Midlander

When Eddie left huge black tire marks in front of the parking at- tendants at the 101st Airborne, that tree was looking better and better. We sat down to dinner and found that we had absolutely nothing to talk about. Maybe that was because his fat cheeks were stuffed the whole time. I was so thankful that I didn't have to pay for the pig's meal. When the check came. Stuffed Eddie conveniently didn't have enough money to cover it. Even with my money we couldn't pay for all that he ate. So, what did that mean? We had to go into the kitchen to scrub pots and pans. I thought those things only hap- pened in the movies. Eddie had a stupid smirk on his face the whole time. 1 wanted to dunk his head in the sink for do- ing this to me. By the time we finished, I was sweaty and cov- ered with soapy dishwater. On top of that, I broke two nails and ruined my new suede pumps. The jerk didn't even apologize for ruining my evening. All he could say was, 'The night is still young. Let's go see some art.' 1 was just too mad to say anything, so we drove along in silence until he pulled into the parking lot of the Classic Cat. At first 1 thought he was turning around, but then I realized that nude dancing was his idea of entertainment. 1 po- litely asked to leave, but the slime continued to drool over some big-boobed 'entertainer.' We finally left Classic Cat, and my excitement began to grow. I was going home and would never have to see Eddie again. Of course it couldn't be that simple. Not with this date anyway. Eddie decided to save some time by cutting through the seedy section of town.


Midlander

A video screen was placed above the entire audience and showed the concert and the audience dancing. People left the concert with ears ringing and en- ergized! Everyone met back at the Gar- den Plaza Hotel after the concert where Hammer was staying. He camped out in his room for the rest of the night while others hung out and associated at a little bar inside the hotel, "Ezra's." Student Life 21 ^^i"^ POST OFFICE BOX BLUES I just couldn't believe it. Final- ly, after 13 years of the back- room beaurocracies inherent in a public school system, I had made it to college. Here, we would be allowed the personal and aca- demic freedoms we have always desired, while campus adminis- trators, in their all-encompassing wisdom, provided us with a struc- tured environment and at the same time filled all of our basic needs with our low, state-subsi- dized tuition. I was told that there was even a post office on cam- pus. Amazing, we wouldn't even have to leave campus to make use of America's super-efficient postal service. We would have our very own postal servants happily installed downstairs in the University Center, waiting to serve us with a friendly smile and wave. At any rate, this is what I was led to believe, it soon became ap- parent that our postal "workers" were almost, but not quite, as ef- fective as Saddam Hussein's de- fense against allied forces. At registration, 1 was told that 1 would have to pay $4.00 for the privilege of having a campus post office box. 1 was surprised, feel- ing betrayed by our omnipotent, benevolent administrators. Then 1 thought, "Well, it's just $4.00, and it will be more convenient having a box on campus. Maybe it's worth it." My faith in the sys- tem renewed, 1 followed orders and went to the University Cen- ter to receive my box assign- ment.


Midlander

Kentucky, Nash- ville, and Alabama showed up for the bash. 26 Student Life Photos by CW ^1 Student Life 27 \>;) Love and relationships in college CHRIS WHITE "When 1 was in high school it was the loudest stereo and bad- dest car, but now it's much more." High school dating was one thing, but the college dating scene is another. When you gain that freedom from home, you open many doors. There Is no longer a curfew or parents wait- ing up for you to come home. The quality of the people that you date is different. The dates are even different. What is it about college dating that is so ap- pealing? The MTSU nightlife isn't the hottest in the state, but simplicity is now the key. Tara Stout put it into perspective when she said, "Dates spend less on you be- cause they have a budget." That's the truth! The individuality of each stu- dent shines through and the de- pendence washes away. The stu- dents learn that without mom and dad around money is much harder to come by. This often leads to creativity. Trips to the park for a picnic, campus mov- ies, and midnight runs to Krystal are common dates now. Men and women have to be equally cre- ative if they want to impress their dates. Steve Ryan enjoys getting out of town while on his dates. Nash- ville and all of it's attractions are a tasty treat for the weekends. When I came to college 1 discov- ered dutch dating, this opened many doors for the dates. Eating out became more of a reality when two tabs were placed on the table. The humility that must be learned from this is great in- deed, but that's part of college poverty. Money isn't the only change, but also the type of people.


Midlander

The men and women who have made it into college possess a different type of goal, usually it's a career. Some people go off to college in search of a mate, or feel that this is the last chance to do so. Soon, age prevails and maturity be- comes a real factor. The high school men stay away from 'long- term' relationships according to junior Teresa Flynn. The two week dating thing is out and long term more meaningful relation- ship is in. This allows people a variety of goals to be met before marriage. It also allows people more time to get to know one another as young adults. Length of relationships and quality of partners are some of the benefits of the college life. The variety of men is one of Nicole McPherson's favorite as- pects of college dating. It is true that MTSU is like a city for peo- ple between the ages of 16 and 25, which allows for much great- er choices in a condensed area. The male to female ratio is slight- ly in favor of the men, but there is always one out there for you. The size of the student body out numbers the populations of many cities that the students have come from. The small-town syndrome of everyone knowing everone else is no longer a prob- lem according to a Cummings Hall R.A. Parents are forced into trusting their child's judgement, and can no longer screen your dates. In smaller towns the moth- er vine is always keeping it's eyes \£Q^ 28 Student Life open for you, which makes you nervous about any of your ac- tions or who your seen with. Gos- sip about who you spend your time with moves fast, but the un- familiarity of the students with one and another slows this down to a crawl.


Midlander

We spend days listening to our teachers and developing ideas, but what thanks do we get? We get mystery meat at the Grill, a library that closes when the students need it, rafting in the parking lots, and overpriced bookstore, and many other little benefits. The school has a few kinks that need to be worked out. Have you ever gotten out of your car and found that you parked in the middle of a lake? Parking lots at MTSU are known for such pleasant surprises. The campus is infested with puddles that develop into small ponds even when it isn't raining. Does it bother you that a raft is suggest- ed as an alternate mode of trans- portation to class? Rumor has it that this campus, and the entire community, was built on a dried swamp bed. Were they absolutely positive that it was dry? There is a vast network of underground caves that all must lead to the MTSU campus. These caves turn into huge water pipes whenever the sun even slightly looks like it's going to stop shining. During a long period of sporadic rain showers recently, I saw a sign in the middle of someone's flooded front yard that read "Thank you city of Murfreesboro." i don't know if the owners had placed the sign out in their yard before or after the rain, but it was very fitting. We all understand that much of this campus was built before the stone age, but when I have to borrow my fathers fishing waders in order to get to class I think that it's a little out of hand. But to all of those hardy students that love to play football in the ocean next to Deere Hall, my best to you during the next season, that's the rainy season that I'm talking about.


Midlander

I had to hunt down two of my texts in Nashville because the bookstore never carried them. The supply side of Phillips was closed one day because they were having the carpet cleaned. Can't any- one work when the bookstore is closed? I don't have a problem with the book prices or the mo- nopoly that it has on many of the required items, but the inventory needs a little work. The teachers don't cancel assignments when the texts sell out at the book- store. By the way, to those teach- ers that are keeping Kinko's in business, please don't revise the books every semester. The deco- rative ashtrays, designer coast- ers, and the fuzzy golf clubs cov- ers need to make way for the ex- tra books and supplies that I'm sure that they will be getting in next year. I don't have a problem with paying a little more tuition for an extra building or a parking lot, but I'd like to meet the person who planned Peck Hall. I mean no disrespect toward the Pecks, but that building doesn't quit fit, neither does the Cope Adminis- tration Building. The new Mass Communication Building was built in a progressive manner that still fits with the rest of the campus. The Jones Hall addition looks like they paid attention to what the rest of the building looks like. I'm sure that the rusted sculptures were attractive at one time, but now they're a great place for tetanus. The campus needs a focal point besides the concrete pillar on Main St. How about a clock tower? Too expen- sive, but what about a new name, the University of Middle Tennes- see. We've got a new president so maybe now something will be- gin to change. The story isn't complete with- out the business office and the records office being mentioned.


Midlander

The offense was unstoppable with the fleet feet of Wade John- son and fullback Joe Campbell. The golden arm of quarterback Phil Ironside was also figured into the game plan. Defensively, Middle Tennes- see returned with Anthony Cole- man, the 1989 OVC Defensive Player of the Year, and Marty Carter, one of the nation's best safeties. However, despite all of MTSU's assets. Head Coach Boots Donnelly warned that a tough season lay ahead. Obsta- cles included an opening season game against a tough Tennessee State, and defending National Champion, Georgia Southern the following week. Middle success- fully climbed these walls and was billed as the top 1-AA team in the nation. Tennessee State proved to be no match for the powerful Raiders. Campbell and senior speedster Ricky Martin led a 399 yard running attack that gave the Big Blue a 38-6 win. Georgia Southern proved to be much tougher. Georgia en- tered the game with the nations longest winning streak of 16 games, along with the current no. 1 seeding in the 1-AA polls. But Middle took the lead early in the game when Matt Crews kickied three field goals to give MSTU a 9-0 lead. Georgia Southern battled back with Ail-American tailback Joe Ross, who muscled his way across the goal line twice in the second half to give them a 13-9 lead in the final quarter. Ironside and the Raiders were not ready to give up the fight, and Ironside drove a 47 yard run to the Eagle 11. One play later, Johnson bul- lied in for the winning score. Middle "D" withstood a final drive, anchored by Scott Boykin who had 20 tackles, and Geor- gia's winning streak was snapped with MSTU's 16-13 win. In the third week of play. East Tennessee challenged the Raid- ers and quickly took a 14-2 lead. An 85 yard kickoff return sparked the Raiders to claim the next 46 points of the game for a 48-14 win, and a no. 2 position in the polls just behind Furman.


Midlander

The offense was dominated by sensational surges of team play plagued by stretches of indi- vidualism that would allow early conference opponents Austin Peay and Murray State to es- cape with gut-wrenching victo- ries that frustrated coaches, players, and fans alike. As the Raiders traveled to Death Valley to battle the Colo- nels of Eastern Kentucky, Stew- art began to shape and mold his young team. The Raiders battled back from a 20 point deficit, but the team still dropped to an 0-3 conference mark. The Raiders got their first con- ference victory as Ingram, Chris- tian, and Taylor led the Raiders past Morehead State. The Raid- ers returned to Monte Hale Are- na a week later, allowing Tennes- see Tech a 73-68 victory. The first half of the conference race was completed when MTSU gave Tennessee State a 92-80 thrashing, as Kidd pulled down 17 rebounds. Although the conference championshipo seemed unrea- chable, the Raiders were begin- ning to play as a team. With Christian substituting for an ail- ing Tom Corder, the Raiders be- gan to show signs of life. The Raiders began the second half of the conference schedule by reeling off seven straight vic- tories including conference victo- ries against TSU, Tech, and Mor- ehead. A two game losing streak against Eastern Kentucky and Murray State dashed any hopes of a home play-off game in the tournament. The Raiders closed their conference schedule with a victory over Austin Peay, in which they overcame a 15 point deficit behind the play of Quincy Vance to shock the Governors 94-90. This win ended the con- ference schedule with a 6-6 re- cord, and an overall record of 19- 8. The Raiders returned to Clarksville for the first round of the conference tournament. Rob- ert Taylor exploded for 37 points as the Raiders overcame a 12 56 Basketball cw point deficit with six minutes to play, posting a 87-83 victory, which allowed the Raiders to compete in the championships at Murray State.


Midlander

Before the sea- son even began, they had earned the billing of being perhaps the best team in school history. Although they never saw a na- tional ranking, they didn't disap- point head coach Dale Short as they netted their first conference crown in 12 years. During the early stages of the season, it appeared as if the hype might have been a fluke as the team was struggling. The Raiders took their knocks, but it wasn't a matter of them playing poorly. It was the fact that they were playing some of the nation's toughest teams which included the likes of the national power- house, Tennessee. This provided the squad with vast experience, and mid-season the tide turned. The Raiders began to domi- The Raiders had an awesome season in both singles and doubles play. nate their opposition and emerged as the OVC favorite after dominating many confer- ence schools in the Greg Adams Invitational. Most of the time, it wasn't un- characteristic to see a 9-0 score, and often the opposition was not even allowed to win a mere set. The wins became so routine that the OVC matches seemd to simply be another stride — until the final one against Murray State. MTSU hadn't defeated Mur- ray in 11 years. Both teams were undefeated in conference action and this was their final match. The outcome would play a major role in the seedings at the confer- ence tournament. But after years of domination, Murray could only watch a deter- mined Blue Raider squad rip them 6-3 and gain the title of be- ing the team to beat. Middle's win couldn't have come at a better time either with emotions running high and the tournament being only days away. The last time MTSU took the crown was in 1979 when coach Short was a member of the team himself.


An Introduction to Revolutionary Anarcho-capitalism

The libertarian movement is dead because it was never fully alive as a distinct philosophy and political ideology. Only under the denominational rubric of "Anarcho-capitalism" have clearly distinguishable advances in "libertarian" theory been contributed. But even these have not constituted a complete program for victory in our time. Revolutionary anarcho-capitalism, however, goes beyond merely repudiating the State; it unequivocally demands and details the abolition and dismantlement of the State wherever it exists. It is more than philosophically an-archist : it is actively anti-archist! Revolutionary anarcho-capitalism identifies an approach to the problem of the State no longer content with updating and correcting parochial American libertarian sentiments but one seeking a complete theory and method for overthrowing the State worldwide. For us, the State is more than a set of ordinary and individual criminal actions, it is the broadly successful attempt to gain the sanction and/or acquiescence of a controlling part of a population for the ongoing violation of individual rights. As such, it presents a special world-historical problem which can only be effectively resolved by an organized class war between the oppressed and the oppressors. The enemy must be brought to justice. This situation is no mere misunderstanding, it is warfare. Marxism, in the form of its "revolutionary" offshoots (Bolshevism, Castroism, Maoism, etc.), has attracted fervent supporters and destroyed governments because it demands justice and proposes effective means for overthrowing oppressors. The Marxists have generally won in the marketplace of ideas because they offered what activists really wanted: power for justice and change. In spite of the shoddiness of their results, they have had no significant competition as the only visible and viable opponents to oppression. Libertarian thinking (including the pacifist -reformist anarcho- capitalism) has failed in the marketplace of political ideas for three basic reasons.


Most fundamental has been the inability to translate an ostensibly "objective" rational egoist ethic into empirical standards applicable to existing realities. Little explicit understanding exists that rational egoism is a method for fulfillments not an end in itself. Instead of a philosophy which motivates persons to fight for the best which human nature has to offer, rational (?) egoism has been rationalized into entrepreneurialist - 2 - escapism and the pseudo self-esteem of intellectual!zed hedonism. We posit that a true rational egoist must place ethical identity at the pinnacle of his pyramid of values in order to achieve authentic fulfillment. A conscious entity not only needs general rules by which to operate, it needs specific empirical directives as well. In this world, at this time, the only -empirically defensible and overriding consideration facing the individual is the injustice of the State and the ethical necessity to terminate the State. Choosing anything less as one's main objective in life represents an acceptance of a lower condition of personal ethical identity. The failure to translate rational egoism has induced the second major problem of "Libertarianism": its willingness to stomach minimal statism, or at least, to cohabit the same party with "minarchists". Just as a truncated rational egoism has blinded them to the primacy of personal moral identity, and its revolutionary empirical consequences, anarcho-capitalists have slid into a political marriage which cannot work philosophically or in political practice. We oppose the idea of reforming the State, not because some reformist tactics used within the frame of organized revolution are not worthy, but because a reformist movement is corrupted by its ideological acceptance of the State. Authentic anti-statists cannot long coexist in the same political vehicle with minimal statists once the contradictions are made clear. Though we can have fruitful alliances at times, we must travel different itineraries leading to antipodal destinations.


There is no better way to destroy a nascent anarcho-capitalist movement than to link it with "minimal" statist or, for that matter (for different reasons), with the maximal statist Left. These two deficiencies have of necessity led to the third and crucial failure of libertarianism: to meet the Marxist challenge - the revolutionary demand for justice. The forsaking of forceful action against the State and the failure to empirically define the enemy has made the erstwhile anti-statist position insipid, and impractical. The masses as well as the activist intelligentsia intuitively see through this weakness. "Libertarianism" has been, is, and will continue to be, a hackneyed wing of American Conservatism no matter how hard its ideologues seek to "disabuse" it from those links in the public eye. A movement which is congenitally reformist is conservative and no amount of shadow-boxing against Conservatism can disabuse Libertarianism from itself. Revolutionary anarcho-capital ists go beyond the righteous assertion of the rational egoist credo to assert that the essence of human nature requires the attainment of an ethical identity objectively consistent with the world- historical context. Selfishness is indeed a virtue but the method of living must not be confused with the end sought. In a world in which the State makes a war on all who would attempt to live free, we propose the ultimate logical extension of rational egoism - the Warrior Ethic. It posits that the fulfillment of human nature presupposes absolute personal sovereignty and that in a condition of slavery the crucial objective is to destroy the system of oppression. The Warrior Ethic requires an integrated personality in which physical existence and even the realm of conscious experience are hierarchically subordinated to the premises of one's ethical identity. To be a Warrior is to live as a rational egoist to the fullest, i.e., - 3 - by never willfully sacrificing one iota of one's ethical identity.


Specifically, it is to identify and pursue a mission in one's life whatever the costs or discomfort. All life is a struggle against adversity; but in our era, the natural antagonist of all who choose the best that human nature has to offer is the State. To live ethically is to do what must be done. Anything less than total personal dedication to that objective, once it is understood, must be judged as a willfull acceptance of a lower identity. The Warrior Ethic poses to the individual these main questions: are you willing to live as a full human being, i.e., never willfully sacrificing one iota of your moral identity, or not? If you are, then how do you choose to fight your natural antagonist, the State? The only reasonable answers are "yes" and "with every means at my disposal." The integration of fact and premise is the essence of a rational self-identity (which in turn is the only basis for a mature and healthy happiness but to act upon what one knows to be true is all-necessary for the maintenance of that identity. Fighting the State with all of one's capacities is the only objective ethical resolution open to a rational egoist in the present empirical context. Any other course of action logically entails loss of identity because it is at odds with the necessary course of action to live qua ethically conscious being. With this question settled we proceed to the basic ethical question of who can do what to whom in fighting the State. Our methodology for defeating the State is based on the Doctrine of Retaliatory Recapture. This recognizes the State as an ongoing system of violations. Within this context, an individual is ethically justified in recapturing property from the State, not only in his own momentary self-defense, but also in an attempt to end the obvious future threat of the State.


Those who passively permit (or are ineffective in preventing) the State from (ab)using their possessions in violating the rights of others have no moral claim against those who would make use of these means to defend themselves against the State. Thus, in a coordinated defensive war against the State* individuals and organized groups are entitled to use, occupy and consume property stolen by the State as long as these actions aid in terminating the aggression of the State. After the State is effectively defeated, restoration or property insofar as is possible must be made. Revolution against the State can only take place within the context of a political army. A voluntary underground political army of international scope, under contractual discipline affords the only reasonable approach to fighting the State as well as providing a private agency of strategic area- defense during the process of abolition. Free institutions such as courts, police and military defense must be organized and appropriately visible to the masses during the transition to a stateless society. These institutions are integral to the functioning of a political army and the revolutionary process That these "underground" courts and forms of enforcement horrify the constitutionalist minarchists is another obvious reason why we cannot cohabit the same political vehicle. The fact that the reformist anarcho-capitalists have not proposed these measures is just another symptom of the emasculation of their ideology by their ecumenical strategy. - 4 - In contrast, our strategy is not only revolutionary but global in scope. For instance, we do not propose to turn the USA into a "big Switzerland" because it is evident to us that little Switzerland could not 'long exist as such without the USA remaining strong in world affairs. As in any complex enterprise, our strategy ascends logically step-by- step to its final end product.


Only an anarcho-capitalist revolution can succeed in persuading the Soviets of the non-threatening nature of the U.S. military strategic forces because of what will appear (to the Soviets) as a mass paralysis of central institutions. The Soviets will want to believe this. Simultaneously, however, we will have to convince the American population of the superiority of our military defense and the efficacy of abandoning the Chinese. (This won't be too hard when we put a half-trillion or so dollars back into production). In sum, we must withdraw the U.S. from the Third World War (which began long ago) to permit the self-destruction of the Communist empires and the construction of our revolutionary base. The problem of strategic continental area-defense in post-statist America poses no conceptual difficulty for us as it has for others. The revolutionary political army apparatus, or some offshoot, will likely become the main defense agency. Its income will be derived in good part from its rightful possession of the so-called "Federal Lands" (minus the return of stolen private properties). These largely unexploited areas will generate a huge income under the press of an unleashed laissez-faire economy. Thus, without taxes, or coercion of any kind, the nascent anarcho-capitalist society will be able to flourish under the protection of the revolutionary defense agency which vanquished the State. The "problem" of competing defense agencies which draws so much fire from residual statists poses no insurmountable difficulty for us. Living free is worth the risk and the trouble. We don't expect Utopia with the abolition of the State, merely the demise of the greatest engine of institutionalized injustice. For us, the world-historical victory of the absolute right of the individual to his own life and justifiably-acquired property is necessary and (for our time ) a sufficient fulfillment.


Midas Joint Venture, Midas Project : environmental assessment

The area of the Project is zoned by Elko County for open space and provides for a wide variety of rural land uses. Mining exploration is a land use consistent with current zoning. Project activities would not restrict public access within the area of the Project or through Midas Canyon. e Wilderness: The nearest designated wilderness area to the Project is the Santa Rosa Wilderness located approximately 50 miles northwest. There are currently 102 units of public land managed by the BLM in Nevada which are classified as Wilderness Study Areas (WSAs). The BLM has conducted studies for each WSA to recommend to the Secretary of the Interior which WSAs are suitable or unsuitable for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. The WSA closest to the area of the Project is the Little Humboldt River WSA, approximately 0.8 mile north of the Dempsey Project area (USDI, 1992). About 70 percent of the Little Humboldt WSA has been recommended as suitable for wilderness designation (USDI, 1987). The entire WSA is managed to prevent impairment of the wilderness values and will continue to be administered under the Interim Management Policy (1995) until Congressional action is taken. 3.1.1. Soils Soils in the area of the Project are typical of mountain slopes. Slopes are gentle to steep and runoff is medium to rapid. Erosion potential by water is moderate to high, and erosion potential by wind is slight. Soils consist of cobbly and very cobbly loams, gravelly and very gravelly loams, rock outcrops and rubble. The soil associations underlying the majority of the area of the Project are the Bregar, moderately steep-Bregar-Carstump Association and the Alyan, steep- Bregar-Alyan Association. Soil characteristics for soil series occurring in two different map units are different, because of varying slope and aspect. The characteristics of the soil series comprising the soil associations underlying the majority of the area of the Project are outlined in Table 2.


Sha ee eo RS kay oe ie is determined eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places under criteria "a" and "d". The Gold Circle Mining District encompasses approximately 3,000 acres, in an arc north and east of the town of Midas. This inventory examined about 20 percent of the district. Twenty-six (26) localities were recorded within the surveyed portion of the site. Of these locations within the Gold Circle Mining District site, the survey identified four (4) localities as contributing elements to the National Register value of the district. In addition, one (1) locality remains unevaluated and is potentially a contributing element. 3.1.7. Native American Religious Concerns Consultation with the Western Shoshone is in progress and no specific information concerning traditional issues is available. In general, traditional Shoshone people hold all the land to be sacred and are concerned with activities that disturb the earth’s surface or affect water sources. Some locations possess special significance, and play a continuing role in traditional religion and maintenance of ethnic identity. 3.1.8. Visual Resources The landscape of the area consists of a steep, complex terrain of hills and ridges. Soil colors consist of browns, tans and grays, but are generally obstructed by the overlying vegetation. Dominant vegetation colors are greens, grays, yellows and tans. The Dempsey Project area is located in a Class III Visual Resource Management (VRM) area. The objective of this class is to partially retain the existing character of the landscape. The level of change to the characteristic landscape should be moderate. Management activities may attract attention but should not dominate the view of the casual observer. Changes should repeat the basic elements found in the predominant natural features of the characteristic landscape. The remaining Project areas (Elko Prince, Rex-Grande and Acme) are located in a Class IV VRM. The objective of this class is to provide for management activities which require major modification of the existing character of the landscape.


Mirror, 1986

Professor: "It's all relative . . . ' A Twenty Year Perspective My mind seems a spinning chiaroscuro compounded of dreams awaiting fulfillment and new areas of endeavor along with poignant memories of lives that have deeply touched my own, and of exciting and often sensitive discussions which, I am sure, have shifted my own views as often as those of you who were my students. Future fireside reminiscences will be immeasurably enriched by letters from graduates whose career decisions resulted from work here at Bates College, by the many heartwarming and sometimes tangy comments on final exam bluebooks, and by echoes of strident voices in class which challenged, "how can you say that?" There have been many changes at the College since 1965, my first year. It has been a source of incalculable satisfaction to have aided and abetted the growth of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology from two persons to its present complement of seven. Moreover, the Bates' Faculty has dou- bled over the past twenty years, and given the fact rising costs and shrinking applicant pools have forced many schools to close their doors permanently, this must be seen as a major ac- complishment of the Administration. The quality of this Facul- ty has increased commensurately with its numbers . . . although given the amount and color of my hair, I wince a little at hearing about our bright, dynamic, and young Faculty as though each of those adjectives presumed the existence of the others! The range and quality of offerings, coupled with the in- telligence, training and dedication of this excellent faculty have placed Bates College among the finest colleges of its kind in the country — and certainly one of the most academically demanding. There are, to be sure, some danger signals on the horizon. One bridles under the increasing and arguably inordinate and, thus, debilitating pressure for faculty publication at a teaching oriented institution without allotting time to do so, as is the case in large universities.


Mirror, 1986

A second concern arises from a glance at curricular changes and reports of classroom ap- proaches providing reason to wonder if some faculty members who were undergraduates in the heady and cause-oriented days of the 1960's are making the crucial distinction between soap- box polemicism and objective classroom analysis in which all views are carefully considered. There most assuredly has been a change in the nature of the student body as is evidenced not only by the Porsches, Jaguars, Mercedes and Lamborghinis in student parking areas, but also by the discussions of social stratification in American Society class. This past semester we learned that sixty percent of the class came from backgrounds where parental income ex- ceeded $85,000 per year (almost double my salary in the last year of my career) and that these students were astonished to learn that this placed them in the top two or three percent income-wise in our society. The increasing affluence of students is affecting the College in ways too numerous to cite here. This is in no way intended as a criticism of the Ad- ministration, it is simply one of the "givens" of our time if col- leges are to survive, particularly under the Reagan philosophy. However, I think that students are more diligent now, albeit not as socially aware and concerned as the conscience-troubled students of the 1960's and early 1970's. Students generally work very hard, but the goals seem less oriented toward chang- ing the society than toward moving up within that society. Yet, there is a very clear thread of quality in Bates students which weaves its way through all time periods and is very appealing. It is compounded of very high intelligence, basic decency, predisposition to give the benefit of the doubt, ebullience and a positive view of life, which makes this place a joy in which to work.


Mirror, 1986

It really gives a new perspec- tive on Bates and on life in general. Moreover, you realize that there is a Lewiston out there. You may like or dislike Lewiston, but either way you should not forget that it is there. Bates can be too close-knit and tidy at times. You need to get out into the real world. So, as you can see, off campus life has both benefits and deficiencies. But on campus students shouldn't forget that off campus students go to Bates as well. Some of us, are actually fairly normal-if such a thing is possi- ble! But, at least when off campus, you can be abnormal; in fact you can go stark raving mad whenever you want! — by Jon Green foreign language tables Foreign Lan- guage Tables at Bates are a popular and suc- cessful way for many Bates stu- dents to try out what they have learned in the classroom. Pro- fessors and students meet once a week for dinner to chat and discuss whatever is on their minds in a language that they do not nor- mally speak. Majors and non-majors alike are provided with the opportunity to speak informally and enhance their verbal skills. Native speakers, students planning to go abroad, and students recently returned from foreign countries all attend to listen and learn with their peers. Most students find the Foreign Language Tables to be inspiring; they see the potential for in- creased proficiency in their language. One of the greatest assets of a foreign language is be- ing able to speak and com- municate in that language. The op- portunity for students and pro- fessors to get to know one another is also invaluable. The unrestricted and comfortable atmosphere at the Foreign Language Tables themselves allows for better verbal performance by alleviating the academic pressure of the classroom.


Mirror, 1986

And have you seen who's on page 3 today . . . ? Thus the reasons may be varied, but the results are the same, junior Year Abroad can be the best learning experience that you may ever have outside a classroom (unfortunately, JYA classroom work is also man- datory). So the word is Go! You have nothing to lose! — by Sean Carlos THE BATES GAZETTE • 107 ECEMBER 1 December for many people may just have been the month for finals, however, there were other events that took place in the two weeks that we were at Bates. Human Rights Week, sponsored by Amnesty Inter- national, began this chilly month on a serious tone. Movies and a lecture il- lustrated the suffering that many of our brothers have undergone and still live under. Our awareness of world injustices was heightened. The noonday concert series con- tinued through December, beginning with a recorder quartet. The combi- nation of Bates faculty members Mary Hunter, Anne Lee, and Georgia Nigro, along with Lewiston resident Todd Hollister, proved to be en- joyable one. This was only one of the many instances where the Bates com- munity and the community at large joined forces to share their talent. The Bates Choir and Chapel Singers gave a wonderful seasonal concert. Also taking advantage of the holiday season were the Bates Deansmen and Merimanders who, along with the Williams E-Phlats, entertained an en- thusiastic crowd in Commons. Many students took advantage of the last weekend before finals to catch up on missed readings and reviewing. Although some took in the Film Board movie. Dirty Harry, the Bates campus was overwhelmed with silence and an attitude of concentra- tion. There was not a single empty carrel to be found in the library and students were scattered on the floor and in the stairwells. However, many did enjoy a few study breaks, in- cluding the Folk Music Coffeehouse with Jenny Levison in Chase lounge.


Mirror, 1986

The need for the center arose out of the increasing financial demands placed on the adult members of our society. To retain a comfortable lifestyle, both parents of many households have to work, which causes a problem if young children are also in the household. Child care centers are one solution to this problem. The Rocking Horse Child Care Center fulfills the need of both local Lewiston residents and members of the Bates faculty by providing a "home away from home" for the children of these working parents. Often many parents are hesitant to place their children in someone else's hands for fear that the children will not receive the atten- tion that they deserve. This local center combats this fear by employ- ing more than twenty teachers at the center, all who have had some type of previous experience working in child care. Therefore these teachers are aware of the children's needs and can help care for them — to the satisfaction of both the parent and the child. The type of program offered at the Rocking Horse Child Care Center also caters to the different developmental needs of the child including intellec- tual, social, physical, and emotional needs. The activities used in the pro- gram are arranged in relation to the different age groups of the children. The infants that are cared for (the youngest averaging six weeks old), are exposed to a greater variety of visual stimulation and are "encour- aged to develop their own special skills faster." The preschool children are involved in a greater amount of physical activities, and are taught to develop "readiness skills". They are encouraged to ask questions and solve problems. The older children, ages six through twelve, take part in a variety of activities since they are generally at the center after school is out.


Mirror, 1986

We continued our vacation a little the first weekend; afterall who could resist the fun of Winter Carnival? The activities, ranging from creating snow sculptures to the Winter Olympics, all contributed to make "Snowbiz" a great success. The comedy team of Abrams and Anderson started us off on Thursday followed by the amazing talents of hypnotist James Mapes Fri- day. After a hard day of fraying, we danced the night away to the sounds of the Drive. Sunday night was filled with the Winter Carnival Concert with Eddie Kendricks and David Ruf- fin of The Temptations, New Man, an up-and-coming band from Boston, as well as the hilarious antics of come- dian Jay Leno. it was certainly a night to remember and the perfect way to round out a fantastic weekend. The next weekend held equal pro- mise with WRBC's Trivia Night and the Bates College Imperialists Casino Night. The hectic race to answer questions about nothing continued again this year as teams stayed up all night vying for points and prizes to determine who was the king of trivia at Bates. Saturday we chanced Lady Luck as Chase Hall was converted in- to a Las Vegas casino. While some of us lost, others won small fortunes and the evening was enjoyed by all. In ad- dition to gambling we were treated to a dose of the latest fad — wrestlemania. All was not fun and games however, as we remenisced about Dr. Martin Luther King and his valuable contributions during a mov- ing Candlelight Service. Our con- cerns with minority rights continued as we examined discrimination against homosexuals at Bates with gay politician David Scondras. Finally in a much awaited decision, the Board of Trustees voted total divest- ment from South Africa. The campus seemed to unanimously support this decision, hoping at the same time to set an example for other colleges.


Mirror, 1986

We ended the month with an effort to Bust MS; the first of the Multiple Sclerosis Dances raised five hundred dollars for this worthy cause. At the same time we enjoyed watching friends dress up and lip synch to the sounds of our favorite rock artists. Overall, it was a great way to help others while having a good time. As the month closed we were looking forward to February, to break, and perhaps even anticipating the coming of spring and a little bit of color. Afterall, how much snow can a per- son take? THE BATES GAZETTE • 113 olin arts center To the graduates of 86 the Olin Arts Center will be remembered as a pile of earth or a partially con- structed building. To many of us the Olin Arts Center will serve as a symbol of Bates progress in the years that we spent here. The building is named for the Olin Foundation of New York City which contributed the funds — the largest grant ever received by Bates — to build and equip the structure. The arts center was designed by the Architects Col- laborative of Cambridge, Massachusetts, the same firm which created the designs for the Ladd Library and the Merrill Gymnasium. The focal point of the new com- plex is a 300 seat multi-level auditorium, intended primarily for music and dance performance, as well as films and lectures. Other music facilities will include a rehearsal hall, individual and group practice rooms, a music library, and two electronic music labs out- fitted with state-of-the-art equipment for composing computer generated music. The gemstone of the visual arts facilities at the Olin Arts Center will be a new enlarged gallery. The Olin grant attracted much at- tention as one of the largest single amounts awarded to any college by any foundation during the 1983-84 academic year.


Mirror, 1986

The week before vacation was packed with midterms, papers and all around general frenzy as we tried to get ahead so that we could leave for the vacation. Some athletic teams went as far as California to "practice" during break, while other Batesies headed south to Florida. Still others preferred to move north for a week of skiing. Then, of course, there were many of us who stayed home and slept. After such a vacation, we returned to face the music of our midterms or even to start round two of the testing process. Moreover, we all also had to face a much more serious reality of life upon our return to Bates. A memorial service was held for student Elizabeth Casey in the College Chapel on the Tuesday after break. This week proved to be a very trying time for us all. However, just as we started to wonder if we would ever make it through the semester. Short Term enrollment gave us hope for a future of fun and sunshine without quite so many pressures. The final week in February hosted a heated International Debate which asked the question "Are Chopsticks Better than Flatware?" Though the question was never really answered, members of the Bates Debate Coun- cil and students from Kitakyushu University of Japan presented convin- cing arguments in support of both sides. On Wednesday of this week through the Bates College Concert Series , Speculum Musicae presented "The Fugitive Slave," a narrative of a nineteenth century Cuban slave that was composed of baritone, flute, guitar, and sixty percussion instruments. Finally, the last day of February marked the opening nights of both theatrical productions Miss Julie and Extremities . In addition, the Bates Christian Fellowship sponsored a dance in the upstairs lounges of Chase Hall, and the Senior Class held a "95 Days Until Graduation" party at Quality Inn.


Mirror, 1986

Although most people would tend to account this never-ending month to the fact that it is the only month throughout the academic year which does not have a vacation, I would suggest that the longevity of this month is caused by the overwhelm- ing list of due dates, events, and ac- tivities which occur annually during this time. Many Seniors spent this month researching, writing (and writing and writing), and revising that infamous "Senior Thesis." For many, I am sure, much of this month remains a blur. This was also a time for Senior presentations; music majors Scott Steinberg and Dan Ludden per- formed for the Bates Community. Most Seniors did not question the length of March, but rather, whether they would make it through the month in one piece! March proved to be a very interna- tional month on Campus. The first of March brought a taste of the Old Country — there was a Pipe Band Concert with Highland Dancers and Bagpipes in the Chapel. The Foreign Language Department also sponsored a Film Festival; this year's festival, America(ns) through foreign Lenses in Foreign Lands , brought a variety of movies to Bates: Stroszek (West Ger- many, 1977), Kagemusha (Japan, 1980), One Sings, the other doesn't (France, 1977), Reds (Russia), and The Good Fight (Spain, 1983). The annual International Dinner in Chase Lounge happened to fall in the mid- dle of this film festival, making the beginning of March a very busy time for the internationally oriented students on Campus. In mid-March, the Bates College Concert Series continued with the performance of Music from the Peo- ple's Republic of China. Seven in- strumentalists from the Beijing Con- servatory played traditional music from several regions of China. The week of March 1 6-24 was Cen- tral America Week nationwide and at Bates. The week was to mark the an- niversary of the assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romero of El Salvador.


Mirror, 1986

Although pre- dominantly a library cliche, this phrase can be heard all over campus day and night. Generally, the Bobcat Den seems to be one of the most popular spots on Campus — for students, faculty, and staff members. In the early morning hours, there are usually a number of people enjoying a first cup of coffee before class or work . . . Lunchtime brings in a varied crowd — many library and Lane Hall peo- ple have been spotted there along with the "off campus" people (who do not have to eat upstairs with the other 99% of Bates students!) In the late afternoon and eve- ning, the Den is quite relaxing. It is usually not too crowded — while, on the other hand, it is still full enough to provide an interesting partner for some interesting con- versation. At this time of day, however, students are more likely to be sitting alone studying, reading, or sleeping. It is at this time also that the "Den Rats" tend to appear. This group of Bates students have yet to be accepted formally as a College Organization; however, they probably meet more regularly than any other group on campus. The purpose of this "club" is to drink large amounts of coffee or tea at one sitting and always make sure that one corner of the Den is fully occupied at all times. By late evening, the Den becomes a pit of procrastination. Although no formal studies have been done, there must be times when there are more people in the Den than in the library. This is a time of exuberant conversa- tion and much noise (in fact, you usually end up trying to yell over the noise of the juke box!!) and equally exuberant munching. During the in- famous "Den break at 10" there is often a line extending back towards the entrance.


Montana employment and labor force

Indicative of this improving trend was the continued contraction of Statewide unemployment. From September to October the jobless rolls decreased 600 individuals, sending the unemployment rate to 5.0%. This is well below the 6.2?^ rate posted in October a year ago. At the same time movement on the employment side was encouraging. In the past month the only significant decreases were noted in agriculture - hardly unexpected with the close of the harvest season. Signs from manufacturing were equally favorable. The commencement of sugar beet processing in eastern Montana and the resumption of activity in the primary metals industry did much to enhance the conditions in the industrial sector. Average weekly hours in manufacturing edged upward to 42.7 hours this month, the highest level recorded in the past ten years. In addition, the layoff, quit, accession, and new hire rates all displayed positive economic movement. It should be noted, however, that uncertainty is being nurtured in some local economies by the recent announcement of plans for layoffs in the Butte-Anaconda Labor Market Area. Further indication of the strength of the economy was the unseasonal stability in building construction. Despite the reports of work slowdowns in many areas of the state, the overall level of activity has remained unchanged during the past six months. Indeed, there has been some general decline in highway construction which has affected total employment in the industry. However, the building trades should enjoy a good winter season, barring extremely harsh weather conditions. On the whole Montana appeared to be on solid economic ground during the month of October. Although some weaknesses exist (e.g. the restlessness in the copper industry), most sectors of the economy are entering the winter months on a positive note. Some seasonal fluctuation in the unemployment rate is to be expected (initial claims for unemployment insurance were up in November), but the general outlook for the coming months is good.


Montana employment and labor force

Silver Bow County \ ^ I had the highest rate of unemployment - 7.1"'. ^\ ' — -f Economic Highlights and Employment Outlook: The economic situation in the Butte area is plagued by the continuing uncertainty over the future of the area's Important copper industry. Prices being received by producers remains low (under 61(t/pound), because of the excess supply of copper on the world market. With production costs increasing for the extraction of the metal in the domestic market, many industry analysts fear further labor cutbacks. If such events occur, other derivative industries in the Butte and Anaconda communities would also be adversely affected. Despite this situation, Butte "main street" merchants have generally shown optimism concern- ing prospects of a good holiday season. In fact, area retailers have noted good sales during the past month. In addition, four new retail stores opened in the city's main shopping center. The complex has undergone a general remodeling program and by next spring, a total of 21 new firms are expected to occupy space. The Butte Job Service office reported that the majority of new openings have been in the service and hospital related fields. In Granite County, construction work began on a new senior citizens center in Phillipsburg. Also, the local hospital has announced plans for remodeling and expanding its present facility. These two projects will likely provide an added stimulus to the area's construction industry. Some additional layoffs have been noted in Phillipsburg, as a local mill cut back - its workshifts from 3 to 1 until the completion of repairs at the mill. The primary activities in the agriculture Industry have centered on general repairs and live- . stock feeding. Demand for hired help is generally minimal, at this time of the year. BOZEMAN LMA Employment and Unemployment Situation: The civilian labor force in the Bozeman LMA this month showed another decrease from its peak of 26,400 last August.


Montana employment and labor force

This downward movement in all categories effected only a slight decrease in the rate of unemployment, which now stands at 4.2";^ compared with 4.3; in September and 5.0' in October a year aoo. uLASGOW LMA (Cont.) The lowest rate in the labor market area was posted in both Daniels and Sheridan Counties with 1.6%. (The only lower rate in the entire state was recorded in Petroleum County.) The labor market area's highest rate came in Valley County at 6.9'=. Economic Highlights and Employment Outlook: Building construction continues to be a main support of the Glasgow area economy. In Glasgow, projects undenvay include a bank, a retirement home, a hospital, a bentonite plant, business offices, and several new homes. In Poplar work centers on additions to schools, a new clinic, and a tribal museum. Employment is steady and, although there are some new hires, they are usually of a temporary nature and for unskilled workers. Oil field employment has shown gains lately, particularly in Sheridan County, nevertheless, some local unemployment persists as several working crews are commuting from out of state. n the retail sector sales have been slightly below last year's totals yet in some are _dditional clerks for the busy holiday season are being hired. Meanwhile in agricultu activity has slowed considerably with the completion of harvesting. General repair •■"" and supplemental winter feeding of cattle are the main tasks for area farmers and In a reas re, work ranchers. GLENDIVE LMA Employment and Unemployment Situation: Statistics on employment and unemployment in the six-county Gl endive LMA compare very favorably with most of the other areas of the state this month. In many areas, the civilian labor force and total employment are exhibiting seasonal declines. This situation also holds true for Glendive; however, whereas some other locations are also experiencing increases in unemployment this month, the CI endive LMA has enjoyed a decline in both the number of unemployed persons and the overall unemployment rate.


Visual Function: An Introduction to Information Design

Nonetheless, such ships contained plenty of features that had nothing to do with utility. The size and num- ber of funnels were deliberately chosen to create a powerful impression of grandeur. The interior was designed to please and above all reassure the passengers, and to divert their attention from less agreeable aspects like seasickness and the dangers inherent in any sea voyage. These, too, were important functions. ~ Thus, confusion about the notions of functionalism and beauty is nothing new, for emotion and social and cultural needs also play a role in deter- mining function. Many felt that a scrupulously honest approach to construction and materials would automatically take care of these needs. Frank Lloyd Wright was not alone in stating that ‘the machine, with its tendency towards simplification, is capable of revealing the true nature and beauty of materials’. In 1992 Edward Tufte concluded anew that aesthetics are a happy by-product of the visual presentation of informa- tion.= ‘Form’, in other words, meant above all ‘beauty’, a notion that later appeared to fall into discredit, with beauty often being regarded as a bonus. Design became first and foremost a tool for welding together construc- tion and function. If the result was pleasing and showed good taste, the aesthetic dividend followed automatically. Walter Gropius, director of the Bauhaus, a school that cannot be omitted from this account, remar- ked in 1926 that designing houses and their interiors for the mass market was ‘more a matter of ingenuity than of passion’. And in his conviction that the artistic designer should attend the same school as the technical designer and design engineer, he was forty years ahead of Delft University’s Faculty of Industrial Design Engineering.’ To the relief of many, it seems that ‘beauty’ can be successfully excluded from industrial design on the grounds of its alleged elusiveness.


Perhaps we find something beautiful because it reminds us of the pleasure of an earlier experience, when something useful was experienced as pleasing. The experience of beauty has remained while the awareness of usefulness has disap- peared.- ‘This accords with the verdict of the Belgian architect, furni- ture designer, and graphic designer, Henry van de Velde (1863-1957) who said: ‘Beauty is the result of clarity and system’, adding, ‘and not of optical illusion’. The only conclusion possible is that design always involves three inextricably related elements, however much their rela- tive proportions may differ from one application to the next, namely: durability, usefulness, and beauty. In this respect, design is an activity that unites the elements of durability and usefulness and intensifies the perception of beauty. Without noticing it, we have gone back almost two thousand years to the Roman architect Vitruvius. In his ten-volume treatise on architecture he stipulated that it should satisfy the follow- ing criteria: Firmitas durability, firmness Utilitas usefulness, commodity Venustas_ beauty, delight | have attempted to turn these qualities into a practical three-point for- mula: Reliability, Utility, Satisfaction. What sort of combination of these qualities produces a good product? To measure this | have devised a simple, star-shaped diagram consisting of three thermometer-like axes that can be used to register the relative strength of the three criteria in any given product. The length of these thermometers is theoretically unlimited. Since none of these qualities should ever register zero in my opinion, this value has been excluded from consideration. A circle indicates an average level below which no good product should fall, although it may, of course, always do better. This diagram makes it possible not only to indicate in advance the precise mix of qualities required in a given product, but also to analyse existing products.


Although he was speaking of literature and not, like Henry Greenough, of architecture, Multatuli illustrated this maxim with an example that is nonetheless equally relevant to product design. The discussion about form and content reminded him of the ‘beggar who debates whether he would keep his gold in a purse or a pouch... if he had any gold!’ Ideas are all and they are in short supply, according to Multatuli. Without content there is no form. The major part of this book has been devoted to content, to the ‘idea’, because it is in understanding and interpreting this that design begins.= It is nice to know that even before the American Sullivan made his famous pronouncement, a Dutch writer had already managed to state the issue so succinctly. Regarding Training and Designers | have the impression that design has come under increasing pressure from disciplines that work with seemingly tangible and measurable data. However important these may be for future designers, the binding element in product design is the act of shaping. It is this that provides the ‘look’ that consumers recognize as a mark of quality and integrity and it is the only part of the design process capable of supplying wit, youth and gaiety (to quote Hartmut Esslinger- of frogdesign) and aes- thetic satisfaction. It is the task of scientists and designers to uncover the many still-hidden but unmistakably operative laws of design and to develop tools designers can use to give shape to their ideas. Clients have always been the motivating force spurring designers to garner knowledge, invent models and methods, and devise solutions. The best designs come about in collaboration with critical clients who give careful consideration to the often subjective arguments advanced by designers and who are not prepared to take things at face value.


La Peña newsletter, March 1981

Pena Fiesta with the Linda Tillery Band. These Olivia recording artists are among the most creative and exciting performers of contemporary music on the West Coast. 9:00 pm, $3.50 Pena Concert with Alive! Rooted in the growing women's culture movement, the members of Alive! create a rich new polyrhythmic sound which suggests a multiplicity of musical forms. With vocalist, piano, bass, trap drums, congas, and small percussion, Alive! is an entirely acoustic group. 8:30 pm, $3.50 America 8 Caribbean. Slides, tapes, & presentations by members of the CRG, Puerto Rican Socialist Party, & SF Mime Troupe, Antonio Maceo Brigade & others. Help build a Bay Area Cuba Resource Center. 7:30 pm, $2.50 Concert with Mariposa This trio of women musicians, Juanita Newland, Blue Wilder, and Francisca Wentworth, weave together an exciting blend of Latin, North American, and European folk music. Come hear their unique sound which combines pre- Columbian instruments with piano, flute, and tight 3-voice harmonies. 8:30 pm, $3.00 speakers & a slide show will outline the key aspects of the nuclear threat to Pacific Islanders & other peoples of the Pacific rim. 7:30 pm, $1.99 4 Peña concert with Robin Flower and Nancy Vogl. Whether playing a quick-paced fiddle tune or singing close harmonies, Robin and Nancy will touch your heart and put your toes to tapping. This ever-popular duo will be singing old and new songs from their albums. 8:30 pm, $3.50 4 Step by Step/Paso a Paso— a multimedia show by La Pena Cultural Productions Committee with Grupo Raiz, the San Francisco Labor Theater, La Pena Community Chorus, Black Pearl Troop. The show explores workers’ unity and conflict in the Americas. Benefit for the Chilean Resistance. 8 pm, $3.50 1 4 Pena film series Women (94 min, color, dir by Marta Meszaros, 1977, in Hungarian with English subtitles) A story of 2 women, one fortyish, the other in her twenties — one placidly married, the other tumultuous- ly — & the galvanizing effect of their friendship.


Iraq Refugees 1991

UN officials reported that they were willing to coordinate the humanitarian relief efforts by UN agencies and other non- governmental organizations. However, they indicated that significant additional financial support would be necessary and that Iraqi consent, at least informally, would be necessary to operate in the camps established in northern Iraq by the coalition, Moveover, Prince Aga Kahn told the delegation that the UN could not provide security protection without further action and authorization by the UN Security Council. 9. Some government and relief agency representatives indicated that certain private organizations were having difficulty gaining clearance from the Turkish government to enter the country. The delegation received assurances from Turkish officials, including President Ozal, that Turkey would fully cooperate with all relief organizations. However, they did urge that relief efforts by the non-governmental organizations be better coordinated. The UNHCR has been designated as the coordinator of such efforts, and the Deputy Commissioner told the delegation that the UNHCR would be accelerating its coordination activities. 10. The costs associated with the relief and repatriation efforts are very uncertain at this time, but will be significant. The United States has drawn down approximately $133 million in emergency funds, supplies and equipment during the first 19 days of the relief effort. International appeals to address the emergency total approximately $722 million. This includes $400 million in United Nations appeals to address refugee assistance in the border areas for the first threa months of the relief effort. Additionally, the UNHCR has issued an appeal for $178 million for emergency health programs and assistance for people displaced in Iraq. The International Red Cross has issued an appeal for $73 million and the International Red Crescent has issued an appeal for $32 million. : CONCLUSIONS i The Iraqi refugee situation is a human crisis of major proportions requiring a prompt and significant response from the international community. 2.


Iraq Refugees 1991

SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS nit ssues e Iraq's civil war has cost tens of thousands of lives in the Kurdish and Shi’a regions of the country, and has precipitated an immense humanitarian catastrophe. In northern and southern Iraq, forces loyal to Saddam Hussein have shelled cities intensely, have leveled neighborhoods, and have engaged in wholesale massacres of civilians. More than 2 million Iraqi Kurds have sought refuge on the Iraq-Turkey and the Iraq-Iran borders and they are dying at a rate of up to 2,000 a day. e The safe havens created by U.S. and coalition forces around the northern Iraqi city of Zakho will draw thousands of Kurdish refugees out of the mountains. However, the Kurds are likely to remain in the Zakho vicinity only as long as foreign forces are there to protect them. Other refugees may not go to the safe havens because of uncertainty over the duration of international protection. The Kurds are at risk of slaughter as long as Saddam Hussein remains in power, and so the foreign protection will need to continue indefinitely. e The more than one million Kurds languishing in Iraqi resettlement areas are the invisible victims of Iraq’s civil war and repression. The resettlement areas, euphemistically known as "victory cities" but really concentration camps, were set up to accommodate rural Kurds made homeless by the regime’s program to destroy all the villages of Kurdistan. Mostly unemployed since their arrival in the settlements in the mid-1980’s, these Kurds have had little food and no transport to facilitate an escape to the mountains. Prior to the collapse of the Kurdish rebellion, the plight of these concentration camp Kurds was precarious. After a month of possible starvation and retribution, the death toll in the resettlement areas could be very high. @ Only an expanded safe haven encompassing towns along Iraq's borders with Turkey and Iran can accommodate all 2 million Kurdish refugees. ‘The large size of the zone required is one by-product of Iraq’s policy of destroying the villages in Kurdistan.


Iraq Refugees 1991

To many in the Kurdish leadership the AS calls made by President Bush for the Iraqi people to overthrow Saddam Hussein and, in particular, the promise’ to shoot down Iraqi aircraft ("You fly, you die") provided such an assurance. The spearhead of the Kurdish rebellion was not, however, the longtime leadership of the anti-Saddam Kurdish political parties. As in the south, there was a spontaneous popular uprising followed by the near simultaneous defection of some 300 officers of an all-Kurdish territorial military force. The defection of these officers and their units, locally known as the "jash" (or “mules") and long on the payroll of the Baghdad vegime, effectively brought all the cities of Kurdistan under Kurdish control. It was only at this point that the two principal Kurdish leaders --- Massoud Barzani of the Kurdish Democratic Party and Jalal Talabani of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan --- emerged to take control of the rebel forces. For a brief 2-week period at the end of March euphoria reigned in Iraqi Kurdistan. The Kurds set up local administrations, restored basic services including electricity (Zakho in far north Iraq had electricity on Easter weekend; Baghdad did not), and prepared defenses. The Kurds inherited vast quantities of Iraqi military equipment including trucks, tanks, artillery, mortars, and light arms. They even captured an airfield with several Iraqi war planes. =5= For the first time the Kurdish population at large was exposed to the Kurdish insurgent movement and to the recent history of the movement. In the cities there were town meetings providing for give-and-take between Kurdish leaders and community leaders and professionals. Movie houses showed video footage of the Halabja poison gas attacks, including documentaries made by Western television networks. Kurds were able to visit the torture centers of the regime as well as the 15 or more extravagant palaces owned by Saddam Hussein in the Kurdish mountains.


Iraq Refugees 1991

Ba’ath party headquarters were torched as were the local mukhabarat (secret police) offices. Abandoned army barracks were stripped of their tin roofs as well as other valuables. The Kurds distributed weapons to every able-bodied man and claimed to have more than 400,000 men under arms. An observer could see that virtually every man in the Kurdish-controlled cities was armed but, as the Kurds discovered, an armed population does not an army make. The Kurds also took large numbers of Iraqi prisoners. Jalal Talabani, head of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan , estimated the total to be more than 100,000 but noted the Kurds could not hold these prisoners as they had no food or other means to take care of them. Interestingly the Kurds reported that their prisoners included more than 100 members of the Peoples Mojahideen, an anti-Khomeini Iranian group led by Massoud Rajavi, that apparently was fighting with Saddam Hussein in Iraq’s civil war. 2 C. Meanwhile in the South Kurdish euphoria proved short-lived. In the south, forces loyal to Saddam Hussein recaptured the main cities and engaged in a brutal campaign of repression. According to refugees, captured rebels typically were lined up, nooses strung from the lowered barrel of a tank gun were placed around their necks, and then the rebels were hanged as the gun barrel was raised. Shi’a holy shrines in Najaf and Karbala became abattoirs for the slaughter of rebels, clerics, and alleged sympathizers. In addition to these activities, the Ba‘ath regime apparently indulged its favorite pacification technique in the south. Whole neighborhoods were destroyed in March and early April, depriving urban rebels of sanctuary and punishing a hostile population. lone People’s Mojahideen have sent a crude propaganda video to Members of Congress alleging that Iranian Revolutionary Guards, disguised as Kurds, launched a broad attack on northern Iraqi cities including Sulaymaniyah.


Iraq Refugees 1991

The Collapse of the Kurdish Insurgency in the North By March 28 the military tide was beginning to turn against the Kurds. Iraqi forces, backed up by helicopter gunships, launched a ferocious assault on the city of Kirkuk. As parts of the city were retaken, Kurdish insurgents reported that remaining residents of Kurdish neighborhoods were machinegunned and slaughtered. Within days Iraqi army forces moved into other Kurdish cities and towns: Dihok and Irbil fell on March 31, Zakho, and Sulaymaniyah on April 1. Partly the Kurdish defeat is explainable by the ferocity of the Iraqi attack. Cities were subject to intense bombardment. Dihok, for example, was shelled incessantly the night before it fell. Phosphorous shells, which can instantly cremate their victims, were used extensively and with maximum =e terror impact. Unlike the Iraqis, the Kurdish leaders were unwilling to subject their own people to this sort of devastation. Kurdish forces pulled out of cities not only because they believed they could not hold them over the long term, but also because they wanted to spare civilians and ‘ facilitate their flight to safety. While the Kurds captured large quantities of Iraqi weapons, they were unable to make effective use of them. Artillery pieces were often idle for lack of firing pins. The Kurds had quite a collection of captured Soviet-made tanks (some disabled in the capture were restored by the Kurds) but did not necessarily have the ordnance to go with the tanks. All Kurdish military operations were hampered by a lack of gasoline and in some cases food for the guerrillas. The Kurds also suffered from command and control deficiencies. Communication between commanders was often by written note and, when they had electronic communications, these were limited and not effectively utilized. Logistically, the Kurds had difficulty matching ordnance with weapons. The tank drivers would not necessarily know of a supply of ordnance stockpiled in a different part of Kurdistan. ¢ From the cities of Kurdistan hundreds of thousands of Kurdish refugees fled to the high mountains along the Turkish and Iranian borders.


Iraq Refugees 1991

Kurds fleeing the cities at the end of March could find no food in the countryside and no village shelter in a still freezing mountain environment. The absence of indigenous food and shelter have greatly exacerbated the humanitarian crisis overtaking the Kurds. c. once! tio: 8 Perhaps as many as two million Kurds, Assyrians, and Chaldeans were moved from their villages after 1985. The luckier ones went to the cities to stay with relatives. There they were able to find employment or at least could live off the income of employed relatives. When the Kurdish military collapse came, these newly urbanized villagers, along with other city dwellers, had the food resources (often acquired at exorbitant blackmarket rates) and sometimes even the transport to flee. Not so the inhabitants of the concentration camps, who number, according to Massoud Barzani, 1.1 million in 104 separate settlements. (This writer’s independent estimate of the population was one million.) Mostly unemployed since the destruction of their villages, the concentration camp dwellers do not have the money to acquire food reserves. -14- In 1987 the Iraqi authorities would not permit a visit to the victory cities; in 1991 these a GnieeR eon camps were liberated and thus accessible. They were also every bit as grim as they seemed from the highway four years ago. Ina sprawling settlement of more than 10,000 near Zakho,, a man was carrying grain treated with a vermin poison. To feed his family, the man intended to wash the poison off the grain. He said that several washings would be required. In this particular concentration camp, there was just one well and it was highly polluted. Camp leaders said several children were dying each day of dysentery. The plight of the 10,000 Kurds in this Zakho area victory city is emblematic of the one million or more concentration camp inhabitants.


Iraq Refugees 1991

One alternative would have a large enough Iraqi administrative and police presence to maintain order. Of course, the refugees would not return home with such a presence. A more workable alternative would leave the civil administration and policing of Kurdish towns and camps in the safe haven to the Kurds themselves. When the Kurds governed Zakho, Dihok, and Amadiyah, the law and order situation in these towns seemed very good. When not under Iraqi military attack, the atmosphere was far more relaxed than that of towns under Ba’ath regime administration and business seemed to be conducted almost as usual. Leaving the administration and policing of towns and camps in the protected zone to the Kurds and other local peoples would increase the confidence of the refugees and avoid coalition involvement in conflicts between the people and the Baghdad representatives. The more serious impediment to the success of the safe haven plan is the unwillingness of the United States and its coalition partners to guarantee the physical safety of the civilian population for as long as the threat remains. The Bush Administration talks only of a short-term military presence in northern Iraq, and the suggestion is that after the -19- camps are established, they will be turned over to the United Nations. A United Nations relief presence, not backed up by military force, is likely to leave most Kurdish refugees unpersuaded of the efficacy of the safe haven pines Many are unlikely to return to Iraq under these circumstances, and those who do return are likely to go back to the mountains as the coalition forces withdraw. The Kurds know Saddam Hussein and their fears are almost certainly justified. Without foreign military protection the Kurds face the risk of a renewed slaughter. The current discussion of a United Nations police force in northern Iraq may assuage legitimate Kurdish security concerns, but only if the mandate of the U.N. police extends to protection against the Iraqi police and army.


Iraq Refugees 1991

It did not comprehend the depth of popular anger inside Iraq at Saddam Hussein and therefore did not anticipate the uprisings either in the south or the north. The Administration in its policy assessments seemed to mischaracterize the positions of the Kurdish and Shi’a rebels. As a result, an opportunity to overthrow Saddam Hussein in mid-March may have been lost. Purther, neither anticipating the rebellion it had called for nor the brutal nature of the Iraqi response, the Administration was unprepared to cope with the subsequent humanitarian crisis. Being caught by surprise may be directly traceable to a policy of no-contact with the Iraqi opposition. In April 1988, during a call at the State Department the Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani met with the Director for Northern Gulf Affairs, the Iraq desk officer, and the Assistant Secretary for Human Rights. (Talabani also met Foreign Relations Committee Chairman Claiborne Pell during the same visit). This meeting, of which Secretary Shultz was unaware, produced an explosive reaction from Iraq and Turkey. Secretary Shultz felt blindsided and an edict went forth mandating no contact with the Iraqi opposition. Subsequent developments -- -23- Iraq’s use of chemical weapons on the Kurds, an evolution of Turkey’s policy towards a more generous view of its own Kurdish population, Iraqi violations of international law, and even the invasion of Kuwait -- did not change this policy. When Talabani came to the United States in August 1990, he met with Senators Pell and Kerry but was again cold-shouldered by the State Department. After the war began on January 16, the Iraqi opposition approached the Administration with offers of military cooperation and of military intelligence. They were again spurned. Ultimately a channel to provide military intelligence was established by having information pass through the office of a Senate staffer. However, by the time this channel was established the war was nearly over.


Iraq Refugees 1991

The Iraqi sition Iraq is a nation divided on confessional and ethnic grounds. Fifty-five percent of the population are Shi’a, 40 percent are Sunni, and 5 percent are Christian. Ethnically the division is 70 percent Arab, 25 percent Kurd, 5 percent Assyrian, Chaldean, and others. The Iraqi opposition is as diverse as the country itself. However, it has achieved a degree of coherence that its critics (especially those who do not talk to the opposition) never imagined. The Iraqi opposition consists of Shi’a parties, Sunni Arab parties, Kurdish parties, and ideologically-based parties. The Shi’a parties include religious parties (the Dawa, or "Call" party, the Islamic Action party of the Ayatollah Mudarassi, and the Supreme Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq of Bagir Hakim) and secular independents, of which the London-based leader Ahmad Chalabi is the most articulate spokesman. The Kurdish parties include the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) of Massoud Barzani and Jalal Talabani’s Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). The ideological parties, which are dominated by Sunni Arabs, include the Iraqi Communist Party and a dissident Ba‘ath Party. The most prominent Sunni Arab -25- opposition figure is Damascus-based former Iraqi General Hassan Nequib. In March these parties met in Beirut to forge an alliance and a common program. Brought together by a shared objective -- the removal of Saddam Hussein -- they achieved pee aee ts on a broad program for a democratic and federal Iraq with very substantive provisions for Kurdish autonomy. Strikingly, each of the parties in the Joint Action Committee -- the cumbersome name the opposition coalition arrogated to itself -- made tangible concessions in the interests of opposition unity. The Kurdish parties abandoned their dream of an independent Kurdistan, accepting that their rights can only be accommodated within Iraq. The Shi’a religious parties abandoned the idea of an Islamic state, recognizing the rights of religious minorities as well as those of the more secular Sunni Arabs and Kurds.


Iraq Refugees 1991

An Opportunity Lost As the anti-Saddam rebellion gained force in early March, several strategically located Iraqi military figures contacted the Joint Action Committee, according to both Arab and Kurdish opposition leaders. As the Iraqi military figures contemplated bringing possibly decisive force to the side of the rebels, they looked for a sign that the sponsors of the rebellion had the support of the United States, the one country preeeminent militarily and politically in Iraq. No such signal was given. On the contrary, the public snub of Kurdish and other Iraqi opposition leaders was read as a clear indication the United States did not want the popular =26- rebellion to succeed. This was confirmed by background statements from Administration officials that ‘they were looking for a military, not a popular, alternative to Saddam Hussein. As one NSC aide put it on March 1, “Our policy is to get rid of Saddam Hussein, not his regime." Any potential defector to the rebel cause put everything at risk: his position, his life, his family’s lives, the lives of his relatives. Given the negative signals from Washington, the potential military defectors sat on the fence. And while they did so, the anti-Saddam rebellion was crushed. Other countries in the region were eager to assist the forces battling Saddam Hussein. Syria was the country in the region most strongly supportive of the anti-Saddam rebels and provided significant support to Shi’a, Sunni, and Kurdish opposition groups. Parties from all three ethnic/confessional groups make their headquarters in Damascus. During the time the Kurds controlled northern Iraq, Syria generously permitted access to liberated Kurdistan through its territory. Syrian officials responded enthusiastically to suggestions of assistance from coalition countries to the Iraqi opposition ea oust Saddam Hussein. However, Syrian officials were reluctant to go too far alone and looked to the United States for leadership.


Alberto Campo Baeza : works and projects

Significantly, Cam- po Baeza locates the ration d'etre of architec- tural process and product in transcendental values that lie in the world of the beyond, and whose physical materialization therefore transcends the geographical and temporal constraints of chronological history. "Archi- tecture must offer human beings that myste- rious yet tangible 'other' which is beauty. The intelligent kind of beauty that emanates from constructed ideas. This is something much, much more than construction in the normal sense." Since gravity -an invisible static force- and light -the invisible electromagnetic radiation that makes objects visible to the human eye- i to Campo Bat school in Asp . Mica,, have by definition almost no contingent attributes in the philosophical sense, Campo Baeza tends to see them as absolute, eternal values. So we must now try to see what these 'supe- rior categories' mean in relation to historical events and places, tin- specificities of time and space. Campo Baeza himself gives some idea of their meaning when he says, for example, that mod- ern inventions like plate glass and metal framework are directly related to gravity and light. The fact that plate glass can make the upper horizontal surfaces of buildings transparent, while steel frames can separate the skin of a building from its structural support, suggests new tectonic solutions to the problem of gravity. In other words, Campo Baeza's kind of architecture is by definition incluswe of inescapable realities like context, function, composition and construction, but claims to be exclusive in formal terms; or as he himself puts it, it is "essential" but not "minimalist''. Minimalism is just another *ism\ whereas essentiality -a more conceptual notion in that it suggests both sim- plification and purification, an expression of essence- is what bodies forth the "constructed idea" and determines the poetics of its formulation. Paraphrasing Mies van der Robe's less is more, Campo Baeza demies his concept of "more with less" ( mds con menos) as "... a more which keeps human beings and the complexity of then- culture firmly at the center of the cre- ated world, at the center of architecture.


In this particular case, Campo Baeza's repertoire of compositional motifs translates into primary geometrical con- figurations, while the archetypal "cube' of the primitive hut achieves greater prominence through a carefully balanced contrast between cool expanses of glass and brilliant white cladding. The same principles arc also at work in the sequence of detached houses that fol- lowed - the Garcia Marcos House in Madrid (1991), the four villas in Algiers (1992)* and the L5 Aihi rto ( 'ampo Baeza, villas for Spanisli Embassy, 998 16 Gaspar House in Cadiz (1992) -whose graphically etched volumes at last stand alone in splendid isolation. These eloquently introverted clusters of sun-drenched solids are so pow- erful precisely because they convey a sense of total separation, irrevocable detachment from the 'other'. Differences of level, self-contained courtyards, volumes delimited by boundary walls- everything is totally and systematically decontextualized. And yet. what looks like a Starkly delineated set of closed, box-like prisms is, in fact, open to the sky. What I have elsewhere called a "state of alienation" is more than evident in the much-pub- lished photographs of the Gaspar House patios, in which treetops -traces of external reali- ty- crowd the borders of a 'sacred compound' like abstract presences forming the static backdrop to a sophisticated stage design. Inside the courtyards, brilliant surfaces sculpted by reflected light encircle, subjugate, enfeeble, reduce to simulacra the concrete manifesta- tions of a physical world excluded from the Initiatory rites that place the house apart from everyday reality. Trees, mirror pools, even some of the masses themselves, have a ghostly lack of solidity, while the natural landscape seems weirdly de-natinvd, subtly recontextual- ized and aestheticized as a decontextualized visionary setting for the house. The sense of solitude is heightened not only by this explicit segregation of attendant pseudo-natural ref- erences that serve to introduce the development of the architectural setting, but also by the isolation of the human figures who inhabit the house.


Ga&par . /(ilmn,. only our view of the sky, which for ("ami in Baeza is literally the place where "our phys- ical world penetrates a world beyond". Although our atmosphere is suffering Hie consequences of uncontrolled urbanization and the air around us is often unbreathable, the view front one of Campo Baeza's houses -whoso interaction with theoutside world is regulated by glass expanses trained by white wall panels- can offer a comfortingly sublimated perspective on life. In this sense, his buildings convey a 'primal nostalgia' for pre-historical existence and a Inst spiritual plenitude, for a "paradise of identities'" car denced by the primeval dialectic of light and darkness, where the light of the sun. moon and stars makes visible the abstract space of possibility in all its power. Clearly, wo arc speaking here of nothing less than the re- deeming power of art. the ovation of an ar- tificial, imaginary universe capable of restoring the harmonies which modern men and women have lost in then* distorted relationships with the physical world. In an article in A+U magazine (July L985), Campo Baeza says: "I feel emotion, therefore I exist. [...] but then, isn't architecture all about emotion? We should tell i he w< aid that architecture is a syn- thesis of rational construction and irrational emotion, precept and passion. This architecture. which is made of and arouses emotion, will always be cultured architecture. Unlike today's erudite architecture, which more often than not is unashamedly exhibitionist, cultured ar- chitecture speaks a silent language which can sometimes be difficult to explain, but is always easy to understand." One of the most wonderful historical examples of light-redeeming* architecture is i he I ioth- ic cathedral, whose very stone seems to emanate light. As Hans Sedlmayr say.- in Das Licit t in semen h&nstlerischei) Mai/ifextafioneu (Mittenwald Maunder. 1979): "The light inside a cathedral does not seem to come from the outside.


Typologically it resembles a convent: the inward- looking complex has the usual stereometric features and relates to the coastal scenery through windows set in blind expanses of wall, which thus become framed views of the out- side world. And although the building is organized around a square distribution courtyard to remedy the unevenness of the site, all the communal spaces hug the inside of the west wall. The only two windows in the main facade -eyes gazing at the horizon- are there to bring- light to major functional areas. The Smaller one illuminates the triple-height entrance lobby. while the larger beach-fadng one. which is twice the size, illuminates the library and cafete- ria, adding a public register to the dazzling whiteness of the sea view. This is more than a standard patio configuration with all the usual domestic connotations, them; it is also an as- sembly of architectural feat n n-s semantical ly polarized to form a densely meaningful thresh- old between town and house, public and private. The concepts of 'stereotomic' and "tectonic" construction -they are borrowed from Semper, and have been studied in some depth by Kenneth Frampton in StwtU s in T<ct<>uu- Culture. The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth- and Tivenfieik-Century Architecture (1995)- are central to the contrast between the inertia of mass and the leavening effects < »f light in ( 'am- po Baeza's architecture. The two building methods they imply are exemplified in Campo Baeza's project for the Dalmau House in Burgos (1990), whose ordinary domestic functions are grouped in a hollow, whidowless base, while an upper glass volume provides a setting for AUh rta ( 'ampo ■!>,;i,,,/ school. Cadiz, 1992. the intellectual activities the house also had to accommodate. This duality, which is also a fea> turo Hi' the competition project for the Philharmonic Hall in Copenhagen (1993), is virtually a paradigm of the process by which light can progressively dematerialize. both conceptually and physically, the solid stone and almost total darkness of the primitive cave dwelling.


On the other hand, and also by learn- ing the lesson of history in relation to what already exists there, said vol- umes rise up from the rock on which they sit in material continuity with it. The colossal concrete of goldish aggre- gate with winch the building would be realized appears, then, like fresh stone. And between these fragments, the in- terior and exterior spaces would be continually conjoined, framing, in a va- riety of ways, all of them interesting, the beautiful surrounding countryside. Model, sit* plan, and ground-floor plan. 27 Garcia del Valle House, Ciudad Santo Domingo, Algete, Madrid, 1974 This is the architect's "opera prima', al- though the first .-ketches for it had been committed to paper while he was .still a student. A deck-like architecture of a markedly 'Wrightean' kind is set out on a steeply sloping, elongated plot with fine views towards the north. As a result, the house strives to bond itself firmly to the terrain by means of a series of hor- izontal planes which are staggered in order to gain a purchase on the site. This serene hurizontality has its coun- terpoint in the vertical core of the staircase and. above all, in the extre- mely tall protruding chimney which gives the house its identity. The planes are subsumed by imposing breast- works which further accentuate, if such is possible, their horizontal char- acter, one that is also emphasized by the reduced height of the roofs. Ground-floor plan, and mot 28 » ♦ - Tin roo) and ' overhangs. flB^^M Fominaya House, Ciudad Santo Domingo, Algete, Madrid, 1974 Dating from the same period as the previous house, the Fominaya House displays greater formal restraint in the brick volumes corresponding to its dif- ferent functions. The living area, with its large picture window open to the north and a more tranquil and sober patio looking south, already posits the kind of horizontal continuity that will become a feature of subsequent de- signs.


To do this the original facade is left etear, thus highlighting the well-con- ceived composition ofthe lower part of the original building, with its four stone arches. An extremely diapho- nous mterior is created by glazing the narrow street front and strategically positioning mirrors opposite the longi- tudinal walls. Entirely black above a certain height, the ceiling is set with spotlights which, reflected in the paired mirrors, are repeated ad infini- tum like some star-studded sky. To end with, the space giving onto the street is closed off with a number of strong and thick doors of blaek-lacquered panel which, apart from being secure, look as if they must be. A horizontal in- cision is made in these at the passer- by "s eye-level, which provides a tanta- lizing view of the shop interior when dosed. The subtle separation of this door from the et\\xe^ ofthe stone door- way enhances both the image of the door's strength and the clean lines of the facade aperture in an adroit play of contrasts. As if these were the gates of that starry sky. 7> 79 Public school, Loeches, Madrid, 1989 North a Nil soutfi The village of Loeches is set on a hill overlooking the wide expanse of flat countryside surrounding it. It was there, between two massive 17th-cen- tury church and convent buildings. that a number of ill-starred schools had been constructed, totally at odds with their surroundings. The problem resolved by fusing the same stone as in the convents to create a rampart wall. This structure was intended to partition off the former and yet affirm a sense of continuity with the history of the place. The program unfolds intramurally. The self-effacing north facade appears as one more wall, while the classrooms face south towards the sunshine.


It was decided, therefore, to create a completely walled enclosure, an 'hortus eonclusus". This originates in an 18 x 18 meter square, defined by four 3.5 meter-high walls, which Is di- vided into three equal parts. Only the central part is roofed over. Divided obliquely by a pair of 2 meter-high walls into three parts, having the pro- portions A: 2A: A. the service units are included at the sides. The roof over the central space is higher. -1.5 meters above the ground. Where the low and high walls intersect there are four 2 x 2 meter glazed openings. The horizon- tal plane of the stone floor extends through these four openings, giving a real sense of continuity between inside and outside. The omnipresent whiteness con- tributes to the clarity and continuity of the architecture. The dual symmetry of the composition is rendered more evident by the likewise symmetrical placing of the four lemon trees, which make for a spectacular effect. The Light in this house is horizontal and continuous, and reflects off the walls of the east-west oriented pa- tios. In fine, this is a continuous hor- izontal space tautened by horizontal light. 100 conclusus', wrchitect's sketck, and the i ritmnce I 'utaway model, ground-floor plan, and the entrance court Kil The courtym trees and pool, and an metric. IQ2 'Drago' school, Cadiz, 1992 The building, with its vast white fac- ade overlooking the sea, is devisod as a continuation of the long and high white walls of the old 'maritime' cemetery of Cadiz. The entire volume ifi handled in such a way that it repairs the fabric of the city at the point where its streets end. The overall space is laid out on an ir- regular, trapezoidal base, and uses the simple device of a regular, square courtyard around which the corridors run.