then presented on a district basis where all of the field personnel are involved. They may accept or change the recommenda- tions according to other local infor- mation available. The district super- visors forward their recommenda- tions to the State headquarters. The Fish and Game director's staff exam- ines all district recommendations and makes necessary changes in order to make the separate proposals fit the state-wide game management pic- ture. These proposals, then, become the tentatives and are mailed to co- operators for comment. This is an important step in the entire process. It gives our personnel an opportunity to meet with the various interested groups and discuss the seasons rec- ommendations. It provides the de- partment and cooperators with an avenue of communication and through this avenue, we the public can be better informed.