General—Governors considered that His Majesty’s Government’s pro- posals had generated widespread interest and goodwill and that we should AUGUST 1945 35 endeavour to retain the initiative and divert political! energy into legitimate channels. They then examined possibility of action at Centre or in Provinces or both. 3. Future of Central Government.—Possibilities put to Conference were: (1) attempt to form “political” Executive Council on lines discussed at Simla but without Muslim League; (2) retention of present Executive Council; or (3) reconstruction of Executive Council with a view to improve its efficiency and ensure the respect if not the support of the Legislature and the political parties. Governors advised definitely against (1) and (3). They felt, though some of them with regret from their own Provincial standpoint, that dis- regard of Muslim League would be unsound and dangerous. They also felt that if we could not establish “political” executive radical change in present Council would be unpopular and unwise. They therefore advised in favour of (2) subject of course to any individual changes I might think necessary. 4. Timing of Central elections —All Governors except Governor of Punjab favoured Central elections before end of 1945 so as to produce new Assembly for next budget session. Owing to condition of rolls Council of State elections cannot be held until after budget session. Punjab Ministers and Governor fear effect of early Assembly elections on relative positions of Unionist Party and Muslim League in Punjab. 5. Restoration of Ministries in Section 93 Provinces and timing of Provincial elections. —All Section 93 Governors except Bombay favoured early Provincial election and would prefer formation of Ministries to follow and not (repeat not) precede elections. Governor of Bombay said he would like Ministry to take Office first and elections to follow but would fall in with any general policy. Governors of Bombay, United Provinces, Bihar, the Central Provinces said that if they were approached now or after announcement of Provincial elections by party leaders with proof of Parliamentary backing and guarantee of support for war effort they could not (repeat not) oppose the formation of Ministries before elections were held.


The Transfer of Power 1942-7. Volume 6 The post-war phase: new moves by the Labour Government 1 August 1945 – 22 March 1946 (Constitutional Relations Between Britain and India)

General—There was strong feeling that Jinnah’s attitude was obstructive, that dangers and disadvantages of Pakistan both from political and economic point of view should be exposed, and that in particular His Majesty’s Govern- ment should make it clear that they are unable to agree to partition of India on purely Muslim vote. Various methods of bringing Pakistan into the open were suggested, e.g., an examination by Indian politicians; the appointment of a mixed Commission including British and possibly American experts; the appointment of a fact-finding Committee composed entirely of foreign experts; or the formation of a Constituent Assembly. One or two Governors thought that a further declaration by His Majesty’s Government should be made to indicate clearly that Jinnah’s idea of partition on a Muslim vote would not be accepted by His Majesty’s Government. I do not think any of these expedients would work as Jinnah would demand a declaration by His Majesty’s Government of self-determination for the Muslims before the League parti- cipated in any discussions or assisted any enquiring body, while new declara- tion by His Majesty’s Government at this juncture would precipitate crisis without helping us much. 3. Central Government.—Much as I should like to establish a “political” executive I agree with the final view of Governors that it is impossible to do so at present. An executive dominated by prominent Congress politicians with a non-League Muslim element would not work and would lead us into grave dangers. On the other hand I do not altogether accept the Governors’ view 38 THE TRANSFER OF POWER about reconstruction of the Executive Council. I shall have to think this over and report to you again. Some of my present Indian colleagues behaved badly during the recent political proposals and several of them are incompetent.


I hope this prognosis is not correct, and that we may still have a decently representative interim Government of India in place of the present Executive Council, and without waiting for long- drawn-out discussions over a permanent Constitution. An early date for holding elections in all Provinces we should welcome from every point of view. New Provincial Governments, following these elections, may create an atmosphere for a fresh attempt to reach an interim solution, and it may be more successful than the Simla Conference, especially if the procedure I recommend, namely one based on territorial units and representation of Provincial Governments, were to be followed.” As regards a permanent solution, Mr. Rajagopalachariar presumes that the Labour Government will follow the plan adumbrated in the 1942 Declaration, and suggests that the time-table and procedure should be modified as follows: “Let Provincial elections be held on any early date. Then let each Provincial Assembly vote on the issue of forming a union. We may be sure that at least seven Provinces will vote for forming an Indian Union. All Provinces voting in this manner should proceed with the election of members to the Constitution- making body by the method of proportional representation, and the body so formed should proceed to frame the Constitution for a union. We will thus 1 This summary is reprinted from India and Burma News Summary for the week ending 9 August 1945 issued by the Information Department, India and Burma Offices, p. 5. 2 Sir S. Cripps was reported by the U.P.A. to have said that the Labour government would imme- diately pursue their aims for a permanent settlement of the Indian question and to have strongly implied that new action would be taken very soon ‘probably within a month’. A footnote in the India and Burma News Summary reads: “Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, made the following statement on August 7: “I am sorry that, owing to quite false reports of an interview which did not take place, certain misconceptions have arisen in India as to my views on the immediate situation.


I can well imagine that volume of interest displayed here in the question of executing these long deferred death sentences is negligible in comparison with the agitation against it in India and you must be experiencing considerable anxiety as to whether and to what degree you are called upon to exercise your power to modify the sentences. 3. I fully recognise that there is much to be said for letting the law take its course. The prisoners have been duly convicted after the most thorough hearing and re-hearing of the charges against them, and the appeals which were made on points of law have been carried to and rejected by the highest tribunal. As a matter of policy I recognise that it is essential to protect the police by ensuring that brutal attacks upon them are visited with adequate punishment, and it is no less desirable to avoid encouraging the belief that persistent use of the law’s delays will finally be rewarded by a mitigation of the original sentence. 4. But while allowing all this there are other considerations which I feel bound to mention at this stage. It is now almost exactly three years since the original crime was committed and for over 2} years these persons have been under sentence of death. That is an inordinate length of time in the eyes of public opinion here. It has to be borne in mind also that the majority if not all were cases of constructive murder and there was no evidence of premeditation. The popular demand is not that the sentences should be remitted but only that the death sentences should be commuted as in the case of their fellow-prisoners. 5. There are also considerations of a more political nature of which I feel particularly conscious at the present time.


But they will allow the law to take its course and will try by Court-martial the leaders and those who were guilty of particularly heinous crimes. The offence of going over to the enemy and fighting against his former comrades is the most serious that a soldier can commit. It is punishable with death by the laws of almost all countries, and those who have committed this offence and been recaptured can claim no rights as belligerents or prisoners of war. The Government of India feel however that allowance must be made for the circumstances in which the rank and file found themselves placed after their capture in Malaya and Burma. From that date they were in no position to learn the truth of the progress of the war or to hear any news but false and propagandist Japanese reports. Some of them were misled by this propaganda or gave way to pressure or the desire for better treatment and joined the enemy with no motives beyond an immediate improvement in their living conditions. Those men therefore who seem to have been merely misguided— and they are the great majority—will be treated with clemency. There can, of course, be no question of retaining in the Indian Army anyone who has violated the soldiers’ code and betrayed his companions. Men of this category will therefore be discharged, but, as an act of grace, they will be given leave with pay for 42 days, and will not be required to refund the allowances paid to their families during the time they were in Japanese hands and in Japanese pay. This will be the treatment of the majority of those who joined the enemy. But there are some who were so imbued with enemy propaganda that their immediate release would be a danger to security.


Caroe, omitted.] 20 Field Marshal Viscount Wavell to Mr Pethick-Lawrence L/PO/10/22 PRIVATE AND SECRET No. 30 THE VICEROY S HOUSE, NEW DELHI, 12 August 1945 Hostilities against Japan are likely to end about six months earlier than my Departments here expected, and there will be a good many problems for which we are not yet fully prepared. As soon as the demand for munitions stops, the Ordnance factories will be idle, and a very large labour force will be out of work. The same difficulty will arise to some extent in private industries doing war work, though some of them (e.g., the cotton textiles industry) can con- tinue to work multiple shifts to meet civilian needs. We had hoped to be able AUGUST 1945 59 to see the end coming in time to taper off production and the change from war to peace would have been less of a shock. Another immediate problem will be the winding up of the Supply Department contracts. An elaborate procedure has been worked out for the application of break clauses, and for payment for half finished products and raw materials. But I shall be surprised if in Indian conditions this procedure works smoothly. Many other problems will occur to you, and apart from those concerned with the winding up process we have to consider the resumption of peace-time activities curtailed or suspended during the war, and our various development schemes. My Central Depart- ments which have worked under great strain during the war years, and are not very well staffed, are in for a bad time. I will do what I can to see that the most urgent problems are dealt with systematically. I have written to Provincial Governors drawing their attention to the probable effect of this sudden ending of the war, for the Provinces will have similar problems of their own. 2.


US policy towards the use of Iraqi chemical weapons 1988

UN action would be more immediate but is problematic. (Possinie UN options are Gescribeé at Tab 9.) As a first step at the UN, we anc several of our allies or the Security Council (UK, FRG, Japan) requested on Sepremdec 1z that the UR Secretary General sence a tear of experts to Turkey and Iraq on an urgent basis to investigate reports of Cw use. UNSC Resolution 620 (1986) calls for such investigations when use of chemical weadons in violation of internationel lav is reportec. Wwe are also seeking support for this initiative fre- the Soviets, Chinese, ano others Council members. Assuming Cw use ty Iraq against the <urds is sufficiently Gocumentec, we could then seek Council agreement to take certain actions. The strongest response (an@ most ¢ifficule to achieve) would bv¢ mancgatory sanctions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter. nce: this authority, for example, the ON could impose a total embargo of all exports to Iraq of chemicals and chemical processing ecuioment. The imposition of mandatory UN sanctions would recuire automatic participation by members in the embarco ané would thus eliminate for many countries the neec to seek Gomestic statutory authorities for such action. However, there have been very few cases of mandatory ganctions in UN history end strong orposition would be expected. Possible alternetives incluée Council conéemnation wf Iraq, 4 call on Iraq to Gismantle Cr production facilities, or a renewed call on Membe: states to control exports to Iraq of chemicals ano equiprent used to manufacture CW. There are potentially significant benefits to 4 multinational approach. It would make Iraqi CW use less of a bilateral issue ano Gemonstrate that the international community is prepared to take forceful action against Iraq. It would also strengthen the international standard against Ch use and thus bolster the credibility of our global CW non-proliferetion policy. u.s. efforts to organize UN action against [rag alceaay have triggered a negative Iraqi reaction.


(* 444" FINNEESTLAN HSA A ww. -j3- -- Egyptian forces employed chemicals in the Yemeni civil war during the 1960s. -- There have been occasional, unconfirmed reports of CW vse in Ethiopia and Angola. prafted:INR/PMA: CJefferson/ChcKee:7-8869:9/9/88 peepee BNHARERIOD VO STRAITS Y Overview of the Kurdish Insurgency The Kurds and their Insurgency. A largely tribally organized people of some 15 million, spread mainly in a contiguous area in eastern Turkey, northern Iraq, and north-western Iran, the Kurds have historically formed an indigestible lump in the states in which they reside. Kurdish nationalism, however, has been espoused by only a fraction of the Kurdish population; tribes traditionally opposed to the paramount rebel leaders have. provided loyalist fighters for the governments combatting insurgency. Differences in dialect also have divided. the Kurds and there has been little effort to combine with Kurds in neighboring states to form a wider national movement. The strength of central governments in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran has thus been a major determining element in how serious Kurdish dissidence has been in each state. : wee Iraa In Iraq, suppression of the Kurds was a disaster waiting to happen. Forming sone 4 million of Iragi'’s 18 million population, a large proportion of the Kures in the mountains of northern Irag have historically been at odds with the central qivernment. The military balance of power between these two opponents gradually shifted. By 1975, armed with Soviet supplied weapons, Saddam Hussein's regime so dominated the conflict that even Iranian military assistance was unable to prevent the rout of an insurgency that had continued for over & decade and a half in the hills of northern Iraq under the tribal leadership of the Barzanis. The Algiers accord of 1975 confirmed the defeat of the Barzanis ard their aggregation of Kur@ish clans and tribes. It led to the resettlement of some of the Kurdish population away from the borders with Turkey and Iran.


The remnants of the Barzani organization, egged on by Khomeini's regime and with Syrian assistance, took advantage of the outbreak of the Iran-Iraq war to resume the insurgency in northern Iraq. Saddam Hussein's regime attempted to maintain light control of the Kurdish area through playing off the Barzanis and their traditional rivals, while pelicing the area with locally recruited National Defense Battalions; its crack A SPeRIGK 2 LIT EGADD 2 0 TRICE troops were reserved for policy allowed Kurdish i =>) = use against the main enemy, Iran. This nsurgents great freedom of action in the north, forming a fifth column behind Iraqi lines when Iran launched attacks across after Baghdad's negotiat the border in the region in 1985. Also, fons with Barzani’s traditional rival Jelal Talabani broke down, the Talabanis joined in the insurgency. 19 1987, however, as the Iraqis began to turn the tide of battle against Iran, Saddan Hussein opened a new resettlement campaign to move disside land on the edge of the nt Kurds out of the mountains into flat desert. This campaign involved the use of chemical weapons. It was clear that a3 soon as the battle against Iran permitted, he would settle accounts with the Kurds. Thus, with the ceasefire in August 1988, Iraq threw the full force of its regulac for insurgency once and for resettlement policies. and Iran of nearly 100,0 At the same time, Sa ces into the Kurdish area to put down the all and to enforce even more rigorous This has caused the flight into Turkey 00 Kurds. Adam is doing away with the National Defense Battalions, sending joyalist Kurds instead into the reqular army. This will make sure that the traditional tribal leaders no longer have armed men who could respond to their call. As a result, the customary bases of Kurdish power in the north are being broken and military defiance by the Kurds will become far more difficul c — t in Iraq. 2 eR 3 LIME EAO-1 CO EE IOT ORES ¥ FIMIAAYS AIUTHRENTD 2 ERITREA Y Iran In Iran the Kurdish problem has been less significant, partly because Kurds there number only some 2 million.


CMH Pub 72-32 Mobilization: A World War II Commemorative Pamphlet

SULLIVAN General, United States Army Chief of Staff Mobilization in World War II The modern process of preparing armies for war originated in the middle of the nineteenth century. The recruitment of volunteers to fill the ranks no longer sufficed. Governments turned to conscription, cre- ated huge forces, and harnessed their national economies to conduct war. The word mobilization was first used in the 1850s to describe the preparation of the army of Prussia for deployment. The American Civil War marked the appearance in the United States of the draft and mass armies, along with the organization of productive resources to sustain them. The volunteer tradition of the minutemen was on its way to becoming little more than a sacred memory, and the logistical sim- plicity of the American Revolution was gradually falling by the way- side. The era of mobilization— the reallocation of a nation's resources for the assembly, preparation, and equipping of forces for war— had arrived. The very size of the forces assembled during the Civil War, with millions of men under arms at one time or another, bespoke a new era. Moreover, the principle of a national military obligation was success- fully asserted by both sides, and the Confederacy sought to organize its economy to prosecute the war. In the years that followed, as the United States became an industrial power with interests beyond its borders, this growing stature and the wartime experience in Cuba, the Philippines, and along the Mexican border compelled Congress and military leaders to think more about mobilization issues. In 1903 the Army acquired a General Staff, whose mission included planning for mobilization and defense. Thereafter, signs of a broader conception of the Army's role appeared in revised field service regulations and in training exercises involving ever-larger troop organizations. World War I The United States went to war on the side of the Allies in April 1917 without stockpiles of equipment or plans for creating them.


Goethals of Panama Canal fame in charge. The process forced the Army to settle its own questions of priority before dealing with the board. After the bureaus resolved their internal priori- ties, they sent their requests to the A rmy priorities officer in Goethals' Purchase, Traffic, and Storage Division. There, conflicts among bureaus were resolved before requests went to the War Industries Board. Though success was a long time coming and the effort was always hindered by a lack of data regarding requirements and resources, the board, under Baruch, went a long way toward achieving the central control needed to manage the wartime economy. The industrial performance of the nation in support of mobiliza- tion was remarkable. At the war's end, the United States had an army of over 3.5 million and huge equipment surpluses. There was no longer any question about the nation's ability to marshal the resources for war. As logistics historian James Huston noted, the United States "had revealed the greatest war-making capacity that the world had ever seen." Still unclear was the nation's willingness to learn the war's lessons about preparedness. It was plain that the materiel side of mobilization was the most costly, complex, and time consuming. The war, Assistant Secretary of War Benedict C rowel I said, had "upset the previous opin- ion that adequate military preparedness is largely a question of trained manpower." Thelnterwar Years The next two decades saw the first serious peacetime efforts to deal with shortcomings on the materiel side, but a full awareness of the challenge came only gradually. The National Defense Act of 4 June 1920 charged the assistant secretary of war with planning for industrial mobilization and responsibility for the War Department's procurement. The act represented a first step toward recognizing that modern warfare, with its demands for huge mechanized ground forces armed with sophisticated weapons and the ability to move over large fronts, demanded that the entire national economy be harnessed.


Recognizing the scope of this relationship between the economy and the capacity to make war, Baruch suggested in the 1920s that mobilization be placed on a broader footing. He proposed planning for procurement of industrial materials in wartime through joint commit- tees of industrialists and military officers. But his suggestions were never acted upon. At the time, America had retreated into isolation- ism, and the prospect of having to engage in another large conflict seemed remote. So, recognition that mobilization required government control of the economy did not lead immediately to the establishment of a central mobilization planning agency. With the assistant secretary in charge, actual planning for identifi- cation of the Army's needs was done in the War Plans Division of the General Staff. Two major innovations marked the early years of Army staff planning. One was the establishment of the joint Army and Navy Munitions Board in June 1922. This board, made up of the assistant secretaries of the two services, brought the Navy, a potential competi- tor for wartime resources, into the planning process. By 1929, the board adopted a joint strategy, and, two years later, the board expanded to include a permanent executive committee. The other innovation was the creation of the Army Industrial College, the first institution of its kind. The one-year curriculum gave officers the chance to study mobi- lization from a wide variety of perspectives. Faculty and students con- tributed to the preparation of the industrial mobilization plans that emerged in the 1930s. The establishment of the board and college showed vision and an understanding that mobilization transcended the Army. In 1923 the General Staff produced its first peacetime plan for the assembly of an army. The plan called for six field armies with a strength rising from 400,000 on the day of mobilization— known as M-day— to 1.3 million in four months and increasing every month thereafter.


It acknowledged that the availability of supplies and equip- ment determined the rate at which troops could be absorbed. However, the plan neglected the critical issue of the resources needed to create the supplies on which mobilization depended. It assumed that produc- tion would adjust to strategic plans, expanding when necessary and contracting when not. It also left unresolved the question of whether different plans were needed for different contingencies. This initial plan incorporated the outmoded World War I concept of M -day as the basis for planning. In the summer of 1914 the European armies, one after the other, had mobilized on specific M- days, triggering complex and apparently irreversible processes that fol- lowed rigid timetables. These mobilizations generated similar respons- es from adversary armies and made hostilities almost inevitable. But M-day as a concept and tool for planning was more convenient than helpful. It made no allowances for gradual changes in preparedness or a measured transition to a mobilized state. Instead, it posited an overnight complete conversion. In theinterwar period, the M-day fixa- tion kept American planners from visualizing any situation that required implementation of mobilization measures before the official outbreak of war. The plan's first thorough revision in 1925 failed to correct this short- coming. In fact, the 1928 plan represented a step backward, giving sup- ply a secondary position and putting the emphasis back on manpower. Materiel, only recently considered the pacing factor, was assumed to take care of itself. M en would simply be equipped, supplied, and trained as they entered service. While these plans for the assembly of forces for war were being developed, separate plans for wartime procurement were under way in the War Department. The assistant secretary's office relied on the sup- ply services for detailed planning on wartime procurement, a task that was clearly understood to be part of the military mission.


Overall, the 1939 version was sound enough to become the per- manent basis for mobilization. The plan provided for training, incor- porating the location, size, and schedule for establishing training cen- ters; outlined detailed unit and individual training programs; and pro- vided for the production of manuals and associated training material. It established a point of departure, a system for mobilization of the men and equipment already available. Like the industrial plan of the same year, the protective plan stepped back from the M -day assump- tion and began to see mobilization as a process that should begin well before the U nited States became involved in a war. The plan neglect- ed the important area of construction of adequate troop housing and other facilities, but otherwise it was a succinct, coherent proposal based on realistic assumptions. Political variables that mobilization planners could not control and may not have understood were still significant. The soundest plan was useless if the country was not prepared to accept it. Although Japan, Italy, and Germany actively pursued policies of imperial expansion in 1939-40, domestic realities in the United States included a public largely alienated from participation in world affairs. The twenty years since the end of the Great War had seen the breakdown of an interna- tional system based on the League of Nations and arms limitation agreements. The resultant American disillusionment with international affairs expressed itself in strong isolationist and pacifist sentiments. Although President Roosevelt neither shared nor pandered to this viewpoint, he understood the strength of the isolationist position. With one eye on his upcoming reelection bid in 1940, he acted carefully. Some of his New Deal supporters, notably labor leaders, feared that a preparedness drive centered on a powerful War Resources Administration would undermine much recent social legislation. So, rather than begin a massive central rearmament effort, he launched a limited preparedness campaign at the start of 1939, with his emphasis on increasing the striking power of the Army Air Corps.


By the time of Pearl Harbor, Congress had spent more for A rmy procurement than it had for the A rmy and the N avy during all of World War I. While the industrial mobilization plan indirectly influenced rear- mament, the protective mobilization plan had a more direct impact. The latter plan prevented some of the foundering that had taken place in April 1917 by providing the basis for the Army's initial expansion. The A rmy still saw its role as protecting the United States and the Western Hemisphere from hostile European forces rather than participating in global coalition warfare, an assumption that limited and impeded planning. But the protective mobilization plan at least gave the A rmy a starting point in preparing for a hemispheric defense mission. The gradual and somewhat experimental path of mobilizing the economy during 1940 went contrary to public expectations. M-day continued to exist in the popular mind, and few understood that mobi- lization was, in fact, already under way. Mobilization was essentially an evolving situation, in which the United States was not formally at war and was reacting to the spread of conflict by moving from one set of expansion goals to another. Although the president had taken control of mobilization, the Army still had a central role in shaping it. The Army was the single most important claimant on productive resources and manpower, so its needs largely determined the nature and extent of the process. Both industrial mobilization and procurement started with the formulation of requirements by the Army. Once the Army knew the kinds and quantities of materiel it needed, facilities, materials, manpower, ener- gy, and other resources could be brought to bear on production. Beyond the need for an authoritative Army shopping list lay a web of relationships between troop mobilization, which depended on the available supplies, equipment, and facilities; materiel requirements; 12 and the availability of industrial capacity and raw materials that limit- ed the scale and pace of mobilization.


Its goals included the procurement by October 1941 of all items needed to equip and main- tain an army of 1.2 million, including the Air Corps, and creation of production facilities to support an army of over four million. Directed by the Army and Navy Munitions Board, this program set up a priori- ties system, apportioned industrial capacity between the services, cleared foreign contracts for munitions production in the United States, and compiled military needs for strategic raw materials. Procurement districts, arsenals, depots, and other establishments were activated and expanded. The $6 billion that was allotted was only half of the War Department's request, but it was almost as much as the nation had spent on the department between 1922 and 1940 and a major turning point in the rehabilitation of the Army. In terms of the production of the materiel needed for any expan- sion of the Army, the start of the munitions program constituted M - day. However, the concept was not invoked at the time. Passage of selective service legislation awaited the return of Congress in the autumn. In fact, the first peacetime draft in the nation's history became law in September, one month after the president federalized the National Guard. There was little point in announcing an M -day for materiel and then waiting three months to announce another for manpower. Those who thought about the sequence, though, knew that if the two aspects of mobilization had to be separate, materiel should come first. Even though the sequence was correct, the needs of the force of 1.5 million that was assembled by June 1941 were largely unmet. As had so often happened in the past, troops were being mobilized before equipment was available. Although the idea of a central agency to manage mobilization never really took hold before the United States declared war, a net- work of agencies, activities, and controls was emerging to manage war production.


M adigan, a canny million- aire construction engineer, to his office as special assistant to deal with construction. M obilization severely strained extant facilities for hous- ing, training, and supplying the troops. Just as important were con- struction and expansion in conjunction with industry of factories to produce supplies and equipment for the expanding Army. M adigan and Patterson agreed that this system was too slow and complex. Construction for production and for troops had been divided between the Corps of Engineers and the Quartermaster Corps after the engi- neers took over Air Corps construction from the overburdened quarter- masters late in 1940. Early in December 1941 Stimson agreed to their proposal to make the Corps of Engineers responsible for all military construction. Then they took their nine-page memorandum to the pres- ident, who jotted "OK FDR" in the margin. And so, a multibillion dol- lar mobilization issue was settled, and construction, a pacing factor for both production and troops, was in the hands of the engineers. There was more to this problem than finding a capable construc- tion agent. Troop construction ultimately mushroomed into a $7.5 bil- lion program, but the lack of industrial facilities constituted a greater barrier to mobilization during the defense period. The Depression had created much idle but largely obsolete industrial capacity. With demand low, there had been no incentives to modernize. The govern- ment had to encourage industrial expansion before its armed forces were engaged. "To have delayed the construction of such facilities until the United States was actually involved in battle," R. Elberton Smith observed in his book on industrial mobilization, "might have lost the war before it began." The Roosevelt administration thus encouraged private expansion of facilities for war production, first through accelerated depreciation, then by government financing. Private construction companies did most of the actual building, while other private contractors then received man- agement fees to operate the plants.


Somervell controlled a vast logistical system. His authority ranged over six technical services, eight administrative services, nine corps areas, six ports of embarkation, and nine general depots. Formerly, all of these components of the Army supply system had reported directly to the chief of staff. Together, under Army Service Forces, this network bought, stored, and distributed the Army's equipment and supplies. The program involved over 600,000 prime contractors and an untold num- bers of subcontractors and had a price tag of over $68 billion. The Army Supply Program provided the blueprint for this huge procurement effort. First published in April 1942, the plan was reissued periodically during the war. Each edition contained revised long-range estimates of military needs for all items of supply, honed by teams that studied and updated replacement factors in light of operational experi- ence. The supply program lists were translated into terms of raw mate- rials, skilled labor, and productive capacity. With this plan in hand, the War Production Board adjusted the allocation of priorities to balance strategic plans with resources and manage possible shortages. 19 The Pentagon under construction. (DA photograph) In Army Service Forces, the Corps of Engineers played an impor- tant part in the mobilization process. One of the six technical services under Somervell's command, the corps had a construction program of unprecedented size and scope. So much of mobilization— production of small arms ammunition and the myriad other items in the Army Supply Program, assembly of vehicles and airplanes, and training and housing for the millions of soldiers who were filling the ranks- hinged on engineer construction that it was a pacing factor for the entire effort. The program included factories, camps, and other facili- ties for troops; the Manhattan District's atomic bomb project; con- struction of the Pentagon; and even a few major civil works projects that were continued through the war.


Monterey news

Berkshire County, however, does not and maintains a bal- anced budget. A recent Berkshire County Task Force survey showed that county gov- ernment provides some real needs, espe- cially for the smaller towns. Among those receiving the most approval are surveyor service, emergency communi- cation (911), Clean Rivers and Lakes programs, health and retirement benefits, Registries of Deeds, and County Court Houses. The bigger towns have their Own communication centers for emer- gency service. The smaller towns have this service only because it was put under the County Sheriff’s Department. Be- cause the larger towns now have their own surveyors, the smaller towns are all dependent on one surveyor while before there had been three. Monterery Select Board Chair Gige O’Connell serves on the Berkshire County Advisory Board, which approves the County budget. She explained to the Monterey News that because of weighted voting on the Board, the larger towns can control the county budget, and hence county services. She views the county as essential to maintaining important ser- vices for Monterey. The Task Force has 14 questions for state legislators to answer if the state takes Over county government. A few are as follows: How will programs not taken over by the Commonwealth sur- vive on a County/Regional level if the state takes all of the County assets and funding sources? How will County prop- erty be disposed of in a State takeover? Will the Commonwealth end assess- ments to cities and towns for the former county services assumed by the State? How will County property be disposed of in a State takeover? If the Common- wealth assumes the forty-four million dollars in assets from the Berkshire County Retirement Fund, will the State assume the liabilities of the Berkshire County Retirement System? How will County historical records be stored, and what entity will be responsible for the preservation of these documents?


Monterey news

She has the part of Anita mastered." Katie is also academically distin- guished and belongs to the band and chorus. George says she is "awesome" in soccer and softball, even though the Mt. Everett record is not exceptional. Katie will be studying performing arts at John- son State College in Vermont next year. George Norian is a retired commu- nity member at Gould Farm whose inter- est in children and the arts is legendary. He has helped a number of students finance Shaylan Burkhart, Katie Kopetchny and George Norian their educations and has simply "adopted" others as part of his extended family. "I remember when Shaylan was eight or nine - I took him to Tanglewood, and after that to see the road company of Cats. I remem- ber my father taking me to the St. James Theater on Broadway for Oklahoma like it was yesterday." George was on his way to see other friends in the Monument Mountain Re- gional High School production of Annie - for the third time - when I spoke with him. Two hundred senior citizens were in- vited for a sneak preview of Annie. The technical crew included Eoin Higgins of Monterey (see accompanying article). "To me," says Norian,"These are the kids the Record and the Eagle should be writing about." Laura Gaccione WORKING ON ANNIE Working on the musical Annie was an interesting experience, although I joined the actual production in the week of the performance. The actors were not teenagers, itseemed, but true profession- als who had a clear idea of how to put on a show which received many compli- ments from audience members old and young. This demonstrates the appeal of a musical like Annie. Set in the era when many grandparents grew up, it also has that enduring childlike sensibility which reaches the orphan in us all.


Monterey news

Ted continued determinedly down Main Street under signals that no longer functioned: I, believing quite strongly we were defying every basic tenet for survival alternated hysterically between demanding and begging. Ihadn’t yetresorted to threat or tears by The Monterey border, on Rt. 23 at the entrance to the Appalachian trail - yards - but in my best shrew-pitched-shrill I screamed “Let’s go back to Monterey!” Like some obstinate Mr. Magoo with disaster all about him, the stubborn stranger next to me in command of our vehicle ignored the chaos that was gradu- ally engulfing us. He made a right turn opposite Searles Castle to head to Egre- mont, following a caravan of bumper to bumper cars going over the railroad tracks. (Their signal, by the way, was flashing red with danger) Then they, like some carefully choreographed car ballet, each executed the first in a series of 3 point turns. And then we saw them. Massive maple & pine trees, curi- ously frightening in their unfamiliar hori- zontal position, straddled Rt. 23 in front of the nursing home. Downed electrical wires floating above us with their trans- formers dangling only slightly above the roofs of our cars pushed me closer to the edge... Ted did his 3-point turn, still insist- ing “It’s nothing, It’s nothing,” and headed back to Main Street, intent on turning right, heading south on 7, through Sheffield and the scenic antique shop route we sometime take. I, by now a "basket case" noticed that we were sur- rounded by floating debris from Wards Nursery, and started to consider divorce proceedings from the alien seated next to me. pti scensiapt nivale eetsis eens LAURA GACCIONE from where the fatalities occurred. Once again we were stunned with the reality of a repeat of the previous scenario - enormous downed trees, wires, transformers, but by now, people had emerged from the shelters, arms stretched toward the sky in disbelief at the devas- tation that had struck the landscapes in an instant.


Monterey news

I had dropped the begging to return to Monterey, and made outright death threats, when the “enemy” swiftly com- pleted his latest 3-point turn, his silence this time confirming surrender and ac- knowledgment that, indeed, something dreadful had happened. Ted headed north on darkened Main Street and then east on 23 to attempt to return to Monterey but discovered we were blocked again as we approached the intersection of 23 and 57. We made our last U turn out of there, hearts pounding as we viewed the familiar mammoth trees straddling the roadway with electrical wires floating in the debris and trans- formers swaying frightenly close to the roof of our car. I ran into the Panda West where the patrons noisily enjoyed their dinner oblivious to the chaos that awaited their departure. The equally unaware manager permitted me to report what we had seen to the Great Barrington Police and at- tempted to call my son Daniel who, hav- ing spent the holiday with us, chose to depart from Monterey even later than we. By now the telephone service was out and we gambled that heading north to Stockbridge, east to Lee, and south on Tyringham Road would get us home. Holding my breath for the final portion we returned to “The Villa” - grateful it had been spared any damage. Several weeks passed before we witnessed the heartbreaking devastation to which Monterey was subjected. When we pass the Eagleton School now and the small structure memorializing the 3 people that died within a few moments of the time we drove through the very same spot, we wonder what our fate might have been, had Ted succumbed to my initial pleas to return home. Dorothy Silverstein Before: Stately pines on the Appalachian Trail After 10 LAURA GACCIONE LAURA GACCIONE = CoRtUE U EI BY TG Buyers of forest land, standing timber, and logs.


Monterey news

It is not surprising, since the automobile is so much a part of our lives, that a majority of our wildlife sightings are made as we course about, swiftly visiting every part of town and the neighboring regions, where roads have penetrated. Now buds are fawn- colored and dusky red in the treetops even in the high places, while down in the Housatonic bottom red maples are frankly in bloom. Animals Seen from Cars: A moose near Algerie Rd. in East Otis (Dale Duryea, early April); a beautiful, big black bear crossing Rt. 23 just east of Keyes Corner (Beverley Kimberley, April 10); three deer just west of Keyes Corner (Eleanor . Kimberley,:March. 30); over 100 snow geese and as many Canada geese in adja- cent fields north of Monterey Road and West of the main Tyringham Road (J oe Baker, March 24); two herons on their nests off Smith Hill Road (David and Beryl McAllester, March 24); two pairs of loons on the river in Housatonic (Dale, April 10). Ironically, the same roads and cars have led to the demise of several small mammals in this same period: a skunk, two muskrats, a raccoon, a gray squirrel, all seen on Rt. 23. Wildlife in the Blizzard of April 1. The combination of warm open weather fol- lowed by 20 inches of snow brought a towhee to the McAllester feeder at Dowd Corner where he sometimes sat for a half-hour at a time. This “very large sparrow” is dramatic with his black head, white breast and chestnut sides and is usually only seen in dense woods lustily scratching in the leaves on the ground. A more drastic visitor was a bear who came to the Shapiro/Dean feeder on Hupi Road in the night of Apr. 2-3 and destroyed it entirely. Every part was knocked down, crunched up and emptied.


Monterey news

Here is a personal accountof her "coming-up" in the church. ‘I started spending my summers in Monterey in 1947. My grandparents bought a little house on the north side of Garfield in the thirties, and proceeded to expand it in every direction - up, down, and sideways - to accommodate their own family and myriad guests. They chose Monterey to escape the doldrums of the New Jersey summer, and because longtime friends from Oberlin College, where my grandfather had taught, had built along the road they entitled "El- ephant..Reck.". after. a piece of glacial humor at the head of the road. They were Protestant Midwestern- ers born and bred, and Victorians, whose sense of order in the world depended on the unfolding o f patterns and rituals in properly prescribed ways. My grand- mother, for example, did not leave the house without a hat. Gloves were worn if one was going in to town - meaning Great Barrington. Dinner was at 7 p.m., and one did not appear at the table wearing the same outfit in which one had spent the day mucking about. The ladies all wentto the Wednesday matinee at Stock- bridge, the men played golf, everyone played bridge, and everyone we knew N YT Choo aa g ef | es 1 a = Vat fe “eee ‘ Kaa went to church on Sunday, as regular as the day of the week. And so, particular care was taken in dressing after Sunday breakfast. My grandmother had a variety of hats, all with netting across the front, which she wore in rotation through the month, My grandfather wore red ties - red was his favorite color, and he had a substantial collection built by many birthday and Christmas presents. I was given a quarter for the collection plate, always handed over with strict instructions not to lose it and to be sure to put it in the plate.


Monterey news

There were dra- matic presentations, imaginatively staged without a curtain, and an occasional string quartet or pianist. The fact that it was a sanctuary on Sunday, a place reserved for examination of conscience and de- velopment of spiritual life, did not im- pede the music and laughter and ap- plause for other occasions. The line be- tween the spiritual and the cultural seemed nonexistent; two sides of the coin of higher expectations. Downstairs was called (rather grandly) the Social Room, where com- munity suppers were - and still are - a regular event and were usually accompa- nied a program of someone's slides or a talk by a traveler. Men set out long tables and folding chairs. Women organized easily andimmediately in the tiny kitchen, pulling out the wildly unmatched china, setting places with stiff paper napkins , and popping pans in and out of the oven. Home made baked beans, quivering jello molds, rich noodle casseroles with an occasional piece of chicken, tossed salad with fluorescent orange French dressing were the offering... urns of coffee and cake of several varieties appeared: staples of inexpensive, made-for-a-crowd, middle American 1950's cooking. The food was unvaried, nourishing, always needed a little salt, and I loved it. The women set the dishes to soak while we attended the program, hearing the speaker and then discussing what could be done about the refugees, the less fortunate, those in need of some small help Monterey could give, and then women washed up the dishes, in thought- ful quiet, and men went outside to smoke. Of course, eventually I began to lis- ten to the lessons learned upstairs and down, and hear how they demanded that I be involved in the world. Ray Ward talked about respect and kindness to neighbors, a word he gave the broadest possible definition.


Monterey news

The fact is that it is a major hardship anywhere and I do not know of any other region in Massachusetts where their residents must do this. Boston needs to realize that we will not stand to be Forgotten County. The Governor can not balance the state budget by penalizing the taxpayers of Berkshire County. Through Berkshire Fair Share, the Berkshire County offices of the Depart- ment of Transitional Assistance, Depart- ment of Social Services, Department of Employment and Training, Department of Youth Services, Department of Men- tal Retardation, Mass Highway, Elder Services and the Department of Revenue would be retained with no danger of closing or relocation. This amendment was modeled as a follow-up to my suc- cessful bid to retain Mass Highway’s Regional Office in Lenox when the Gov- ernor proposed to relocate that office to Northampton. The Berkshire Fair Share amend- ment was adoped under my leadership with the support of the entire Berkshire legislative delegation. No one in Berk- shire County will have to drive to Spring- field for state services. Those services will always be available in Berkshire County as they should be, because we deserve equal access to equal levels of state services. It’s just getting our fair share and I am proud to have won this battle for Berkshire County. Representative Chris Hodgkins made by Joe Baker & Bonner MccAlester , Hupt Road, Monterey, Mass. 20 ENJOYING THE BENEFITS OF TAURUS (April 21 - May 20) A few decades ago -- just an instant according to the sensibilities of folks born under the the zodiac sign Taurus, who often have a deep and abiding rever- ence for history and antique -- Julie Andrews played Queen Guinevere on Broadway. One of the now familiar songs she sang let the audience know “It’s May, it’s May, the lusty month of May...” Andrews conveyed the double meaning of the word lust enthusiastically, her voice and facial expression communicating clearly Guinivere’s delight in the bur- geoning of spring, both in the world and in her body.


Montana forest insect and disease conditions and program highlights

Information for this report was derived from ground and aerial surveys conducted across most of Montana. SUMMARY OF CONDITIONS Across the State, bark beetle populations have been in a general decline, although in some areas increased bark beetle outbreaks continue to occur due to ongoing outbreaks and the dry, wild fire summer of 1994. Ongoing outbreaks include the mountain pine beetle mortality to lodgepole pine in extreme western Montana, and the mortality to subaipine fir at higher elevations in southwestern Montana on the Gallatin and Beaverhead National Forests (NFs). Douglas-fir beetle and spruce beetle populations increased in fire-weakened trees in western Montana. The summer of 1995 was the first year that no western spruce budworm defoliation was visible from the air in Montana since the annual aerial survey began in the late 1940's. Low western spruce budworm populations generally prevail across the entire western United States. No Douglas-fir tussock moth or pine tussock moth defoliation was observed in 1995. Other defoliator activity includes isolated outbreaks of western false hemlock looper near Helena, and light pine sawfly in the southeastern portion of the State on the Custer NF southeast of Ashland. With the exception of foliage diseases, forest disease populations fluctuate very little compared to forest insect populations. Mortality and growth losses from root diseases and dwarf mistletoes continue to be high throughout the State. Root disease-caused mortality is more common west of the of the Continental Divide, though large root disease patches can be found east of the Divide. Dwarf mistletoes continue to cause extensive growth losses and mortality across the State; losses total approximately 33 million cubic feet annually. Douglas- fir west of the Continental Divide, western larch and lodgepole pine are the tree species most severely affected. White pine blister rust continues to be present throughout the range of 5-needle pines in the State.


Ideal weather for flying the survey is a sunny day with calm winds but due to the short time available to conduct the survey, it is flown under most weather conditions. Observed forest disturbances are sketch mapped in the form of point or polygons and attributed. Priority forest disturbances include bark beetle caused mortality, defoliators, and windthrow. If forest disturbance activity levels are low, secondary attributes such as diseases, needle damage and high-water damage are sketch mapped. This is a detection survey and, therefore, some forest disturbances are mapped and ground checked later for identification. The survey is conducted once a year during which time the observer sketch maps as many forest disturbances as possible under the above conditions. INSECTS Bark Beetles Though bark beetle populations have recently been in a general decline, there were remarkable exceptions to that trend in 1995. Because 1994 had been unusually hot and dry, and warm late into the fall, bark beetle species which are especially responsive to increased host stress took advantage of that opportunity to expand their populations. Also in 1994, wild fires burned over thousands of acres in the State. Some bark beetle species, such as spruce beetle and Douglas-fir beetle, took advantage of the availability of large numbers of their fire-weakened hosts. In some areas, aggressive salvage programs may be required to prevent bark beetle populations from expanding to well beyond endemic levels. Because 1995 was a more nearly normal year, relative to precipitation, it may be that many of the increases noted in some infested areas will be short lived. Others may continue for a year or more- until weakened hosts return to more vigorous growing conditions. The following table, and many of the subsequent summaries, reflect infested areas and mortality levels based on aerial survey estimates. A relatively small proportion have been followed by more-definitive gfound surveys.


Many, but mostly small groups of ponderosa pine faders, killed by MPB, were observed on private land, south of the Island Unit and east of Lake Mary Ronan. Scattered mortality caused by MPB in lodgepole pine, was noted throughout the Island Unit, itself. In the southern portion of the district, into the Swan Valley, scattered MPB in western white pine, as well as damage caused by DFB and WBBB was observed along and south of Swan Lake. The same scattered pattern of mortality, and occasionally including MPB in lodgepole pine, were noted south to Holland Lake and around Lindbergh Lake. None were considered significant epidemics. On the Tally Lake RD, little remains of the once expansive MPB outbreak. Some scattered trees killed by DFB and WBBB were located throughout the RD, with higher concentrations around Tally Lake. A potentially explosive ESB population has been found in down and weakened Engelmann spruce, in stands affected by the Little Wolf Fire, southwest of Whitefish. Salvage of that infested material is being planned. The Glacier View RD experienced scattered mortality caused by WBBB at higher elevations throughout the district. Mountain pine beetle populations in western white pine were observed in Big Creek, Coal Creek, and Canyon Creek drainages, but totaled only about a tree per acre over 30 acres. On the adjacent Stillwater SF, MPB is also killing western white pine north of Whitefish Lake— and scattered to Upper Whitefish Lake. Elsewhere, minor amounts of beetle-killed white pine were found. Total infested acres of western white pine oft State and private land in the reporting area was 130 acres, on which 200 trees were killed. Gallatin NF Many large groups of subalpine fir killed by WBBB were observed throughout the Gallatin Canyon, Bozeman RD, in both the Madison and Gallatin Mountain Ranges. Heaviest concentrations were seen in the Taylor Creek drainage, northwest of Yellowstone NP.


Stands along the Clark Fork corridor showed significant mortality, as previously described. On the Seeley Lake RD, several small groups of subalpine fir killed by WBBB were mapped above Lake Marshall and Alva Lake. Late-summer windthrow, near Colt Lake and Summit Lake, was salvaged in order to prevent future mortality caused by ESB. Groups of dead subalpine fir, attributed to WBBB, were found near Matt Mountain and Morrell Mountain. Those were the most significant bark beetle outbreaks on the district, and totaled 100 trees killed on about 70 acres. Scattered ponderosa pine killed by was noted in the lower Clearwater River drainage, near Harpers Lake; within the Monture Creek drainage; and near the Blackfoot Clearwater Game Range. Minor amounts of Douglas-fir killed by DFB and whitebark pine killed by MPB are scattered throughout the respective type. Garnet Mountains (BLM) Many, small groups of ponderosa pine, killed by either IPS, MPB, or WPB, were recorded east of Bonner; along the Blackfoot River in the vicinity of Potomac; and near Clearwater Junction. Other, similar groups were found along 1-90, in the southern part of the reporting area, from Missoula to Rattler Gulch. Much less numerous groups were observed east to Garrison Junction. In the reporting area, slightly more than 1,900 trees were killed on an approximate 1,100 acres. 7 Flathead IR Though no large groups were recorded, many small groups of ponderosa pines were killed by MPB or IPS throughout the Reservation. Lodgepole pine, killed by MPB took on the same, scattered pattern. Many groups of ponderosa pines killed by MPB were found within the northern portion of the Reservation, from Flathead Lake, westward to the Reservation boundary. Scattered dead ponderosa pine, killed by WPB, MPB, or both, were mapped along the western edge of the Reservation^ south to Rainbow Lake. South and west of Hot Springs, numerous small groups of lodgepole pine killed by MPB were observed.


Acres of defoliation recorded during aerial surveys. Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Douglas-fir tussock moth populations continue to be very low in Montana as well as in most western states. No defoliation was detected from aerial survyes or from ground surveys in 1995. For the first time since annual pheromone trapping of adult males began, zero moths were caught. Gypsy Moth For the second year in a row no gypsy moths {Lymantria dispar) were caught in the detection traps placed throughout the State of Montana. Over 1,300 detection traps were placed by USDA Forest Service, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Montana Department of Agriculture, and the Montana , Department of State Lands. There was a report of a suspicious moth sighting from Eureka, Montana which APHIS will investigate in 1996.Moths were trapped in neighboring states. Wyoming reported six moths (two in Yellowstone NP), South Dakota caught eight moths (four in the Black Hills), and Idaho caught one. Asian gypsy moths were again detected in the State of Washington. As neighboring states continue to detect gypsy moths and Asian/ European hybrids are introduced to the Region, the importance of detection trapping increases. Thanks to those who participate in this annual program, we are able to assess the threat that the Asian and European gypsy moths pose to Montana's natural resources. Pine Tussock Moth The pine tussock moth {Dasychira grisefacta (Dyer)) population on the Sioux RD of the Custer NF collapsed in 1995. No defoliation was detected in the aerial survey and District personnel were unable to find any larvae in the stands defoliated in 1994. No mortality from this insect is expected. Since the population has apparently crashed, the six plots established in 1994 to follow pine tussock moth activity were not remeasured. Pine Sawflies Stand exam crews on the Ashland RD of the Custer NF detected a population of pine sawflies between Tenmile and Fifteenmile Creeks.


The needle diseases that seem to be on an upswing are Elytroderma needle cast {Elytroderma deformans) and Diplodia tip blight {Diplodia pinea), both in ponderosa pine. These two diseases seem to be more widespread every year. The hardest hit areas have been the lower Clark Fork drainage, the Bitterroot drainage, and the western shore of Flathead Lake. Steve Kohler, Montana State entomologist, recalls a similar “outbreak” of Elytroderma needle cast along the western edge of Flathead Lake back in the early 1970's. The outbreak subsided after a few years and the trees appeared to recover. We anticipate recovery to occur With the present resurgence of the disease as well. Limber pine needle cast {Lophodermella arcuata) continued to be present on and bordering the Lewis and Clark National Forest, but like most of the other foliage diseases, it was not as severe as the previous year. This disease was prevalent in several local areas including the Belt Creek and Lick Creek drainages and around Black Butte, all in the Little Belt Mountains southeast of Great Falls. Diseases of nurseries, ornamentals and tree improvement areas 1 . Caragana with heart rot decay from shelterbelts in eastern Montana were infected with Phellinus punctatus. Affected stock was fairly young and the problem was common. 2. Container-grown Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine seedlings destined for planting in western Montana were extensively colonized with Botrytis cinerea. The fungus had developed during storage of seedlings over the winter and was discovered when boxes of seedlings were opened prior to spring planting. 3 . Container-grown ponderosa pine were extensively infected with Fusarium oxysporum and other Fusarium spp. at the Montana State Nursery in Missoula. Seedlings exhibited typical root disease and cotyledon blight symptoms. 18 4. Western larch container-grown seedlings transplanted into an early selection trial at the Bigfork Tree Improve- ment Area (Flathead NF) showed top dieback symptoms during the spring of 1995.


Isolations from roots of affected trees yielded Fusarium spp., particularly from plug roots. Root and soil samples failed to yield Phytopthora, which was suspected as being involved. Cause of the extensive dieback was unknown. 5. Container western larch being grown for a seed orchard displayed dieback and decline symptoms. Isolations from roots and container soil yielded unidentified Phytophthora from several of the trees. Source of infection was unknown. 6. Container-grown western larch seedlings at the Montana State Nursery in Missoula had extensive dieback and wilt symptoms. Potentially pathogenic organisms were not con- sistently isolated from diseased stock. The problem was likely due to extensive desiccation of seedlings located in outer rows because of uneven distribution of irrigation during the summer. Common and Recurring Nursery Diseases 1 . The most common and damaging diseases of conifer seedlings in Montana nurseries continued to be root diseases caused by Fusarium spp. These fungi caused damping-off, seed decay, and root diseases on many different conifer hosts in both bareroot and container nurseries. The most common soil-borne pathogen in bareroot nurseries was F. oxyspor- um, although several other species were commonly isolated from infected seed, soil and roots of diseased seedlings. The major pathogen in container nurseries was F. proliferatum, although F. oxysporum and several other Fusarium spp. also occurred at high levels in some nurseries. Fusarium diseases in nurseries were very difficult to control. Although all conifer species were susceptible, most damage occurred on Douglas-fir, western larch, ponderosa pine, western white pine, and Engelmann spruce. 2. Cylindrocarpon destructans caused severe losses to container-grown western white pine at several nurseries. Although damage occurred to other conifer species, root decay of five-needle pines was most serious and efforts to reduce damage were largely unsuccessful. 3 . Botrytis cinerea was serious on several conifer species in container nurseries and on stock from storage.


Coordinated and led by Bill Schaupp (R-2) and Jose Negron (RM Station), the objective of this project is the development of a "loss prediction (risk-rating) model" for stands infested or threatened by DFB. Over the 2 years, we collected data from areas previously infested by DFB--gathering as much site and stand data as could be reasonably measured by a two-person crew using basic stand-exam procedures. Analyses are now being performed to determine which site and/or stand factors are most correlated with mortality caused by DFB, and how those factors may help assess potential mortality during an outbreak. During two field seasons, and covering infested areas in Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming and Montana, data has been collected on more that 700 plots. We gathered data on about 120 plots in Montana and north Idaho alone. Data analysis, begun following the 1994 field season, is continuing. We hope that a model, to help predict tree mortality attributable to DFB, thereby becoming a significant management tool, will be available to the land manager within the next year or two. Insects Affecting the Reproduction of Whitebark Pine in the Western United States During 1995, Sandy Kegley and Nancy Campbell, in cooperation with other western entomologists in Regions 4, 5 and 6, initiated a study to examine the insect complex affecting the reproduction of whitebark pine. Seven sites in the western United States were chosen with three sites in Idaho and one in Montana. The sites in Idaho are ( 1 ) on Gisborne Mountain outside of Priest River, (2) near Seven Devils lookout tower outside of Riggins, and (3) on Snowbank Mountain outside of Cascade. The site in Montana in near Daisy Pass outside of Cooke City. Fourteen treatments, which consisted of excluding insects with mesh bags at different times during the 2-year cone development cycle. were replicated on each of 15 trees at each site.


Middlebury Campus 1977-09-21 : Volume LXXII, Issue 1

The committee is a positive approach to the fraternity situation because, as Dean of the College John Spencer stated, “it allows all of the concerned parties to play an active role from the begining of the evaluation process.” There are several crucial elements to the situation which we would all do well to keep in mind, however. First and foremost is that the committee has not been established to find nor is it likely to find an ideal solution to either the fraternities’ or the college’s financial c ircumstances that will guarantee the two may continue to exist as they currently do in relation to each other. This result is desirable but improbable. Second, the committee is not apt to discover or devise any scheme that will call for no sacrifice from parties on either side of the issue. If anything the committee should attempt to see that sacrifice is not only minimal but mutual. Third, the alternative lifestyle made possible by the frater¬ nities' existence is something which should never be denied students. Residential, social and dining preferences of Mid¬ dle bury College students will continue to change in the future just asthey have in the past. The more avenues a college has available to pursue different interpretations of those trend changes, the better off the college is. Deliberate Overcrowding The Administration’s policy of deliberate overcrowding and having some students start the school year living off campus is not a good one. Even for sophomores who have a years’ ex¬ perience atadapting tocollege predicaments, living off campus is an unfair and unfortunate inconvenience. Having to relocate and resettle after a full week of classes is, in and of itself, disruptive and cause for dismay. The hours a student has available for study and the pursuit of activities become precious and few soon after the school year starts.


A pipe in the sprinkler system cameloose and filled the space above the drop ceiling with water until it finally gave way. By the time the lights were turned on again and the water turned off, Slug s first floor was virtually ankle-deep. The twelve people in wet and the room were “very Students may earn up to $75 by pieces: how to join an ar- travel, will be available at submitting a short account of cheological dig, a climbing ex- college study abroad offices, their travel study experiences to pedition, or a bicycle tour; how to bookstores, and libraries. The TRANSITIONS, a new quarterly find a course to suit a special focus of the fall issue will be on review of educational travel and interest; how to find a temporary foreign summer and January study abroad. The editor, a job to help pay travel expenses; interterm study programs. More literature professor at Hamp- how to REDUCE travel ex- information and a copy of the shire College, is looking for in- penses; how to find families who recently published pilot issue formative first-hand accounts of takepaying guests... The reports may be obtained by writing the significant learning experiences should be brief--ususally not editor, TRANSITIONS, 18 Hulst and travel adventures which can more than 1,000 words- and be Road. Ameherst, Ma. 01002. be duplicated by the readers- accompanied, when appropriate, Payment depends on quality z- mostly students and teachers. with illustrations. The copy as well as length. Submissions In addition to informative deadline for the ?iT. issue is should be accompanied by a feature-length articles on study, October 21. stamped self-addressed en- work, and travel abroad, the TRANSITIONS, a resource velope. editor wants short how- to publication on foreign study and SSIS Seeks Student Attitude Change By RICK LEGRO Puns. The members of the Student Sex Information Service (SSIS)have come to hate them.


Expanding Images

Twenty-five years ago this usage was foreign to most. Similarly, attention is WORDS, WORDS, WORDS 11 Dictionaries commonly give two definitions of the word 'man': a human being and a male human being. When con¬ fronted with the words 'man' and 'men', one must decide which definition is correct in the particular situation. Most often, a male human being is pictured in the mind of the hearer. After citing several studies which address the confusion over making these decisions, linguistic in¬ vestigators Casey Miller and Kate Swift conclude: Whatever may be known of the contributions of females made to early human culture, an effective linguistic barrier prevents the assimilation of that knowledge in our present culture. Studies ... clearly indi¬ cate that man in the sense of male so overshadows man in the sense of a human being as to make the latter use inaccu¬ rate and misleading for the purposes both of conceptualizing and communicating. (Words and Women, p . 25) Miller and Swift also give example upon example of the ex¬ clusionary power of these words and their failure to com¬ municate reality. Women, in our common linguistic desig¬ nations, are invisible unless specifically noted other¬ wise. The problem is especially difficult for children. A boy hears the terms 'man', 'he', 'men' and can correctly identify himself with them. These terms tend to have positive connotations such as powerful, strong, brave, noble, authoritative. The boy can associate himself with positive images which enhance his self-esteem. When a girl hears these terms, she must decide if she is inclu¬ ded. She must constantly determine if she is different from what is being said. And when she is specifically identified by the terms 'woman' and 'she', she soon learns that its connotations are more negative and often sexual: passive, gentle, modest, emotional, flirtatious, seduc¬ tive, temptress, mistress.


Expanding Images

This affects how their values and beliefs are established and transmitted. For instance, anthropologists tell us Eskimos have eighteen different words in their language for "snow." The German word ”gemutlichkeit” describes the German experience of fel¬ lowship, conviviality, well-being. We Americans have no word which conveys this experience. It is not a shared part of our common life. The Hebrew word shalom is likewise not directly trans¬ lated to a single English word. It is rich with meaning: wholeness, blessing, peace, well-being. Shalom is a ba¬ sic concept in the Old Testament and Jewish tradition reflective of what was valued by the ancient Hebrews. It helped shape and give meaning to their lives. It also helped shape their thinking, ways of living, and self i- dentity. By contrasting the German gemutlichkeit and the Hebrew shalom with American word concepts of suc¬ cess, upward mobility, self-improvement, we get clues a- bout how language is intertwined with the identity of a community and the individuals within it. Language has meaning within the context in which it is used. It is part of the reality it expresses. We know who we are through our language. CHMs In the United States (and in the majority of other countries), language is dominated by the masculine. 2 words, words, words The story of Helen Keller is widely known. Deaf, blind, and unable to speak as a child, she lived in an unmanage¬ able world. When her teacher painstakingly helped her to associate experiences with hand movements, Helen Keller first learned language and began to order her world. She began to identify who she was in that world. Language is integral to our identity as human beings. Its mysteries have fascinated philosophers and scientists through the ages. What would our life be if we did not have words to form thoughts and communicate with others?


Expanding Images

That's the way language is." Absurd? Does the language sound strange? Do the images projected seem foreign? How did you feel during the imaginary trip? Is there anything you would like to change? 4. Discuss questions and issues raised by the chapter. Ask group members about statements which they liked, questioned, or were troubled by. 5. Have group members share the understanding of God which they would like communicated to the children of the church. WHAT’S THE PROBLEM? 5 Methodist Church states, "We affirm all persons as equal - ly valuable in the sight of God . We therefore work toward societies in which each person 1 s value is recognized, maintained and strengthened . " It specifically addresses the rights of women: 11 We affirm women and men to be e- qual in every aspect of their common life . We, there¬ fore, urge that every effort be made to eliminate sex role stereotypes in activity and protrayal of family life and in all aspects of voluntary and compensatory participation in the church and society. 11 This cannot be done unless the familial and social metaphors for God are expanded to be meaningful in the experience of each person. Examples of the ways United Methodists are ex¬ panding tile images of God used in worship have been in¬ cluded in later chapters. Some people may say, "Why should I worry about this? It doesn't affect me." These women and men may not have been exposed to or considered the ways in which language permeates every aspect of our lives. Or they may choose a faith stance and theological tradition which has been meaningful in the past. Each person approaches their understanding of God from a different place, and these positions deserve respect and consideration. As we sen¬ sitively listen to one another, we will hear the pain and separation which sometimes results from our use of language. ^fonae,: J&t/ Change is frequently difficult and threatening, es¬ pecially when the whole world seems to be changing faster than we can manage.


Expanding Images

Exclusive use of masculine ima¬ gery for God restricts the ways in which we can share the message of reconciliation and liberation. It ruptures the unity of the Christian community. If we limit God by our use of language, we insist that part of the truth about God is the whole truth. 4 EXPANDING IMAGES When asked to describe God, our children often image God as an old man with a long white beard, wearing a long, flowing robe as he emerges out of the clouds. This ima¬ ging of God supports one prevailing argument against the ordination of women as ministers and priests, because they lack the biological image of God as male necessary to represent God to the people. When God is associated with maleness, the implication is that male is therefore superior. This encourages a double standard for the evaluation of human beings. And the extent to which our identities and self-perceptions as men and women are affected cannot be overestimated. Stereotypical dualisms in our society, where men are in authority and women are submissive tend to be reinforced. The use of male terminology for God along with the stress on the sovereighty and absolute power of God tends to uphold societal expectations that men are dominant and gives them permission to seek powerful rule over others and all the earth. Many women and men are questioning whether the mascu¬ line symbols for God are really consistent with the Bib¬ lical witness and valid for our lives today. Do they not encourage a double standard for the evaluation of human beings? Do they not support dividing our social and psychic sides into masculine and feminine "sides?" And do they not express an idolatrous concept of the Divine? God can never be fully comprehended nor adequately expressed in language.


Expanding Images

Franklin Avenue, Min¬ neapolis, Minnesota, 55404.) Yes, that's what all the fuss about language is about. In recent years, many women have challenged tradi¬ tional social systems in which men and masculine imagery have been dominant. They have struggled to claim equal¬ ity in the work force, political structures, marriage and family relationships. In order to become liberated from the stereotypical role expectations of subserviance and passivity, women are attempting to claim and value their own experiences and self-definition. Traditional bar¬ riers which prevent women from becoming all they are potentially able to become are no longer being accepted. And the church is being asked to respond to their needs and join with them in breaking chains which limit all people's possibilities for wholeness. &71& UJl/ The Biblical witness has always invited us to break those chains as we relate to God and to each other. The message of the Gospel stresses that we are all God's people, that al1 are included in God's promise. "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus" (Galatians 3:28). And yet, by our use of language, some of God's children feel exclu¬ ded . The words "man" "brotherhood," "sons of God," and "Father" do not generate feelings of inclusive community for many. Despite the claims that masculine terminology includes all people, many studies have documented the strong tendency to image "male" whenever this language is used. The hearer must reinterpret every time a mas¬ culine form is employed. This often leads to confusion and incorrect conclusions. For example, when we sing the hymn "Men and Children Everywhere," each person must decide whether women are included. And what about the bulletin solicitation for "men" to help paint the par¬ sonage?


Expanding Images

More and more I talk with friends who say they no longer attend church because the minister and the worship committee refuse to 'allow' them the use of inclusive language . These are women who have been life-long, active Christians, serving and working for a church that remains discriminatory and un- Biblical . They are Catholics and protestants, black and white, young and old. They feel the church is not relevant for their lives. I asked my twelve year old daughter , Maria , about her concept of God: What does she 'see' when she thinks about God stuff. She replied, 'It's like Jesus is the Controller (her word , not mine'.), the Big Honcho, bos¬ sing everyone around. ' I asked her what she thought of when the minister prayed 'in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. ' She replied that those were church words, sort of like a chant or something you say at the end of prayers or the benediction. She couldn't attach any meaning at all to them. When I changed those words to 'Creator , Redeemer and Sustainer , ' her face lit up and she excitedly exclaimed, 'Oh, I get it'. Is that what it really means?' I told her, 'Yes, that's what it's all about. " (This is an edited version of the statement Cyndie Chris- toffersen Tidwell made as part of an optional panel dis¬ cussion sponsored by the Commission on the Status and Role of Women during the 1981 Minnesota Annual Conference. 1 wdats Iwjroblem ? Our words and the way we use language is central to each of us. Many women and men today are challenging us to expand our use of language so its images embrace all people. This is a crucial issue in a church which of¬ fers a message of liberating salvation to individuals and the society in which they live.


Expanding Images

The Commission on the Status and Role of Women (COSROW) of the Minnesota Annual Conference has long been concerned about the nature and use of language . They recognize ways that exclusive language reflects and helps maintain sys¬ tems in our society and churches that prevent women and men from realizing the potential intended by the Creator . When exclusive language is used, barriers are raised which inhibit full participation by all in our services of wor¬ ship . COSROW desired to motivate " consciousness-raising " among their brothers and sisters concerning the divisive effect that exclusive language has for some . We wanted to provide an opportunity for exploration of the expanded possibilities inclusive language invites . We found there were few resources which clearly and concisely helped peo¬ ple understand the variety of ways of imaging God - images that include both the feminine and masculine dimensions of the Divine . So we undertook the development of a study guide for groups, which could also be used individually . We hope this guide will help you, the reader, define the problems created by exclusive imagery for God and will suggest to you ways expanded images of God will better in¬ clude all people in the life of the church . One of our purposes is to raise issues for discussion . Some of the ideas and feelings may seem " strong " or "harsh” to some. But these voices challenge us to be sensitive to how exclusive terminology for God alienates some of our neighbors . As we consider how our pictures of God are shaped, perhaps we can be open to reclaiming other images out of our heritage and adding new ones from our own ex¬ perience. In doing so, we increase the possibilities for dialogue within our worshipping church community . This dialogue is ongoing. Our language is not static. We are still learning about its symbolism and meaning.


Expanding Images

How do they fit with your understandings of these words? The Biblical witness began at a time when writing was unknown. The stories found in the first five books of the Bible probably began as stories told around the camp¬ fire by the Hebrews. Even though the treasured stories were handled with care and attention to detail, varia¬ tions evolved over the years as they were repeated. In the New Testament, the Gospels also began as collections of stories and teachings of Jesus which had been remem¬ bered by and shared among groups of Jesus’ followers as they gathered to sort out and understand what had hap¬ pened. Just as had been done by the Old Testament writ¬ ers, the various gospel writers later compiled and edited what had been initially shared orally. Many of us who were carefully taught not to question the Bible have read it dozens of times and never noticed duplication of its stories and the differences between them. We are surprised to learn that there are two cre¬ ation stories and that the plot of Genesis 2 is different from Genesis 1. We are astonished when we compare the Gospel accounts of Jesus’ death and resurrection and find that there are significant variations. We have blocked ourselves from discovering the discrepancies in the Bible. In doing so, we also block ourselves from examing the layers of rich meaning to be unearthed when we dig into ’’why" and ”how” the witness to God's saving activity through history was recorded and preserved. Scholars today use methods such as literary and his¬ torical criticism to try to recover not only the meaning of the Biblical books but also their layers of composi¬ tion. Beside containing different accounts of the same event, the Bible connects stories which were once sepa¬ rate.


Expanding Images

First of all, we can correct the mistranslations. This can be done by individuals and groups of scholars by comparing the original Hebrew and Greek texts with the modern translation. We can change exclusive terms that were obviously intended to be inclusive of all persons. And we can support the efforts to produce a more faithful translation for publication and distribution. But more adequate translations will not eliminate all of the exclusive terminology or the patriarchal bias. In setting the scene for reading the Scriptures as writ¬ ten, the historical context of time, location, cast of characters, intended audience, use in the life of the community, etc., can be described. The bias needs to be recognized as a part of our heritage which must be trans¬ lated to the social context and experience of our lives today. On occasion, we might choose a paraphrase which is reliable and faithful to the Biblical witness. Con¬ trasting these with the original is often illuminating. It is also helpful to focus on passages which are least biased by the patriarchal content and most inclusive in their message. While it is erroneous to impose our own biases on the Scriptures, we must rely on interpretation to capture the essential meaning for us in the present. In our worship services, this responsibility often most heavily falls on the minister as worship leader or preacher. But she or he must not be alone in this task. We must all study carefully as we read and interpret the Bible so we might faithfully understand its truth as fully as possible. And it is essential that we dialogue with others about our interpretations so our shared understanding might be ex¬ panded and enriched. Each of us will find our own relationship to the Bible and its meaning in our personal journey.


Expanding Images

If we absolutize the names of God, if we fail to recognize our language about God as metaphorical, we risk becoming idolatrous, worshipping a limited, human fabri¬ cation of God. 28 EXPANDING IMAGES A metaphor associates two things - we say ’’one thing is like another." The interaction goes both ways: God is fatherlike; father is godlike. This continued associ¬ ation reinforces the dominance of the patriarchal figure in our culture. We cannot disassociate the word "father" from its common everyday usage in the community. The re¬ tention of the symbol of God as father has functioned to sustain male dominated institutions and lifestyles. It provides them with an integrating spiritual base. The church has a heritage which includes many names for God. We can open our eyes and reclaim the Biblical images which have been hidden or ignored. And we can grow in our spiritual life by identifying metaphors and sym¬ bols for God which are not bound by male-dominated lang¬ uage. Our own experience of the holy can be valued and named in ways which more accurately reflect divine activ¬ ity in our lives. It isn't necessary to completely remove names for God which connote gender. That would only serve to further disassociate our sexuality, created, in God's image, from our spirituality. The fullness of God reflected in female and male would be lost. Instead, we can interweave a variety of addresses for God - some masculine, some femi¬ nine, some neutral - without losing the emotional intim¬ acy we treasure. One prayer can begin "Our Father." An¬ other can call on God as "Our Mother." In a litany we might identify with "Our Brother" or "Our Sister" who is with us in every aspect of life. As we come to confes¬ sion, "Our Parent" could be asked to forgive us and nur¬ ture us in becoming the whole people we are intended to be.


Middlebury Campus 1981-05-01 : Volume LXXV, Issue 21

The Middlebury Campus Friday, May 1, 1981 editorial Game plan Without the support of two of its major participants, the proposed new environmental studies program will meet almost certain defeat at the hands of the faculty on Monday — if it comes to a vote at all. Because of Steven and Oran Young’s delayed op¬ position, the months of work of the Ad Hoc Commit¬ tee, the Educational Council and others seem to have blown away with the wind. Certainly their colleagues have a right to be annoyed by the brothers’ ill-timing in voicing their opinions. But before jumping down the Youngs’ throats, perhaps we should look at the root of the problem. None of the involved academic units is enthusiastic about combining environmental studies, northern studies and the geography department. In fact, it seems as though the idea to merge these three disciplines originated in the administration as a way to ameliorate the situation in several troublesome areas. Furthermore, it seems to us that little thought has been given to the long-term implications of joining these disciplines. It is doubtful that those ad¬ ministrators who chose to eliminate the geography department gave any thoughtful consideration to what kind of geography presence is desired in the Col¬ lege curriculum several years down the road. In addition, we doubt that they really studied whether "innovative” programs such as these are simply “trendy” and will disappear in a few years or whether they have real application at a college such as Middlebury. All of our doubts point to a much larger concern. Does Middlebury College have an academic game plan — not just in this tripartite area but throughout the curriculum? We question that the College’s administrators and faculty have given any real thought to what kind of academics should be pursued and to what meaning a bachelor’s degree from Middlebury carries.


Aspects of the Renaissance selections include a flowing elaboration on melodies through simple repetition as well as ornamentation by in¬ struments and families of in¬ struments. Another outstan¬ ding feature of this music is the richness and complexity of its rhythmn, of which syn¬ copation is a staple. The third part of the pro¬ gram included a suite of dances published in 1547 by Pierre Attaingmant. The various dances, of Italian, French and German origin, ranged from the stately pavane to lively galliards. The combinations of in¬ strumental ensembles , both those of one family and mixed ensembles, provided many different moods. The sweet and melancholy viol solo of a German “brans le simple" gave way to a rhythmically exuberant fanfare of cornetto and sackbut. For the fourth and final part of the concert, Calliope played a pleasurable set of Italian instrumental music from the sixteenth century. The Italian selections were delightful, exploring the gamut of instrumental com¬ binations from a passionate viol duet to the sound of pipe- and-tabor. Calliope gave an entertain¬ ing and instructive conscert which endeared them to their audience. The four musicians demonstrated a wonderful versatility and virtuosity with their instruments. Their own excellent and tasteful musi¬ cianship provided an evening in honor of the sweetest of the mythological muses, Calliope. Vanacore marble on display By Tina Nef’84 Various marble sculptures carved by Thomas Vanacore ’82 are on exhibit in the Johnson Pit. The exhibition, which opened Friday, April 24, consists of fifteen pieces Vanacore carved over the past two years both at Mid¬ dlebury and in surrounding areas. Although Vanacore has always been “interested in drawing and art,” this is his first show of this kind. Vanacore started sculpting two years ago under the tutelage of Charles Wells who, along with Bill Harris of the classics department, taught a winter term course in marble sculpturing.


Other women who have stood out include talented freshmen Cheryl Whitney (hurdles and 200 meters) and Sue Kelliher (shot put), plus sophomore Anne Clarke in the 400 meters. Smith has been encouraged with the work and improve¬ ment the team has exhibited, and felt that having four women qualify for the Easterns to be “fantastic!”. He noted that women’s track programs in New England are often small and hindered by few meets, but felt that Middlebury’s competitors have contributed to a quality program. The women also closed their season on Apr. 29 at home against Norwich, St. Michael’s, and Nichols, with the regional championships to be conducted the following weekend. 14 The Middlebury Campus Friday, May 1, 1981 Panther nine drops three By Red Mansfield '82 three runs to hold a 3-1 lead done. It was a frustrating week for the Panther nine as they dropped three games to University of Vermont, RPI, and Norwich. Frustrating, because although the Pan¬ thers have played some ex¬ cellent baseball, they have been unable to come up with the big runs when they need them. Last Wednesday, Mid¬ dlebury traveled to UVM where they faced an im¬ pressive and experienced squad. Although the Cata¬ mounts were obviously the better team, the Panthers were only down 2-1 at the end of five innings, due to some superb pitching by hurling ace Dave Levy ’82. In the sixth, however, UVM started to hit, and when the until the sixth, when RPI pick¬ ed up another marker. Starter Bob Gulla '83 went the distance for the Panthers but was plagued with control pro¬ blems, and was continually battling out of difficult situa¬ tions. In the ninth, the hosts made a dramatic comeback by ty¬ ing the game with two out and a lone runner on second base, and in the 11th, they finally pushd across the game-winner.


For the Pan¬ thers, Ed Gunther '81 drilled three hits and freshman Carter Freeman collected a pair. On Monday, Apr. 27, Mid¬ dlebury travelled over the Gap to Norwich University and once again found itself unable to hold onto a lead. After falling behind 1-0, the Line shots by Jim Loveys 82, Peter Price '81 and Gun¬ ther provided the Panthers with three runs in the seventh, but Norwich iced the game with a final run in the eighth, for a final margin of 9-6. Although the final results have been disappointing, the Panthers have been playing some fine baseball and with a couple breaks, could have easily picked up a couple vic¬ tories. Aside from Levy, the mound staff has been ex¬ periencing control problems, but the fielding and hitting have been solid. After Williams two days ago, the Panthers travel to Castleton for a makeup game today, and then to Union for a doubleheader tomorrow. Photo by Lori Ceiger '82 Ed Gunther '81 Is a mainstay for the Panther nine. dust cleared, they had scored Panthers struck for three eight runs. Frank Burke '83 runs in the third, only to see looked strong in relief, but the the lead disappear in the bot- Panther bats were silent the tom of the inning. Starter “B” teams are 8-2 overall rest of the way as Vermont Burke looked impressive until showcased four tough pit¬ chers over the nine-inning stretch, as they wound up with a 14-1 win. On Friday, the Panthers made the long trek to dismal Troy, New York, to face RPI, and once again came up just short of a victory as the Engineers broke a 3-3 tie with the winning run in the 1 lth in¬ ning. Down 1-0 after the first inn¬ ing. the Panthers then scored the fourth when, with two out, a pair of walks and two hits plated two more runs for the Cadets.


The Military Chaplains' Review

Ill iv Leadership and Parish Development The Army theme for 85 is Leadership. This emphasis challenges the chaplaincy to give renewed attention to the art and science of leader- ship. Some people see the chaplaincy as being on the fringe of mili- tary life, and they think we have nothing to do with leadership. These people are wrong. It is our duty to be a moral influence on leaders at every level. But if we are to minister effectively to leaders in today's Army, we must love soldiers and speak for our faith. We must understand leadership and know our leaders — walk with them, listen to them, talk with them. Furthermore, we chaplains, chaplain assistants, and directors of religious education are leaders ourselves. We plan for future opera- tions, assess situations and make decisions. Because we care for and influence those whom we lead, we must do it with vision, insight, integrity and courage. In the Army chaplaincy over the past twelve years, we have integrated the insights of leadership, management, and the behavioral sciences with our understandings of Scripture and theology. The result is the process we call Parish Development. We don't speak of developing congregations, but rather see the whole Army — from the soldier in the squad to the general in the Pentagon — as our parish. This issue of the Military Chaplains' Review combines leader- ship and parish development. These articles come from a variety of sources: the chaplaincy, the church, and business. The articles address a variety of subjects concerning leadership, organizational change, and our efforts in the chaplaincy to make individuals, groups, and organizations more effective instruments of God's will. I com- mend this issue to you for reading and study, for discussion with colleagues, and most importantly, for application in your various fields of ministry. Our faith groups, the Army, and our God call us to be leaders.