Montana outdoors

Not all persons who harbor Giardia in their intestinal tracts become ill with giardiasis. However, these so- called "asymptomatic carriers" of the Giardia cysts can shed them for years and spread the parasite. High concentrations of Giardia cysts found in water near beaver habitat led to the early belief that beavers were the main carriers of Giardia. However, researchers have also found Giardia cysts in cats, dogs, horses, cattle, rabbits, marmots, ground squirrels, mountain sheep, elk, and many other mammals. Despite this large range of hosts, some Colorado researchers have found the incidence of Giardia organisms to be lower in areas where human contact is minimal and higher in popular backcountry recreationed areas. This indicates that humans are the primary sources and spreaders of Giardia. In turn, improper body waste disposal is the primary cause of contamination. As a hiker, skier, backpacker, hunter, or camper, you can prevent contamination of water supplies by utilizing a little backcountry hygiene and courtesy in disposal of body wastes. Wastes should be kept at least 100 feet from any streams, springs, or drainage areas, and then covered with several inches of soil. The soil will aid in the rapid decomposition of the wastes and keep them away from in- sects and animals. When you consider that a single human stool specimen can contain over 300 million cysts, and that from 10 to 25 can cause in- fection, one incidence of careless backcountry hygiene can be disastrous. To avoid becoming a victim of giardiasis, consider the following pre- cautions: 1 . When out on a short day hike or cross-country ski trek, carry drinking water obtained from a safe source. 2. When camping overnight, boil the water you will use for cooking, drinking, and brushing your teeth for at least 10 minutes to ensure the destruction of all cysts. (To remove the flat taste that boiling gives, aerate the water by pouring it back and forth between two clean containers.) 3.


Montana outdoors

Iodine purification tablets are quite effective in destroying Giardia cysts, but they can impart an objec- tionable taste to the water. (Chlorine purification tablets won't do the job.) 4. Some small filters have been de- veloped which have been effective in removing the cysts under laboratory conditions. However, they may be unreliable after jostling around in a backpack, and their additional weight is another consideration. 5. As sources for drinking water, avoid slowly moving streams, swam- py areas, shallow ponds, and drain- age areas because Giardia cysts are more likely to be found in higher con- centrations in these areas. The fewer the organisms present, the fewer you are likely to ingest. The high incidence of giardiasis in mountain backpackers and campers led to the condition's nickname, "backpackers' diarrhea." But this description is no longer completely accurate because increasing numbers of giardiasis outbreaks are now at- tributed to municipal water supplies (see sidebar). In most, the water source is surface water in which mild chlorine disinfection is the only treat- ment provided. (Don't be surprised to learn that many of these municipal water supplies originate within popular outdoor recreational areas.) Strong concentrations of chlorine over a long period of time are necessary to destroy the hardy Giar- dia cysts, especially when the water is turbid and cold. Therefore, normal chlorine disinfection of municipal cyst of Giardia lamblia water, particularly in mountainous northern states like Montana, is inef- fective against Giardia cysts. Filtration, preceded by chemical flocculation (processes which coa- lesce and settle out suspended par- ticles in the water) and sedimentation, is considered best for removing Giar- dia cysts from municipal water sup- plies. The best available filters are those made from the hard silica re- mains of diatoms, a type of algae (DE), or a graded sand and gravel medium. However, unless the system is properly operated and the water pretreated, cysts can slip through the filters because of their variable size and flexibility.


Montana outdoors

"Montana Fishing" with 140 pages of text, photographs, and maps, will provide the first-ever listing of the state's new stream fishery ratings and an overview of fishing throughout the state, according to author Dale Burk, Stevensville. "Montana Fishing" is the first to detail fishing potential in the warm-water fisheries of northeastern and southeastern Montana as well as the cold-water trout fisheries in the western part of the state, Burk says. Chapters detail fishing poten- tial in Montana on a regional basis. "Where-to" and "how-to" informa- tion is provided for larger streams, lakes, and reservoirs. There is an extensive look at fishing in both Glacier and Yellowstone National parks, a chapter on Montana state fishing records, and a chapter titled "Fishing Partner," teUing the story of Burk's relationship with the late Len "Buck" Collier of Kalispell, to whom the book is dedicated. Two guest chapters are included, one on fishing the Madison, Yellowstone and Gallatin rivers by writer/wildlife biologist Hugh Zackheim and another by this writer on fishing in north central Mon- tana. The stream rating chapter is the most likely to become a Montana fisherman's choice for reference. The chapter details new stream rating listings — Class 1 (highest valued fishery resource). Class 2 (highest priority fishery resource), or Class 3 (high priority fishery resource) — for 5,436 miles of Montana streams. Burk compiled the listing after working through the ratings for 17,196 miles of streams rated by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildhfe and Parks with the help of computers. The book lists ratings for 353 stream reaches in Montana included in the top three rating categories. "Montana Fishing" is Burk's 10th book and the third in his series on Mon- tana's outdoor recreation pubUshed by Stoneydale Press. He recently revised and updated the "Montana Fishing Guide— West of the Continental Divide," published by Moun- tain Press Publishing Co.


Montana outdoors

Burk is also author of "A Brush with the West," about western art, and he collaborated with photographer Russell Lamb to pro- duce "Montana," a large-format book about the state. — Wayne Arnst, Great Falls Tribune outdoors editor 10 The Catchall Counting "Prairie Goats" I feel the Super Cub surge forward and rapidly gain speed as I smoothly open the throttle. A few stabs on the rudder pedals keep the ship heading down the runway. The wheels lighten and with a little back pressure on the stick, we're airborne and heading into the sunrise. Shortly before dawn on many isolated runways throughout the West, numerous small aircraft follow suit. Through most of July, when winds are calm and skies are clear, these planes carry a pilot and a wildlife biologist into the early morning skies to count and classify pronghorn antelope. This morning, we'll be flying about 25 miles northeast of Roundup, to survey subunit 9 of antelope Hunting District 530. Subunit 9 comprises about 210 square miles of grasslands, sagebrush basins, a scattering of winter wheat fields, and badlands. There are few occupied ranches or gravel roads on the boundaries of the subunit, and none within it. As we fly to the starting point, the sun blazes into view. A few jackrabbits, a golden eagle, and a coyote scurry about as we interrupt the quiet prairie dawn. The Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks has seven administrative regions in Montana. Five have huntable populations of antelope. Biologists in each census a portion of the region's antelope range every July. In Region 5 (Billings), half of the hunting districts are flown annually so the complete region is covered every two years. As we approach the beginning of sub- unit 9, 1 throttle back, add a notch of flaps, and settle to a cruise speed of about 60 miles per hour.


Montana outdoors

I then look for adult and yearling bucks. The yearlings have horns about the length of their ears, while those 2 years or older have horns a foot or more long. This herd has 16 total animals, in- cluding six fawns and a very respectable buck. As Orville heads back to our sec- tion line, I jot down the numbers in their columns. Most of the herds we see are yearling and adult does and fawns of the year, often with an adult buck in the group. The yearling bucks are mostly in separate herds. We also see many lone bucks, and single does with a fawn or two. An hour or so of this kind of flying gives you a good case of "numb-butt," so we occasionally lemd on a relatively flat piece of real estate to take a break. Orville is the chief pilot, but I've been learning to fly the Cub for about a year, so I fre- quently take the controls for the less de- manding maneuvers. When it comes to tight banks at slow speed, or landing on the edge of a coulee, Orville is definitely at the stick. We've been flying for nearly four hours now. We've seen hundreds of antelope, although there were long stretches when we saw nothing but an occasional band of domestic sheep, a golden eagle now and then, or a coyote. At other times, the prairie seemed alive, with antelope in every direction. While driving through a land so open and apparently flat, it seems that you could see every antelope within miles. Yet, frequently you see few or none. Hunters and ranchers often tell me they believe antelope numbers are way down, but our annual census tells a different story. Even though we cover every square mile of a hunting district during optimum viewing conditions, we probably miss at least a third of the antelope there.


Insitute For Networking Design Information Reponse

Cyberthon is the name of an event the Whole Earth Institute is hosting for 24 hours from noon on October 6th to noon on October 7th, 1990 at Colossal Pictures in San Francisco. This event will focus on the cultural and social impact of Virtual Reality. What is Virtual Reality? According to Howard Rheingold, author of Tools for Thought, "Virtual Reality is the name for a new science and technology that is emerging worldwide. Head- mounted visual displays create the illusion of immersion in a computer simulated world, and special sensor-equipped gloves makes it possible to manipulate simulated objects by direct contact. Head-tracking devices enable the computer to update the world model, thus making it possible to navigate and explore the three-dimensional models known as virtual worlds. The technology already is used for scientific visualization, architectural design, and medical imaging. Future uses include advanced computer interfaces and communication technologies. Research is actively moving forward at NASA, the University of North Carolina, MIT and MIT Media Lab, and scores of other sites in the U.S., Japan and Europe." How will Cyberthon be different from other Virtual Reality Conferences? As stated above, Cyberthon will focus not on the technological advances in this field, but on the cultural and social impact of Virtual Reality. People from diverse backgrounds will get some hands-on experience with various forms of Virtual Reality and then be given the opportunity to think of how this innovative technology may impact their lives and culture in the foreseeable future. Is this going to be a 24-hour conference? This conference will run for 24 hours from Saturday October 6th to Sunday October 7th at the Colossal Pictures studios in San Francisco. Adding to the general ambience of virtual reality, the conference will follow a "Club Med" format -- e.g. once a visitor has paid his/her admission price no other exchange of money will occur.


Closing Address and presentation of the "Build Your Own World" contest awards Who is going to participate in this event? As of now Jaron Lanier, Eric Gullichsen, Margaret Minsky, Chris Hardman, Michael Naimark, Wendy Kellogg, William and Meredith Bricken, Tom Furness, VPL Research, Autodesk, Sense8, Broderbund, and Antenna Theater have already committed to participating in the event. Marvin Minksy, Max Behensky, Randy Farmer, Steve Arnold, Warren Franklin, Lucas Films, Scott Foster, Beth Wenzel, Steven Beck, Louis Brill, Brenda Laurel, Kathelin Hoffman and Stephanie Sutton have all expressed a strong interest in doing likewise. The Cyberthon Steering Committee has compiled a comprehensive list of people and companies who are going to be invited to participate (see attached list). While some of these are indeed involved with Virtual Reality -- like Dr. Marvin Minsky of the Media Lab, Warren Robinett of UNC and Tom Furness of the University of Washington -- others are being asked because they are involved with creating alternative realities -- like story tellers, magicians and actors -- or because of their interest in V R and how it can affect their future. Cyberthon - 2 Who are you inviting as guests? As stated above, Cyberthon will focus on the cultural and social impact of Virtual Reality. Much like computers, this technology promises to affect the lives and work of many of us in the future, and for this reason we are inviting many non- technical individuals to attend. Various areas of interest and endeavor we would like to see represented are: anthropologists, artists, biologists, educators, environmentalists, musicians, politicians, philosophers, photographers, poets, psychologists, social critics, and writers. To get a well-rounded audience for discussions, it is important to make sure the attendees are diversified in interest and occupations, not just an event for the affluent, middle aged hacker. How many people are you inviting?


Monmouth College Catalog

In addition to speakers brought to the campus by the Student Convocations Com- mittee, several speakers, as well as musical and dramatic organizations, appear on the campus under the auspices of the Concert-Lecture series and as guests of Academic Departments. Monmouth College students assist in the work of the Warren Achievement School for the Handicapped as teachers' aids, helping teach basic physical and mental skills. The program of the Jamieson Center, a local neighborhood youth assistance center, would be severely limited without the thousands of volunteer hours of service provided by Monmouth College students. During Christmas vacation each year a group of student and faculty members spend the better part of a week in an urban area studying firsthand the problems of inner city environ- ment. Under the sponsorship of the Chaplain of Monmouth College, the Rev. Paul McClanahan, study groups have studied problems of the Indian minority in Minneapolis and Spanish Americans living in Chicago's inner-city. The Student Center provides a focal point for student life on the Monmouth College campus. Offered at the Student Center are social and cultural programs, planned and budgeted by the Student Center Board of Directors. Physical facilities in the Student Center are available for activities ranging from bowling and billiards to music. The Alpha chapters of the nation's first two sororities, Pi Beta Phi and Kappa Kappa Gamma, are located on campus. Other sorori- ties at Monmouth College are Alpha Xi Delta and Kappa Delta. The fraternities are Alpha Tau Omega, Tau Kappa Epsilon, Theta Chi, Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Phi Epsilon, and Zeta Beta Tau. Religious Life Throughout its history, Monmouth College has retained an affiliation with the church of its founders, today the United Presbyterian Church, U.S.A. Many demoninations are repre- sented among the students and faculty and the College Chaplain encourages students to associ- ate with a local church of their choice while at Monmouth.


Monmouth College Catalog

In accepting the responsibility of challenging each student to explore the spiritual dimensions of life, the College actively supports college- community cooperation in ecumenical pro- grams to attract religious leaders of many faiths to the campus and community. Furthermore, the College encourages local clergy to design spiritual programs which are contemporary and meaningful to today's student. No attempt is made to intrude on or change a student's religious or spiritual beliefs. However, the College and the Chaplain provide oppor- tunities for students to be exposed voluntarily to leading interpreters of religious thought through seminars, lectures, and personal coun- seling. Athletics Monmouth is a member of the Midwest Inter- collegiate Athletic Conference which maintains competition at the varsity level among 10 of the institutions in the Associated Colleges of the Midwest. Monmouth's "Fighting Scots" battle in nine varsity sports: football, cross country, basketball, swimming, wrestling, base- ball, track, golf, and tennis. In addition, soccer competition with several colleges and univer- sities is on a club basis. Freshmen are eligible to compete in all varsity sports. Monmouth has a proud record of support for its athletic teams, and approxi- mately one of every four men participate in intercollegiate athletics. The Women's Extramural sports program includes competition in basketball, softball and volleyball with other IlUnois universities and colleges. Intramurals The intramural sports program provides an opportunity for every student to participate in some type of competitive sports activity as regularly as his interest, abihty, and time will permit. Students representing dormitories, fra- ternities, sororities, and independents are organ- ized into teams competing for trophies and awards. Activities include: archery, badminton, base- ball throw, basketball, billiards, bowling, cross country, decathlon, football, free throws, golf, handball, punt football, softball, swimming, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, and wrestUng. Recreation The department encourages the widest possible use of its facilities and staff in supporting the recreational needs and interest of the college community.


Monmouth College Catalog

The gymnasium is reserved for recreational activities at specified times throughout each term. Student Organizations "M"Club The varsity letter winners of Monmouth College join together in the "M" Club in order to promote team work and sportsmanship in all athletic events. Soccer Club Soccer enthusiasts and those interested in learn- ing soccer are encouraged to participate in this exciting sport. The club competes regularly against Knox and other colleges in the midwest. Dolphin Club The Dolphin Club is an organization for women who have a special interest in aquatics. To obtain membership one must pass the Dolphin requirements. The club presents a bi-annual water show in the fall and spring. Departmental Clubs Departmental clubs are organized for the bene- fit of students with interests in particular fields of study. The American Chemical Society, and the Clio (History), French, German, Spanish, Psychology, and Sociology Clubs are open to all students. Crimson Masque Crimson Masque is the College dramatic soci- ety. Three or four full-length plays plus experi- mental one-acts are produced under its auspices each year. Membership is open to any inter- ested student and no previous dramatic exper- ience is necessary. Black Action and Affairs Council The BAAC promotes a desire for higher acade- mic achievement, a better social acceptance within the College, and good fellowship within its membership. Membership is open to any person affiliated with Monmouth College, with an understanding of an effective black brother- hood, sharing mutual black interests, and a desire for black unity. International Club ^^ Membership is open to all interested in partici- pating in programs that further the causes of better international relations. Politics Club The Pohtics Club is open to anyone with an interest in government or related fields. A variety of campus seminars have been planned for the 1972-73 academic year involving a number of state and local government officials.


Monmouth College Catalog

Economics and Business Club With the assistance of the faculty, the officers of the Economics and Business Administration majors plan programs of interest and frequently invite students and faculty of other depart- ments to attend. The programs frequently cross departmental lines and provide general chal- lenge and interest. Programs have included presentation of student papers; discussions of careers by graduates, and reviews of business problems and activities by corporate officers. Collegium Musicum The Collegium Musicum is an organization consisting of instrumentalists and vocalists dedi- cated to the performance of old or seldom played music. This ensemble has gained notice for the reintroduction of older instruments such as the recorder and harpsichord. Monmouth College Highlanders In keeping with Monmouth College's Scottish tradition, a bagpipe band was created in 1956. The band, with its complement of Highland Dancers, performs at school and off-campus activities. New members— pipers, drummers, dancers- are welcome at any time. Honorary Organizations Sigma Omicron Mu Sigma Omicron Mu is the upperclass honorary scholastic fraternity on campus. To be eligible for membership, one must have completed 24 term courses, 12 of which must have been taken at Monmouth or on a Monmouth- sponsored program, with a grade-point equiva- lent to an (A) in 19 courses and a (C) in the other five. Alpha Lambda Delta This is the national honorary scholastic frater- nity for outstanding freshmen women. To gain membership, a freshman woman must earn a 3.5 average during the first term, or a cumula- tive 3.5 average at the end of second or third terms. Phi Eta Mu This is the freshmen men's honorary scholastic fraternity. Any freshman man is eligible who has attained a 3.5 grade-point average at the end of his first term, or a 3.5 cumulative grade-point average at the end of second or third terms. Mortar Board Mortar Board is a national honorary senior women's society.


Monmouth College Catalog

Qualifications include leader- ship, service, and scholarship. Election is held in the third term of the junior year. Beta Beta Beta This is the national honorary biology society. Membership is open to those students who meet the necessary grade and course require- ments. Eta Sigma Phi Eta Sigma Phi is the international college classics honorary fraternity. Membership is open to those undergraduates who have main- tained a 3.0 grade average in coDege Latin or Greek. National Collegiate Players Membership in the Monmouth College chapter of National Collegiate Players is open to juniors and seniors who have outstanding records of dramatic participation and are in the upper 30% of their graduating class. Phi Alpha Theta This is the international honorary history fra- ternity on campus. Beta Phi chapter promotes the diligent study and evaluation of history. Membership is open to upperclassmen who meet its high scholastic requirements. Pi Kappa Delta Pi Kappa Delta is a national honorary forensic fraternity, whose purpose is to stimulate prog- ress in and to further the interests of inter- collegiate speech activities and communication. Sigma Delta Pi Sigma Delta Pi is the national Spanish fraternity whose purpose is to further knowledge and interest in Hispanic culture. Membership re- quires the completion of a 300 course in Spanish at Monmouth, with a minimum grade average of B in all Spanish courses. In addition, the over-all average must be at least 2.6. Sigma Tau Delta Sigma Tau Delta is a national EngUsh fraternity which fosters creative writing and appreciation of good literature. Pi Gamma Mu The national social science honor society Pi Gamma Mu grants the privilege of membership to those who have shown unusual interest and aptitude in the study of the social sciences. Blue Key Blue Key is the honor fraternity for junior and senior men of outstanding character and ability who have won campus distinction for service, leadership, and scholarship.


Monmouth College Catalog

Tomahawk The Monmouth Sioux chapter of Tomahawk, a national service and scholastic honorary for unaffiliated students, promotes social and ser- vice activities among the campus and com- munity. Student Services The advising and counseling of each student is primarily in the hands of his faculty adviser, assisted by the personnel deans, the Chaplain, and a clinical psychologist. In many ways mature students are helpful to students who are just beginning college, and therefore student counselors are located in all areas in the halls where freshmen are assigned. An orientation program is scheduled before the start of classes each fall to provide entering students with information about classes, cur- riculum, residence hall living, student organiza- tions, and student life, and to help them to meet new classmates and faculty members. Both students and alumni are assisted in obtaining employment through the Career Development Office. This office maintains a library of career materials and offers vocational counseHng. Recruiters from industry, school systems, federal and state government, and the military come to campus during the year for the purpose of interviewing students. The Director of Student Aid administers an extensive program of college scholarships and loans, National Defense Loans, Educational Opportunity Grants, and the 350-odd student jobs on the campus. The Health Service provides a well-equipped infirmary and liaison with the new Monmouth Community Memorial Hospital. Physicians and nurses staff the services and are available for treatment of minor illnesses as well as for emergencies. Full details of the Health Service program are given to students and their parents at the beginning of the College year. THE CAMPUS The Monmouth College physical plant is con- tinually being expanded and improved; the Haldeman-Thiessen Science Center and Hewes Library are the most recent additions to the Monmouth campus building program. Three new residence halls and the three-fraternity complex have been completed since 1965.


Monmouth College Catalog

Experiment in International Living Independent study in Europe is available under a program sponsored jointly by Monmouth College and the Experiment in International Living, a non-profit, non-sectarian organization which places students as guest members of families in foreign countries. Under this pro- gram, students may receive academic credit for independent study and travel by special ar- rangement. Geology in the Rocky Mountains* High school graduates who have been accepted for admission to Monmouth College are eligible to register for a summer program in introduc- tory geology in a field setting which includes most of the mountainous and foothills region of Colorado and the canyon country of eastern Utah. Participants are housed at Colorado College in Colorado Springs, Colorado, and have use of the lecture and laboratory faciHties of the Geology Department. At least three- quarters of the course is spent in the field. High School Seniors' Honors Program Now in its seventh year, a cooperative program with Monmouth High School enables a limited number of highly qualified high school seniors to take a course for college credit. India Studies Program* Following a preparatory study and orientation period at an ACM college, students travel to Deccan College in Poona, India, a cultural and educational center about 120 miles from Bombay. Here they continue their language instruction in the Marathi dialect, pursue an independent research project, and participate in a seminar designed to give historical perspective to many aspects of Indian culture, especially religion, politics, art, and music. Junior Year Abroad in Puerto Rico Monmouth College sponsors a Junior Year Abroad Program at the University of Puerto Rico. Students may spend either a semester or an academic year at this school. Other programs with a variety of foreign study centers can be arranged through the faculty Off-Campus Study Committee and the Associate Dean of the College.


Monmouth College Catalog

Law The major field for the student planning to enter law school can be quite varied but the student should prepare himself in communica- tive skills and understanding of human institu- tions and values. Courses in economics, govern- ment, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and speech are recommended. After receiving the A.B. degree, a student may qualify for a library science degree with one year of training in a professional school. Busi- ness and industry have opened new fields in specialized library work for students with scien- tific training. There are opportunities for stu- dents with an interest in library science to work in the Monmouth College Library. Medicine Although specific requirements for each medi- cal school vary, the minimum science require- ments for admission to most medical schools are listed as: 1 year of Biology, 2 years of Chemistry, and 1 year of Physics. In order to handle the mathematical concepts inherent in modern science, a strong background in mathe- matics is recommended for medical school preparation. Medical schools also wish strong preparation in the humanities and social sciences. Biology and Chemistry majors fulfiUing the departmental requirements at Monmouth meet the course requirements for admission to medi- cal school with the modest additions to their science programs suggested by the minimum requirements above. The program of study for each student is planned in consultation with faculty members in consideration of current medical school requirements. Medical Technology Under a program similar to that for medicine or dentistry, students may major in any field providing certain basic course requirements are met. Generally, an A.B. degree with a major in biology or chemistry is taken. A fifth year at a professional school and successful completion of the registry examination will lead to the certificate in medical technology. Ministry and Christian Education The American Association of Theological Schools recommends a broad liberal arts back- ground as the best preparation for the modern ministry.


Monmouth College Catalog

Concentration in philosophy, religion. history, English, sociology or psychology is acceptable, and some knowledge of Greek is a valuable asset. Monmouth's program for training of church education assistants is approved by the United Presbyterian Church Joint Committee of Nine. The committee notes that the program "has value for students of other communions who are preparing for service in the field of Christian education." The program includes general liber- al arts requirements in humanities, social sciences, physical sciences and mathematics and 14 term courses in education, psychology, religion, and music. Teaching Teacher preparation programs have been de- signed to implement the objectives of Mon- mouth College and also to meet the general and professional education requirements of the lUinois State Teacher Certification Board. The programs provide students preparing to teach in 3 elementary and secondary schools with oppor- tunities to develop attitudes and behaviors needed to become effective teacher-scholars. The programs allow for development of breadth through the general education component, depth through the study in a major field, and teaching competence through the professional courses. Students expressing an interest in teaching as a career are advised to pursue programs of study which take into account their subject interests, personal aptitudes, and desire to quahfy for various teaching preparation pro- grams. Special study programs, one of which is the Urban Teaching Program of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, offer special opportun- ities to the Monmouth student. Other programs may be started at Monmouth and completed in graduate school. See page 46 for more specific information concerning the teacher education program. w ■^: I 4 COURSES OF INSTRUCTION Students are urged to note the requirements listed for each academic department and con- sult with their faculty adviser and the depart- ment concerned for more specific information. Prerequisites or co-requisites for a course, if any, are listed following the course description.


Monmouth College Catalog

PETERSEN, Professor, Chairman BERWYN E. iONES, Associate Professor TERRY M. ^AGEL, Assistant Professor The study of chemistry offers opportunities for the interpretation of natural phenomenon of an immense variety. Therefore, examples of the ways in which an education in chemistry can serve both society and its individual professionals are almost unlimited in num- ber and kind. Whatever the variety, many of our most pressing social concerns such as public health, mental illness, environmental deterioration, and the famine- overpopulation problem certainly cannot be resolved without attacking their scientific aspects. These as- pects are, to a large extent, chemical in nature. Thus, alone or coupled with aspects of the sister discipUnes of biology, geology, psychology and phy- sics, the major in chemistry provides preparation for a career applicable to society's most pressing concerns. For the student who recognizes that the promise of any significant post-graduate activity demands firm preparation and serious study, the Department of Chemistry offers a flexible curriculum. This flexibility provides a wide variety of approaches to challenging . the unknown and gaining knowledge and confidence sufficient to examine nature with the anticipation of independent discovery. Many career opportunities in chemistry and chemi- cally related fields require only a bachelor's degree. Others require graduate education or professional training beyond the bachelor's level. The concentra- tion in chemistry is designed to open all of these possibilities. Opportunities for immediate post-graduate employ- ment exist in both the educational and experimental areas. The former would include not only teaching but also library, technical writing, pubhcation, government or consumer advocacy and business specialties. Careers involving design or performance of experimental in- vestigations are found in medical research areas, such as cancer chemotherapy, and in the pharmaceutical industries which employ many persons with a bache- lor's degree as members of research teams. Many laboratories engaged in bio-chemical research and problems in oceanography, air and water pollution, agriculture, pesticides and plastics are in constant need of college trained chemists.


Misosys Catalog

The XFLIP command will create a mirror image of the screen about the Y-axis. The graphics will be a true mirror image and the order of text characters will be reversed. The YFLIP is similar to the XFLIP except rotation is about the X-axis. ZGRAPH uses all available memory (to HIGHS) as in-memory screen buffers in addition to the video display screen. All but one of these buffers are qeneral purpose buffers and are available to the user to store displays. This is useful when creating a large graphic consisting of several ZGRAPH images or in creating those images using the MERGE function. ZGRAPH can also load and save images to disk files. All data moving to and from the disk passes through the primary video display. The reserved internal display buffer is used for error recovery in case you make a mistake (perish the thought!). GET is the function for loading the video display screen from a disk file or one of the buffers. Any one portion of the screen can be saved to a buffer or file by using the SAVE command. MERGE allows you to superimpose one graphic image over another. If you want to exchange the screen display with a buffer, use the XCHANGE command. The INPUT and OUTPUT functions reference all of the in-memory buffers for use as a multiple-image-file. Such a file is used with the BINPLAY program to provide slide-show type operations. ZGRAPH provides functions to make your graphics generation easier. The DUPLICATE command replicates a block defined by markers to other areas of the screen LINE will establish the best fitting line between the marker SET and the current cursor position. The marker position will be updated to the current cursor position after each line is drawn providing an easy way to construct lines connected end-to-end.


Mimbres resource management plan : record of decision

A right-of-way (NMNM66383) has been granted to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and a subsequent Memorandum of Understanding (NM-030-45) was signed in April 1990 reserving the public land for ground water monitoring wells. Based on the ground water studies, these lands may need to be withdrawn from multiple use management to protect public safety." P. 2-38, Column 1, paragraph 5, last line. After "Appendix H-2", add: "The route identified would be adhered to as much as possible in the development of the trail, but trail development would not necessarily be limited to the corridor. If deviation from the identified corridor is necessary because of water needs or to facilitate easement acquisition, this would be addressed through the plan amendment process." P. 2-44, Column 2 under Land Treatments, line 7. Beginning with the word "Creosotebush", delete all text through line 18 ending with "breaks". Replace with the following: "Chemical herbicides will be used for control of noxious weeds, during ROW maintenance, and control of competing or unwanted vegetation consistent with the New Mexico Record of Decision (ROD) for Vegetation Treatment on BLM Lands in the Thirteen Western States (August 1991). Such actions will be identified in site-specific environmental analysis on proposed vegetation control plans, which will be documented using an interdisciplinary approach. Minimum width buffer strips and other criteria stipulated in the New Mexico ROD (see page 10) will provide an adequate level of protection in almost all situations. For those situations when additional protection is warranted, the buffer may be extended or other criteria developed that is appropriate to the local area. Within the Mimbres Resource Area, additional protection of perennial streams will be provided by utilizing a 0.5 mile buffer when pelletized Tebuthiuron is used to treat creosotebush, mesquite, and mixed desert shrub, except during ROW maintenance operations. For economic reasons, usually only areas two sections in size or greater (1,240 acres) would be treated.


Montana journal of health, physical education, recreation, and dance

(' Since that time, the Office of Public Instruction has conducted regional training workshops involving over 20 Mon- tana schools. Participants have included physical educators, health educators, counselors, school nurses, home economics teachers, and school foods personnel. Interest in this type of program has been tremendous from parents, school administrators, teachers, students, and even physicians. The Physical Management program can be established at virtually no cost to a school district, beyond the initial train- ing for instructors. Training workshops may be arranged by contacting the persons listed above. All necessary materials and testing skills are provided to workshop participants. Program Components Behavioral Modification is intended to make students aware of the poor eating and exercise habits which may have led to their current obesity and to replace those habits with better ones, which will lead to weight control and maintenance. Situational management techniques are taught which allow the student to deal appropriately with the food cues encountered in their individual environments. Physical Conditioning starts with an evaluation of body composition and determination of fitness level. The condi- tioning program is geared toward the development of flexibility, strength, and cardiorespiratory endurance. Students participate four days a week in a form of aerobic exercise during ciass, and continue with a self-monitored exercise pro- gram on weekends. Nutrition Education involves students in a "food exchange" plan from which they learn proper food group selection, portion control, and caloric density of foods. This method of nutrition education prevents the use of potentially dangerous "fad diets" and allows the student to see a slow, consistent rate of weight loss. Self-Concept encourages overweight students to challenge the negative images they may have of themselves a^ unattractive, lazy, and lacking self-control. Through the use of assertiveness training, goal-setting, and social skills development, students are able to experiment and practice appropriate behavior in a safe and accepting environment.


From epidemicological studies, which have examined the behavioral and psychological variables it has been concluded that there is a risk for both heart attack and hypertension. One example of this is in the research which connects depression, psychophysiological complaints, anxiety, emotional drain, feeling of dissatisfaction and strife with other people as a cause of angina pectoris (chest pains cause by lack of blood to the heart) . Perhaps then, in addition to physical exercise as a way of dealing with emotional • stress, one should not harden his attitude or harden his heart, but remain flexible enough to look at something from another viewpoint. It is what we believe about what is occurring that affects our behavior. Changing one's outlook on events surrounding him and changing his behavior in order to reduce anxiety has to come from within a person. To change one's attitude is to change one's heart, so to speak. This is the spiritual^ part of man, his belief system and his values. Living up to one's values or not living them may cause stress due to the conviction of his conscience and his heart. As Solomon so wisely stated, "A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance, but by sorrow of the heart the spirit is broken." What causes sorrow in our hearts and breaks our spirit varies for each and every person. Statistics show that heart disease is the number one cause of death in our nation. These deaths may be attributed to a lack of harmony in one of these areas discussed or all three. The heart is definitely affected physically, mentally, and spiritually. To have a balance of these three areas will result in a healthy and joyful heart. Again quoting from Proverbs, "a cheerful heart does good like medicine, but a broken spirit makes one sick." Therefore, the heart can affect a person physically, mentally and spiritually.


He/she should understand Newton's Laws of Motion and the principles of leverage as they relate to human movement. 5th level: The basic movement skills can be used as a basis for learning individual skills for all the many games, sports, dances, gymnastics, and aquatics that are included in a good physical education pro- gram. The physically- educated individual should develop reasonable skill in several lifetime sports, essential in at least one. His/her leisure-time education should be closely related to physical education. 6th level: The physically educated individual learns to control his/her body for purposes of relaxation. He/she learns to recognize tension, stress, and anxiety, and to eliminate it through conscious effort. This physical skill is important for coping with stress in today's society. 3. THE PERSONAL SELF The physically-educated person has become fully aware of himself/herself and how he/she can express himself/ herself in and through movement experiences. He/she has developed a "phyitaal pesuonaLUy" that appreciates physical activity and can express joy and satisfaction in movement experiences like games, sports, dance, and play activities. He/she has learned how to play and has become self- initiating so that he/she can reap all the benefits. He/she has learned to communicate and express himself/herself through non-verbal channels. He/ she recognizes beauty and artistry in human movement as it expresses form, rhythm, harmony, and mood. The truly physically-educated individual has accepted the encouragement to create new, original forms of move- ment. His/her movement habits help him/her to adjust to, adapt to, and recover in an ever-changing environ- ment. He/she appreciates the role of all kinds of movement forms in dance, sports, and culture, and their meaning in society. Most of all, he/she has experienced ion through physical activity.


Modulus

In the search for a discovery of ourselves there is, at least in part, an inherent urge to define what we are by determining where we came from. If this thesis has any merit, it might explain the interest of the young adult in an era that ended before he or she was born. If generalization can be allowed, the young adult of twenty-five years ago came to discover a growing awareness of self as he discovered the role-models which were more clearly defined and more arbitrarily accepted at that time. Perhaps he defined himself as he attempted to conform to the role that his society expected him to accept as his destiny. Today, an awareness of self takes on new and, in many cases, personalized aspects: recent popular publications, catchy com- mercial jingles, and quasi-militant slogans have told us that, among other things, we are O.K., we can have it our way, and we have a right to our own space. Our needs, an important consideration in any evaluation of the self, seem more autonomously deter- mined and less societally governed. It does not seem as selfish as it once was to consider what we want, what we need, what we have a right to expect. Though the basic needs seem never to change, the manner in which the individual asserts and achieves his needs can be seen to be changing. Just as minority groups have urged and are still urging their voices to be heard and their needs | satisfied, the individual is asserting his right to be recognized as an important, though singular, voice in the society to which he belongs. Perhaps the most dramatic demonstration of a new awareness of self can be found in the emergence of the woman as a viable, powerful, and valuable force in contemporary life.


Modulus

After a long colonization, the local chapter of Acacia Fra- ternity was fully installed at Tri-State College in 1967. Acacia aims to assist those who are striving for a better and more use- ful existence in the world, while working for wisdom and understanding, above all else. The Acacia Fraternity was conceived in the fall of 1903 at the Library of the University of Michigan. Acacia’s goal is to help the individual in two common endeavors: the develop- ment of the mind and growth in right conduct and character. Acacia is unique in that its name is a whole Greek Word, not just letters. Acacia is the name of a far-eastern evergreen that symbolizes strength, ruggedness and the ability to endure. Acacia, as a brotherhood will endure. Come visit sometime. 92 Alpha Epsilon Pi Bottom to Top—Left to Right: Todd Walters, Tom Leas, Rich Steiner, Don Lyons, Randy Holdren, Norm Reed, Rodney Johnson. Alpha Epsilon Pi was founded in 1970 as the Tau Sigma Fraternity and is now known as the Tau Sigma Colony of Alpha Epsilon Pi. It is one of the largest national social frater- nities. The colony itself is one of the smaller houses on campus. This smallness gives the house an imformal, friendly atmos- phere which in larger houses is difficult to obtain. Each indi- vidual brother is allowed to play an active part in running the house, learning responsibility, and building lifetime friend- ships. Alpha Epsilon Pi’s main social events are the semi-annual pig roasts which are held every fall and spring quarters. Inde- pendents are always welcome at AEPi, which is located on College Street one block south of the campus. We have a small brotherhood now, but watch out for us next year TSU. 93 Alpha Sigma Phi Left to Right: Mike DeBruyne, Jeff Schoch, Mark Frogstone, Mike Murray, Paul Hollenbeck, Dave Scheirer, Bill Golden, Paul Ruegamer, Bill Adams, Rob Schoenberger, Jim Small, Pebe, Doug Libey.


Modulus

As you are thumbing through these pages you should notice several changes from previous years. The book this year has more pages than in the past and could use many more but the budget does not permit that. Then you should notice the use of more color in the pages of this book. Thanks to some great photographers, the pictures are of good quality and seem to be more exciting. Those photographers are: Scott Lundi, Tom Thrasher, Noah McClain, Scott Timmis, Ralph Sampson, Tom Metzler and a host of others. The division pages and the opening section are all a part of the theme of this book, which is “Our New Awareness.” This year we used bigger pictures on all the pages to keep with current standards in the yearbook layout objectives. Because of this, not every student, faculty member, or administrator can be pictured or mentioned in 180 pages. We tried to cover only the highlights of this school year to represent a true picture of life on the Tri-State University campus. Every year something seems to happen to cause some part of the Modulus to be lacking in one or two areas. This year the dark- room was vandalized and some very valuable film was destroyed. So if you see an event or team not in the book it is due to the fact that no pictures were available to properly cover that event or team. I would like to thank the people who contributed to the task of putting together this book. Jerry Brown, did a fine job as assist-_ ant editor. He was always there when I needed him. Shelly Saunders and Cindy Walker handled the senior section and a lot of the — typing duties. Other workers were: Cindy Huyser, Tom Sundling, and the photographers already mentioned.


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Victor records were only 75 cents apiece as opposed to Edison Records at a dollar. The Edison “Army & Navy” Model has all the indications of having been designed by someone who never experienced front-line conditions. As many returning doughboys could have attested, despite the Edison’s cumbersome indestructibility, the filthy, noisy conditions in the lines were no place for a phonograph. Artillery batteries and rear areas were the obvious venues for such comforts, and the Edison was overbuilt for the purpose. If the little Victrolas of the period could survive behind the front, why lug around the 1 00 pound Edison? As a final, fatal blow to the “Army & Navy” Model’s prospects for long-term survival, the usual method of dispersal of these machines after the war was for the unit to hold a lottery to determine which soldier would take the machine home with him. One can well imagine the reaction of the soldier’s wife or mother when he deposited this olive-drab crate in the parlor! Far more welcome would have been a small Victrola, designed as it was for the home. Indeed, collectors today who are “lucky” owners of this machine, can attest to its lowly status in the eyes of guests. Despite its rarity and the oddities of its construction, this model remains generally unloved (especially by those of us with collections on the second-floor!). Only those who are drawn to the lunacy of its design and the tragedy of its intended application are likely to fully appreciate this phonographic white elephant. Fig. 3: With the grille removed, the horn clamp may be seen. The crank is stowed alongside the wooden block in the right foreground. The turntable is bolted beneath the lid for transport. Some Columbia Controversies by Tim Brooks In the course of compiling volumes one and four of the Columbia Master Book Discography the volumes covering the earliest, least-documented period of Columbia disc production — I was forced to confront a number of long-standing discographical controversies.


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The only way to date the long-lived take 12 would be to detennine the earliest label style on which that take is found. This writer’s earliest copy of take 12 is on a disc bearing the black and silver label, with “Columbia Phonograph Co., GenT” arched across the top and a single prize shown next to the spindle hole — “Grand Prize Paris 1900.” Sherman and Nauck, in their fine label guide Note the Notes, (4) date this label (III.B. 1) as in use only during 1905. Does anyone have take 12 bearing an earlier label? Other takes that have been reported (less frequently) are seven-inch takes 2 and 7, and ten-inch takes 1, 2, 3 and 13. Ironically, it is possible — though not certain — that Harry Spencer, not Len, may have had the best-selling single version of this famous routine. (Considering versions on all labels, Len would have sold more.) Early Columbia pressings turn up often, and Columbia A406 remained in the catalog until 1926 (with artist credit given simply as “talking”). The master was also issued on numerous other labels, which are frequently found. Len’s Victor version was last remade in 1908, reissued on no other label, and I believe is found somewhat less often (although it too stayed in the catalog until the 1920s). Comparative sales of Edison wax cylinders are difficult to judge, since they are fragile and not as many survive as discs. Len’s four-minute Edison cylinder version was reissued on Blue Amberol 3745, but not on Diamond Discs. The postscript on Harry Spencer is sad. He seems to have done little recording after 1902, although he continued to work for his brother at the latter’s theatrical agency. After Len died suddenly in 1914 Harry briefly ran the agency, but due to his mismanagement it dissolved. He then started several unsuccessful businesses and worked for some years for the Pennsylvania Railroad.


New Amberola Graphic 105

Catalogs and labels identified the singer only as “Signor Giannini,” but collectors and writers have always assumed that meant Ferruccio Giannini, the pioneering tenor who was the first “serious” operatic artist to make recordings, for Berliner in 1896, and later for Victor and Zonophone. It was certainly a surprise, therefore, to discover that in later Columbia catalogs these 1903-1904 recordings were credited not to Ferruccio but to Diego Giannini, an obscure tenor then recording in the Columbia “E” series. In the early 1900s Columbia did not routinely identify artists in its catalogs, and sometimes not on the labels either. However with the advent of double-discs in 1908 this policy was gradually reversed, and in July 1912 the general catalog underwent a major overhaul, with many artist names added or expanded. “Signor Giannini” became “Diego Giannini,” which it remained until the last of his discs was deleted in 1914. Several collectors I contacted were surprised by the discovery, and suggested that since it was from an original source, it might well be true. In this case, however, collectors are right and the Columbia catalog editors were wrong. I subsequently obtained copies of some of the original 1904 single-face discs, and they are announced as by Ferruccio Giannini. The announcements are delivered with a wonderful flourish (“Ferr-UUCH-io!”), in a heavily accented voice that is no doubt that of the tenor himself. These announcements, which by the way are worth the price of the disc, had been physically deleted from the master by the time the double face versions were issued, and the 1912 Columbia editors probably assumed the artist was the only Giannini then recording for the company. Diego, who was apparently not related to Ferruccio, continued to record until the 1920s.(6) The moral? Don’t believe everything you read, even if it comes from a period source.


New Amberola Graphic 105

She is not always billed on the label; for example her name does not appear on “Uncle Josh’s Courtship” (nos. 1906 and A396), although her voice is clearly heard. The original Uncle Josh-Aunt Nancv productions are found only on Columbia, since at the time (1904-1905) Stewart was recording exclusively for that label’s cylinders and discs. When the exclusive disc arrangement ended Stewart and his wife recorded the routines for Victor, in early 1907. . Most references are vague as to when Ada Jones took over the role of Aunt Nancy, implying that it was soon after this. McNutt in his Cal Stewart biography says that it was in 1910.(8) However the earliest I can find Ada Jones billed on a record with Stewart is in 1919, the year he died. Ada Jones seems to have taken the role only at the very end of Stewart’s career. One of my favorites from this period, incidentally, is “Evening Time at Pumpkin Center” (A2789), in which the usually stuffy Henry Burr affects a ridiculous rural accent m a vain effort to fit in. The real-life missus seems to have been Stewart’s preferred female partner on record. #4: The Case of Madame Noe. The celebrated sextette from Lucia di Lammermoor was one of the most famous and frequently performed operatic arias of the early 1900s. It was sung by all manner of artists, burlesqued by vaudeville troupes, even arranged as a fox trot. Irving Berlin’s comic version, as sung by Billy Murray with the Vaudeville Quartette on Victor 17 1 19, is a delight (“That note alone is worth a dollar!”). You could cut a mg with the cheery fox trot version by Paul Specht and His Orchestra on Columbia A3 708. Victor made a splash in 1908 when it released an all-star version of the Sextette, featuring major names from its Red Seal roster — Sembrich, Caruso, Scotti, Joumet, Severina and Daddi (Victor 96200).


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While it is true that earlier celebrity versions usually included one or two voices of lesser rank (Severina, Cilia), Noe was totally unknown to the collectors I surveyed. The name seems to have been unknown to Columbia customers in 1920 as well. It appears on no other known Columbia recordings, or for that matter on any label I have been able to trace. Columbia said nothing about the singer in its announcement of the record. The sextette is composed of a soprano (Barrientos), two tenors (Hackett, Meader), baritone (Stracciari), bass (Mardones) and mezzo-soprano. By process of elimination, Noe must be the mezzo, so at least we know it’s a woman. A first thought was that perhaps the catalog editors meant Doris Doe (I’m not making this up!), a rather obscure contralto who recorded duets with Homer Rodeheaver and others, and was a member of the Columbia Light Opera Company later in the 1920s.(9) Then opera expert Larry Holdridge came to the rescue. He had wondered about the mysterious Mme. Noe as well, until he turned up a clipping from the June 26, 1919, Musical Courier, regarding one Emma Noe. Larry explained, “She was with the Chicago Opera, singing contralto. She then worked with Minnie Tracey who ‘mended her voice,' and ‘made her over into a dramatic soprano.’ She was offered a Covent Garden engagement, but she couldn't accept it as she was busy with other contracts accepted earlier. Although she had been converted to a soprano, there’s no reason she couldn’t have done the recording, particularly as she probably knew the role.”(10) Of course this does not prove that the mystery voice on the Columbia recording was that of Emma Noe, but it seems likely. After all, how many Noe’s do you know? #5: The Case of Cal Stewart and the Negro Laughing Song One of the most interesting stories in the early days of recording is that of George W.


Orthodox Herald 1999-06: Vol 48 Iss 565

We consider it impossible to have a break between the two. By traditional doctrine is meant the coherence and the awareness that the Church has its roots in the early centuries. In this regard, tradition joins us to all the centuries of faith without locking us in the past, although thanks to the teachings of the past we are able to cope with the present. Today the world is demystified; increasingly it moves away from the sacred, and different sects and cults offer a false sacredness. On the other hand, we believe that man needs a liturgy full of a sense of the sacred in which the visible signs help him understand the invisible. What do you think about the interactive Divine Liturgy? It seems that more and more parishes have turned to congrega- tional singing and responses. Choirs can- not recruit new members if young people are not familiar with choral responses. Baba has a prayer book and its pages are marked by prayer cards which are given at funerals. In her private prayers, she includes the names of those whose cards she has. There has to be a category in heaven for the “perohi ladies.” The style of the Byzantine ikons was angular, subdued and stiff. It was in Russian churches that ikons acquired a more natural style and brilliant colors so that they could be better seen through the incense smoke and wavering candlelight of Orthodox churches. Do you remember when it was unthink- able to do laundry, wash the car or do yard work on Sunday? In the Orthodox wedding service, vows are not exchanged and the bride is not given away. In some parishes on Father’s Day, all for- mer altar boys serve at the Divine Liturgy. In Wilkes-Barre we have a newspaper which has a feature called SAYSO.


Middle East peace process : hearing before the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, September 20, 1995

Arafat's commitment to end violence, it has continued; and the Palestinian Covenant still calls for the de- struction of the State of Israel. While Chairman Arafat is quoted in the international news media as deploring incidents of violence, there are numerous re- ports that his comments are far different to Arabic audiences. Another aspect of the peace process to be explored is the eco- nomic aid that has been authorized under MEPFA. There have been serious questions concerning the PLO's assets, its ability to effectively utilize that aid, and whether aid funds will in fact go to assist people in the self-rule areas and not be siphoned off for other purposes. Last year, I requested that the GAO conduct a financial survey of the PLO in order to establish that it has the necessary structure and could provide the accountability that is usually called for in connection with our economic assistance activities. Regrettably, the GAO report has been submitted, but it is classi- fied; so we have been unable to share its findings with other inter- ested parties. I understand that a representative of the GAO is with us today, and hopefully he will be able to shed some light on this situation. The search for peace in the Middle East has been among the most important and most contentious of the challenges facing the international community. The end of the cold war has brought an opportunity for peace in that region which cannot and must not be ignored. However, there are those who have serious concerns about the current negotia- tions. The purpose of today's hearing is to try to address some of those concerns and to shed some light on these issues. Today we will hear from a series of panels that include Members of Congress, the General Accounting Office, research institutions, and membership organizations.


Chairman, I am most delighted to have an opportunity to hear from our colleagues on such an important issue. But I do put a couple of questions. If the peace process were to disintegrate today, what would be the result? Is it possible to re- turn to the preaccord status? This peace process, like this legislation, is far from perfect; but there is no turning the clock back to, nor would anyone want to bring back, the Intifada. Any fair-minded person has to concede that we are better off in the peace process today than we were 5, 3, or even 2 years ago or even a year ago before the Oslo Agreement was signed. Our objective should be how to make the process better, not to how to allow fringe groups to kill it by saying we are making it bet- ter. There are those who say we want peace, but we are placing such demands as to undermine the sincerity of such statements. What we hear from some of these groups is so uncompromising as to be- tray their true motives and undermine any claims that they make that they truly want peace. Most of us know Prime Minister Rabin, and I know his history. He is not some naive dove who is going to sell out his country to the likes of Yasir Arafat. He is a tough and proven warrior and a tried and tested political leader. I must say I have much more faith in his political judgment about the current situation between the Israelis and Palestinians and making peace with the Palestinians than I do with many of the persons who stop by my office to complain about the process. I believe that we are holding these hearings today because par- tisan Israelis political pressures are spilling over into the United States political agenda.


I want to first commend my colleague from Florida for his state- ment. Those of us who have spent some time watching the develop- ments in the Middle East can remember the critics of the Camp David process. And even after peace was achieved, there were those who continued to criticize the quality of the peace. But, indeed, it is that peace, the peace that began at the Camp David process, that has enabled this administration to take the next step in the process. And it really has been the position of the American people, throughout the history of this country, to support the peace process in the Middle East. From Harry Truman's courageous act in rec- ognizing the State of Israel to Bill Clinton and his efforts at bring- ing Palestinians and Israelis together, the American Congress and the American people have stood with their Presidents on this issue. President Carter's Camp David accord, as I have said before, had many of its critics during the process and afterwards. With some history behind us now, we can see how critical that process at Camp David was to developing what we have seen in the last year, that memorable handshake at the U.S. Capitol between Prime Min- ister Rabin and Mr. Arafat, and with President Clinton at the White House. The Israeli peace agreement with Jordan has taken the peace process a major step forward, really the longest border that Israel shares with another country. There is now serious discussions ongoing with the Syrians. And for the millennium that there has been conflict in the Mid- dle East, we now have the first real opportunity to see peace, and a lasting peace, for the people of that region. The cost of not pursuing the peace process has risen exponentially in recent years.


In the past, we had to worry about a hand grenade, a sniper, a shotgun in the crowd. Today, chemical and biological weapons, nuclear weapons, put the entire populace of the region into continuous and every-growing danger. Without the Palestinian peace with the Israelis, there could not have been the progress that has already occurred with the govern- ments that Israel has now made agreements with, the Jordanians, and with the talks going on with the Syrians. There is always, in human nature, a resistance to moving past the status quo. There is that feeling that if you can just hold onto the present situation, it may be safer. That certainly is not what history has taught us about the Soviet Union. It is not what it taught us about the history of Yugoslavia. Strong military govern- ments, dictatorships, held those countries together and did not re- solve the underlying tensions; and today there is no mailing ad- dress for the Soviet Union. There is none for Yugoslavia. Their peo- ple live in pain and in torture. We have seen the very difficult situations, without any question. And there are still challenges to be met. But those challenges have been dealt with by an able Israeli Government meeting directly with the Palestinians. The reference to the language in the Palestinian Charter is dealt with by Mr. Rabin's agreement and the Israeli Government's agree- ment with the Palestinians. It says after elections, within 2 months of those elections, they will remove that defensive language. Some people argue that the PLO and Mr. Arafat are not good managers. It would leave you with the sense that if you got one of the big accounting firms to move into the West Bank and Gaza to- morrow, that somehow the situation would be better.


And I want to thank you very much for having this hearing. I think it is very timely and very important. I do not think anybody is against the peace process, in Israel or here in the United States. I think we all want to see peace brought to the Middle East, to Israel, to the entire region. The problem is what kind of land mines or risks are involved in the current process in the way we approach it? I remember back in the early 1980's when Ronald Reagan asked me and you and many other members of the Foreign Affairs Com- mittee to support putting troops in Beirut as a peacekeeping force. And we all said, well, he is our President, our Commander in Chief, he knows best. And we went ahead and allowed several hun- dred Marines to be placed in Beirut; and a terrorist bomber, with a truckload of dynamite, drove through a very loose barricade and blew up the headquarters and killed over 230 Marines. It was a tragic day for the United States and, I think, for the entire world. Now we are talking about such things as putting American troops on the Golan Heights as an intermediary or peacekeeping force to make sure that a long-term peace agreement between Is- rael and Syria will survive, will last. And I want you to know that I have great reservations about that kind of a policy, and I think anyone who really thinks about it should have reservations. First of all, even though the peace process has been going for- ward between the PLO and the Israeli Government, the fact re- mains that there have been terrorist bombings at bus stops, on buses, at various locations in Israel. And those who oppose the peace process are not going to stop.


And for the United States to put American troops in harm's way, when it is not really in our national interest, is a terrible, terrible mistake. And I can see the same thing happening on the Golan Heights with a Hezbollah terrorist or a Hamas terrorist blowing up a bunch of American troops, who are sitting ducks over there, that just like that which happened back in the early 1980's in Beirut. Now I have expressed my concern to Shimon Peres. I do not take a back seat to anybody in this Congress in my support of Israel. Since the day I arrived in Congress, I have been a supporter of Is- rael, I have voted for support for Israel, and I will continue to. But I can tell you that I truly believe if we put our troops in harm's way and some of them get killed, there is going to be a hue and cry in this country from the American people to curtail foreign aid, and it will hurt our relationship with Israel. And I do not think that that need occur. But there are those who continue to say that we must do this in order to further the peace process. If everything had been working as we wanted it to and there had been no terrorist attacks, I would say, well maybe that is something worth looking at. But today and every single day we know terrorism still exists on the West Bank, in Jerusalem itself, and in other parts of Israel; and I just cannot see the logic of it. And so I would once again say, if Mr. Peres was here, or Mr. Rabin, I think you are making a terrible mistake; and I think our administration here in Washington is making a terrible mistake if we get into a quagmire that is going to involve American troops being placed on the Golan Heights.


They have been listed year after year after year by the State Department as a terrorist state. Now, Yasir Arafat and the Government of Israel have signed an accord. And we all applaud that. I watched with great admiration and respect when I saw the leaders of Israel and Yasir Arafat shake hands at the White House. I said, my gosh, maybe the mil- lennium has come and we are going to see peace over there. So I think we all applauded that. But there still are major problems in the West Bank. And the PLO still has not been able to contain or control those terrorists that are perpetrating these attacks on various parts of Israel. And because of that, I think we should think long and hard be- fore we give large sums of American taxpayers' dollars to the PLO while this kind of a problem exists. In addition to that, and this is very important, Mr. Chairman — British intelligence has told us that the PLO has up to $8 billion in foreign banks, in Switzerland and elsewhere, $8 billion. And for the United States to give them $500 million over the next 5 years at a time when they simply do not need those re- sources makes absolutely no sense to me. The fact of the matter is we were under severe budgetary con- straints here in the Congress of the United States. We are trying to balance our Federal budget. The American people just do not like foreign aid in any form. And those of us who support some for- eign aid for our allies in important causes around the world are subject to criticism on a regular basis. How do we defend giving the PLO $500 million over the next 5 years when they have $8 billion in the bank? 8 I just do not see how you can justify that, especially with the problems we are having fiscally here at home.


It is easy at a time when we are looking at the past to conclude that it is incon- ceivable to move in the direction of peace. Germany and France had warfare stretching over generations, culminating in the most horrendous war of history in the Second World War. Yet Germany and France today are fully integrated po- litically, economically, culturally, and socially. I have no such illusions with respect to the Middle East. It will take many generations before comparable developments can emerge. But it is self-evident that the leadership of the State of Israel, represented by Mr. Rabin — who has devoted a lifetime, a lifetime to the protection and building of his country — is fully conscious of all the dangers, all of the problems and all of the difficulties that lie along the way of the process of the peace negotiations. If there is anything I find objectionable — because I presume ev- erybody coming to this table comes with good intentions — it is the virulent attacks against individuals who have devoted a lifetime to building the State of Israel and to making it safe and secure. I have never hesitated to take a position contrary to this admin- istration. I have taken a position contrary to this administration on a broad range of issues ranging from NAFTA to my resolution passed by the Congress unanimously of issuing a visa to the Presi- dent of Taiwan. But I must say that in this case, the Clinton administration is pursuing the right policy, the only rational policy, the only policy which is in the interests of the United States, in the interests of the State of Israel, and all elements in the Middle East that are committed to a constructive and peaceful development. And I want to conclude by giving my full and unqualified support to the administration in its pursuit of supporting the peace process.


Chairman, along with the other members who have appeared this morning, I want to thank you for giving us the opportunity to conduct this public dialog on the objective and goal that we all share; and, of course, that is a true and lasting peace. As I sat and listened to my good friend Mr. Lantos' testimony here this morning, my mind went back a year or so to a time when Mr. Lantos and I and, I think, you, Mr. Chairman, and probably Mr. Deutsch, and others had the opportunity to have lunch with President Mubarak of Egypt. And we discussed at great length at that luncheon, as you will remember, the peace process; and he put it in a very different context than I had thought of before. He put it in the context — he used an example, a metaphor, I guess, and said that the peace process is like a giant rolling stone and that it started rolling many years ago and that sometimes it rolls fast and sometimes it rolls slow. We went through Camp David, and we have been through bad times; and with the signing of the peace accords by Mr. Arafat and Prime Minister Rabin, it was thought that this was a good time and that the stone was roll- ing faster. So the question to Mr. Mubarak — and I think this is an excellent perspective within which we can deal with it is — is that the peace process is moving forward. Sometimes we like it, sometimes we do not. It has problems with it, but it will move forward. And it is all of our responsibilities to see that it does so in the most expeditious way so that we arrive at our final objective; and that, of course, is a true and lasting peace for all of the parties in the Middle East, which is also, I might note — needless to say to you, Mr.


Moreover, Omar called it "the despised peace" and asked "how we can accept such humiliation of our religion... 0 messenger of Allah" And we when we signed the accord in Oslo, if any of you has in objection to that agreement, I have a hundred ones From here 0 brothers we speak in candor and in clarity. In Israel as I said in the beginning of my address, there is an attempt to obstruct the accord so as not to implement what they have signed on. And Unfortunately, there are some who give them the pretext of the so-called security, security, and security. They kill us with the word security. From here I say my brothers, we managed with the help of our brothers in the Palestinian team, the heroes who represented Palestine. They actually succeeded to become the Palestnian team, not the joint Jordanian Palestinian team. With all due respect and appreciation to our brothers in Jordan. But It is the right of this people we, who for a hundred years since 1897, since the first Zionist congress in Basel, This people are in the frontline. As the prophet said: And they are in the frontline until the judgement day. Yes, we are for a hundred years on the front line. The Balfour Declaration was proclaimed and called you "minorities". After that World War II, I am just reminding you, nothing more. The Yalta Conference came, not Malta, Yalta, Malta is a different thing and I will tell you about it later. The Yalta Conference came and they agreed to create the state of Israel and they passed it in the United Nations. With a majority of one vote, and they postponed the voting for two days until they got this majority. Until they got this vote. 40 Isn't that true, this is international legitimacy.


Middlebury Campus 1994-12-08 : Volume 93, Issue 11

The first element of the proposal would lengthen the time between classes from the current time of ten minutes to 15 minutes. The 10- minute interval between classes, said Davis, seems obsolete. It dates back to the time when the principal teaching spaces were the Chateau, Wright Theater, Johnson, Sunderland, the Science Center, Munroe and Warner. All of these are within relatively close walking distance. In the time since the creation of the 10-minute interval, however, teaching spaces have been added in Old Chapel, Gifford, Adirondack House, Twilight Hall, Hillcrest House, Hepburn, the Center for the Arts and Freeman International Center. (continued on page 4) Winter sports demand training over vacation By Bradley Orschel Athletics at Middlebury College require dedication and sacrifice, a consequence most athletes accept when they begin participation in their given sport Throughout the season, sports teams practice rigor¬ ously and the time commitment is substantial. Over the Christmas holiday, practice and game sched¬ ules change. Some schedules be¬ come more relaxed, but others use the vacation from academics to pick up the pace in preparation for the remainder of the season. According to the New England Small College Athletic Conference (NESCAC), practices and games are not allowed to be scheduled during finals. Over breaks and holi¬ days, schedule design is at the dis- cretion Of the coach. Over Christ¬ mas break at Middlebury, sports teams do various activities depend¬ ing on what they have done in the past and on what the coach feels is best for the team. The swim team and the women’s basketball team participate in the A. Scott After a festive holiday tree-lighting ceremony last week, this pine j in the middle of the main quad was electrified for the season. most rigorous and intense holiday training. Alter finals are over on December 20, the swim team has until Christmas day to return home* spend time with friends and family, and to catch up on rest Christmas night, swimmers fly to Florida where they practice until Decem¬ ber 31, returning January 3.


The language schools are re¬ nowned, the campus is beautiful, the professors are great, but the underlying cause for all of this quality is the quality of students that attend die college. True as this may be, the majority of time that is spent on and around campus trying to improve the school is devoted to issues that are of secondary importance. We debate the curriculum, the tenure process and the residential life system. All of these issues tend to focus on providing for the students who attend the college. And while none would deny the importance of these areas, another issue is being neglected. Beyond satisfying the students who end up here, it is at least as important that the students who arrive on campus are as high^aliber as the institution is trying to make itself. Last spring, a professor wrote to The Campus and said that the majority of the students at the college were less-than stellar students. Likewise, when students criticize the character of the school, they talk about the “type” of students who attend the coljpge. There is a great deal of time and effort that goes into providing for students at Middlebury. People work hard to bring in the best possible faculty and to maintain the best facilities. These factors are all fairly easy to control. The types of students who come to Middlebury ate what really define the school and this has little or nothing to do with anything but the makeup of each class. The admissions office, then, wields an enormous amount of power over the school and its character. Every student at Middlebury has one thing in common: They were chosen out of thousands by the folks at Emma Willard House. Despite the central role that admissions plays in the college’s ultimate makeup, the admissions process is somewhat foreign to the average student or faculty member.


The trustees, for instance, recently decided that at least ten percent of the college’s graduating classes should be students of color. Now everyone knows that Middlebury could use a bit more diversity and admissions is the entity that is ultimately going to do it Do we know exactly how admissions operates? Few do, and even fewer are actually involved in the process. When students arrive in the our classrooms they ate evaluated by professors. But the evaluation process that actually gives students the opportunity to sit in front of our distinguished faculty is generally divorced from this same community of scholars. There is at least a touch of irony in the fact that there is an exhaustive tenure review process with rigorous and well-defined guidelines, while prospective students are reviewed under a process that is nebulous and multi-dimensional. This is necessarily so due to the myriad factors that must be taken into account. The fact that there is no simple admissions formula does not deny the existence of such a formula. Student input is vital to the tenure process, but how vital is the input of professor in the admissions process? Students and faculty at the college have committed themselves to leading an examined life, and the functions of the school should not go unexamined in the process. Our admissions staff works hard and they make every effort to be accessible. Their mission, as everyone will agree, is to insure that each crop of incoming students is the best that it can be. Unfortunately, it is difficult for anyone to define exactly what the best student body consists of. Anyone bent on changing the school should not ignore the feet that Emma Willard House has a lot more to do with our college’s character than the SGA ever will. __ • Cije JWtbbleburn Campus Editor in Chitf R.


For a vegetarian friend, The Enchanted Broccoli Forest will help add spice to all those veggies. There are also any number of hot and spicy cookbooks for a South of the Border flare that will warm someone up even when the days are cold. Do-it-yourself If you feel like doing something (continued on page 12) Successful dating requires thought and skill By Emily Stone Yes, I am serious. You may have thought dating at Middlebury was an oxymoron, nonexistent and you are partially correct. Scientific stud¬ ies have determined that 95% of Middlebury students fall into one of two categories when it comes to romantic relations. The first group is those students who are involved in long-term, monogamous relationships which to spend a few hours alone together, engaged in an activity of mutual interest. The most common ex¬ amples of such activities are eating, movies, plays and concerts. Now that you all understand the premise of dating, I want to go on the record by saying that I firmly believe more dating can occur here at Middlebury. My saying that alone probably will not create a massive wave of dating on campus, so I have tried to compile a helpful guide to If you ask someone out on a date, you should have a plan in mind from the get-go. So here is a list I have compiled after extensive research on campus, which de¬ scribes the best places to go on a date from Middlebury College. We will begin with bargain dates. The safe lunch is a good inexpen¬ sive, low pressure date. The Storm Cafe in town is the recommended lunching spot. If the lunch is going well and you are looking for a way Duncan Btum Two Middlebury students try to relax on a recent date-like experience at a restaurant in Burlington. rial.


The Middlebury women’s ice hockey team has concluded the pre- Christmas portion of its 1994-95 schedule in possession of a 3-2 record, but well aware of the prow¬ ess of the rest of the powerful ECAC league. The Panthers rolled to vic¬ tories in their first three games against Williams, Wesleyan and the University of Vermont (all non-ECAC op¬ ponents), but fell this past weekend against ECAC powers Provi¬ dence and Brown. In the three victories, Middlebury outscored its op¬ ponents by a combined 29-4. The Providence game on Saturday was equally lop¬ sided, but in the other direction. The Friars, ECAC champions last season, rolled past the visiting Pan¬ thers 12-1, offering a reminder of just how tough ECAC competition can be. According to Coach Bill Mandigo, Providence is simply on a different level than the Panthers. He is quick to point out, however, that Middlebury is on a different on the bench. The defense is anchored by the incredibly steady SaraVintiadis ’97, who Mandigo cites as one of the most valuable players on the squad. Mandigo uses a rotation of five defenders to make up the defensive pairs to go along with the three offensive lines. Behind Vintiadis and company is goaltender Christy Picard ’96, who posts a 5.18 goals against aver¬ age that is deceivingly high be¬ cause of the Providence contest Picard and the rest of the Pan¬ thers were encouraged by their pi ay in their last contest against one of the best teams in the Ivy League and in the ECAC, Brown. Middlebury bounced back after being crushed by Providence and played Brown evenly throughout. Parks and Jen Hefner scored for the Panthers before they ultimately fell 5-2, but the game was closer than the score indicated. Mandigo was particularly impressed with the work ethic and resiliency of his club, which was forced to play back- to-back games on the road against tough teams.


The Panthers will look to build on the Brown experience as they regroup for a grueling Winter Term schedule that begins with yet an¬ other powerhouse, the University of New Hampshire, on January 5 at home. Men’s cagers continue to combat early woes (continued from page 23) nate that Amherst missed as many easy shots as they made. Middlebury’s defensive woes were not limited to the inside players, but extended itself to the guards as well. Amherst’s point guard, who had the ugliest shot that I have ever seen, (yet it still found its way through die hoop often) should not have been allowed to penetrate as much as he did. In the second half the Lord Jeffs came out on fire, getting some easy baskets in transition and from Middlebury turnovers. Further¬ more, the Panther’s inside game, although able to create plenty of chances, never got on track and shots from inside the paint kept clanging off the rim. Middlebury’s outside shooting was still alive as they made six of twelve three point¬ ers, but Amherst found its own out¬ side game and countered with five from downtown. With ten minutes left, Amherst took a ten-point lead they would not relinquish. Panther frustration began to show and the team did not handle the ball well. Nor did they exhibit the offensive patience that was so impressive in the first half and started forcing their scoring opportunities. In the team’s attempt to free up Prenevost, who was always tightly guarded, ball handling duties were given to first-year Greg Poulos. Al¬ though Poulos bad a solid game.it seems dear that, for now, die team functions most effectively when Prenevost brings the bail up the court All of these factors led to a final tally of 79-63, with the Pan¬ thers on the short end of the 16- point difference.


The most obvious ta'get of this controlled violence is the quarterback. A few weeks ago, in a game against, yes, you guessed it, the Arizona Cardinals, Troy Aikman of the Dallas Cowboys suffered a concussion and had his chin split open as the result of a Wilbur Marshall hit. Aikman did not have possession of the ball; he had already thrown a pass. Of course, that certainly did not deter Marshall. Marshall was not penalized on the play. In his career, Aikman has suffered six concussions; unless the assault abates, he will consider leaving football after just seven seasons. Aikman would not be the first to leave out of fear of long-term effects of head or other injuries: In 1992, A1 Toon of the New York Jets decided to retire after he was unable to shake the effects of one concussion. Toon still suffers from memory loss and slurred speech. In 1992, Jets defen¬ sive lineman Dennis Byrd paralyzed himself after he missed hitting quarterback Dave Krieg and hit his own teammate. The NFL recognizes that the problem must be solved. It has looked into the possibility of introducing a penalty box where referees could send players who commit dangerous plays. The NFL has not figured out how the system would work. For example, would the penalized team play a man down, like in hockey? And if so, for how long? a couple downs? five minutes? Personally, I thinks teams should be forced to play a man down. Some teams, like the Dallas Cowboys, have plenty of good defensive linemen, so forcing Charles Haley to sit out a play is not that painful when you have Jim Jeffcoat coming off the bench. Additionally, there should be a number of different levels. If the first level of punishment is too tough, then referees will hesitate to call it, which often happens in hockey.


Minorities and women in the arts, 1970 : a study

These established artists included 19% of all women artists in the labor force and 38% of all men artists in the labor force. Thus, half the proportion of women be- came established artists as did men. Earnings among women artists were considerably below the earnings of black and minority artists, as described in Section II. More than 30% of all established women artists had annual incomes of less than $3,000 per year, compared with only 5% for establish- ed male artists. At the other extreme, 9% of established men in the arts had incomes over $25,000 per year, while only 1 1/2 % of women artists attained this level of earnings. Also, the National Endowment for the Arts has previously re- ported that unemployment in eight artist occupations in 1970 was higher for women than for men — at about 7% for women compared with 4.2% for men.* In every artist occupation large gaps existed between male and female incomes in 1970. Architecture and design provided higher earnings for women than any other artist field. They also provided higher earnings for women, in relationship to male earnings, than any other artist field. But even for fe- male architects and designers, median incomes were 30% lower than the earnings of men in those fields. The musician oc- cupation gave women the lowest earnings of any artist field. With median incomes less than $2,000 per year, established women musicians earned about one-fifth the incomes of men who were established in the field. The radio/TV announcer occupa- tion also provided median earnings for women that were less than half the earnings of men. Table 4 ranks the artist occupations according to the comparative earnings of men and women artists. Appendix Table G provides median annual in- comes for men and women artists in each occupation. These large differences in earnings between men and women are not unique to the art field.


Montana justice quarterly : a publication of the Office of Attorney General

Nelson likens the victim's first-time experience with the criminal justice system to major surgery. "You don't know what to expect You're afraid to ask stupid questions. You want to ask questions, but you don't know what to ask," he said. The notification requirements of the law provide one way for victims to familiarize themselves with criminal procedure. For those who work in the criminal justice system daily, the ins and outs of criminal procedure are a matter of form. But for victims, it is often a frightening and confusing process. Unless prosecutors keep them informed of procedures and scheduling changes, victims are left in the dark. The experience of one Montana family is a good example of the need for notification requirements. The family went to the courthouse to testify at a hearing on the murder of their daughter. When they arrived, they discovered the hearing had been pxastponed. No one had told them of the postponement — they read about it on the courthouse bulletin board. Another time they were sitting in the hall, waiting to testify at the trial. They saw the defendant's mother and girlfriend jumping up and down elatedly. It wasn't until they were allowed inside the courtroom that they learned a mistrial had been declared. Says the father, "We found out more from the newspapers and TV than from the police or county attorney." While, as in the case of the mistrial, the swiftness of some legal decisions might preclude personally notifying victims in every instance, the impact of human contact cannot be overestimated in dealing with victims. James Nelson said he has made an effort to become more sensitive to victims' needs. After passage of Senate Bill 45 1 , he developed a letter to victims that notifies them of what to expect from the criminal justice system.


As a result of the law, Attwney General Mike Greely has initiated a project to help prosecutors assist victims. The Attorney General's office is preparing a handbook for prosecutors to distribute to victims and witnesses. The handbook wiU explain victims' rights under the new law; describe criminal procedures; and list treatment programs available on a statewide and community basis. In addition, the Attorney General's office is preparing a set of guidelines for coimty attorneys to use in helping victims and witnesses cope with Uie criminal justice system. Various law enforcement agencies throughout the state are also undertaking victim/witness projects. Despite the reservations of some, advocates who have worked with victim/witness assistance programs in the criminal justice system say the advantages outweigh any inconvenience the law might cause. John Collins, district attorney of Yamhill County, Oregon, was one of the fust prosecutors to implement a victim/witness program in Oregon. Speaking to a group of Montana prosecutors in early April, he urged them to adopt programs in their counties. Better communication between prosecutors and victims can make a stronger case, he said. "Victims are better communicators, better witnesses when they trust you," he said. "It is less traumatic on the victims and, hence, they communicate better to juries." ColUns said better understanding of the victim's perspective can also also enhance a prosecutor's performance. "It provides a spark of prosecutorial zeal to help argue your case better," he said. "When you've got it in the heart, it gives you the incentive to go for the throat" Collins and Nelson agree that establishing rapport with victims can help prosecutors deal with sensitive issues during a criminal case. Plea bargaining and restitution are two areas that often cause victims chagrin. Some victims view plea bargaining as an insult, believing that it diminishes the severity of the offender's actions.


The actual substances that make up hair tissue are proteins called keratins, which— because of their chemical structure-make hair very resistent to biological and chemical breakdown. Microscopic examination of hair can yield information that is important to the process of determining guilt or innocence in a court of law. The first question that a forensic hair examiner wants to answer is whether the hair sample in question is from a human being. If it proves to be nonhuman in origin, the examiner wants to fmd out what biological family or species it came from. This feat is possible through analysis of the scale pattern on the outside covering of the hair and the microscopic characteristics of the pigment and medulla pattern (figure 1). Human hair, unlike other mammals', has no medulla at all, or it has a comparatively small medullary index , which is the width of the medulla divided by the width of the cortex (thickness). In most nonhuman mammals, the scale jjattem is definite and regular, but human hair shows a scale pattern that is completely irregular. Individual humans produce hair that is very different from that of their fellow humans in shape, length, thickness and color; for that matter, the same individual grows hairs of remarkably different characteristics on various parts of his own body. Hair from the head and the pubic area have the greatest number of individual microscopic characteristics, and for this reason are the most useful of all types in determining whether a questioned hair sample comes from a specific individual. The forensic hair examiner can often help the criminal investigator by identifying the race of a suspect who has inadvertently left a hair sample at the scene of a crime (figure 3). Considerably more difficult is determining the racial origin of an individual of mixed race.