Stated simply, the hair standard is the criterion — in terms of quality, quantity and type — of the samples to which the examiner will compare the questioned samples. Suppose that a police department wants a microscopic comparison of a suspect's hair with samples found at the scene of the crime. In order to ensure a proper comparison of head hair, the investigating officers should obtain a representative sample from the suspect's head, i.e., at least five hairs pulled from each of the following areas: the top of the head; the left and right sides of the head; and the back of the head. In order to ensure a proper comparison of pubic hair, the investigators should obtain at least 15 hairs sampled at random from the suspect's entire pubic area. As a forensic hair examiner I have handled more than 500 cases in which I have compared hair samples from two or more people. I have seen only five cases in which two people's head hair samples were so similar that a microscopic examination could not distinguish one from the other. I have seen only three cases in which two people's pubic hair were so similar as to defy microscopic differentiation. Some people make the mistake of equating the accuracy of forensic hair examination to fingerprint examination. Latent fingerprint identification is more accurate, because the fingerprint examiner is comparing a specific fingerprint impression (taken at the crime scene, perhaps) to the pattern on a specific finger of an individual. The forensic hair examiner, however, must compare a sample to a whole range of hair characteristics. Though the hair examiner caimot conclude that the hair in question came from a specific individual, he can conclude that it came from a given individual or another individual whose hair has the same range of characteristics.


Montana justice quarterly : a publication of the Office of Attorney General

Suppose that a rape occurs, and investigators recover samples of the perpetrator's head hair and pubic hair from the scene. The forensic hair examiner subsequently determines that both the samples — head hair and pubic hair — have the same range of characteristics as the suspect's head hair and pubic hair. This identification is more specific, and legally more valuable, than an identification based on examination of either head hair or pubic hair alone. Identification of the two kinds of hair are two independent procediu^es which show that the samples taken from the scene match the suspect's range of characteristics for both head hair and pubic hair. The combination of these two results show a very high probability that the head hair and pubic hair in question came from the suspect. Forensic hair examination is very tedious, time- consuming and therefore costly to the criminal justice system. The average case involves microscopic examination of 150 separate hairs, but some cases involve examination of as many as 500 separate hairs. Forensic hair examination should thus be the last resort, the final step after all other forensic procedures have failed to relate the suspect to the crime adequately. In the interest of employing scarce resources wisely, investigators should use common sense in calling upon the services of the crime lab. They should not, for example, ask the crime laboratory to examine hairs from a suspect who lives in the same dwelling as the rape victim. The suspect's hair will obviously be scattered throughout the dwelling, and perhaps throughout the car that the victim has used. Samples of the suspect's hair could have been inadvertently carried on the victim's clothing to the scene of the crime. In short, forensic hair examination in such a case will not produce good evidence. Forensic Fiber Examination One of the most highly publicized murder cases in recent years was the Wayne Williams case in Atlanta, Georgia, (next page) Montana Justice Quarterly/Spring 1986 in which carpet fibers were the major physical evidence that linked Williams to a string of child homicides.


Identifying an unknown fiber is the forensic examiner's first step in the scientific investigation. Identification enables the examiner to compare the sample in question to known fibers of the same chemical composition. The examiner compares the diameters, cross sections, dye components and other factors to determine whether the fibers could have come from the same source. A word of caution, however: Though a forensic examination may not be able to distinguish between a questioned fiber and a known fiber, the examiner cannot state unequivocally that the two came from a specific garment; the questioned fiber sample, after all, could have come from any of the thousands of garments manufactured with that fiber. Most of today's living room carpet is made of nylon fiber, and most nylon fibers are Irilobular in cross section (brand names include Anso, Anso FV, Antron, Cellanese 81, Ultron and others). The forensic examiner can determine the manufacturer by matching a cross sectional shape of the carpet fiber to a chart that breaks down the various cross sections and trilobular shapes by manufacturer. the upstairs fireplace. Wanting to ensure that investigators would find no trace of the clothes, the defendant collected the debris and took it to the downstairs fireplace to bum it more thoroughly. Unfortunately for her, investigators sifted the debris in the downstairs fireplace and found partially burned nylon carpet fiber that matched the carpet in the motel room where her husband died. Forensic Glass Examination Most people know glass when they see it, but few know how it is made. The process is relatively simple: Heat sand, soda and lime together until the mixture becomes transparent. Then let it cool and harden. It becomes glass, one of mankind's earliest manufactured materials. The crime laboratory most often analyzes glass samples that are chips (from windows, headlights or bottles) or fibers (from glass insulation or glass-insulated filters).


The Montana Laboratory of Criminalistics does not yet have this multi-element, nondestructive capability. Forensic Paint Analysis Paint can also be a useful tool in solving crimes. Crime laboratories frequently compare crime-scene samples of paint with known samples to determine whether they are microscopically and chemically indistinguishable. A painted surface usually has multiple layers of substance, one of which is often a thin primer. An object that someone has repainted many times will have many separate paint layers. The first stage of a forensic paint examination is a microscopic inspection of the paint layers to determine the thicknesses and colors of each layer of paint and primer. If the questioned paint sample and the known sample have four or more layers that match, the examiner concludes that there is a high probability that the two came from the same source. The next step is the chemical analysis of the individual layers of paint and primer, using either infrared spectroscopy or pyrotysis gas chromatography, or both. The former measures the molecular vibration pattern within a material, and is very useful in determining the type of paint present (acrylic, lacquer, urethane, epoxy, acrylic and vinyl resins, etc.). The latter, or pyrolysis gas chromatography, requires only a very small sample, and can differentiate similar paints that came from different manufacturers. The process involves thermal decomposition of the paint, which forms a large number of different chemical constituents. The forensic scientist then analyzes the decomposition products, using gas chromatography, in the same instrument The one major disadvantage of this process is that it is a destructive analysis procedure. It destroys the sample in order to analyze it. Paint pigments are usually inorganic compounds. Forensic scientists use many different instruments to analyze them, the most useful of which is the X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer, since it is nondestructive and requires only a very small sample.


Law enforcement agencies cleared 30 of these, either by arrest or some other means, chalking up a statewide clearance rate of 83.3 percent.' The track record of Montana law enforcement on homicides is impressive, compared to clearance rates for other crimes against persons, like robbery (26.4 percent), rape (48.1 percent) and aggravated assault (44 percent). Several factors explain why law enforcement has been so successful in clearing homicide cases. First, people seldom let a homicide go unreported, so it has one of the lowest "unreported rates" among serious crimes. Second, more than half of all homicides (55 percent) are committed by relatives or acquaintances of the victims, giving police a good starting point in the investigation.^ And third, murderers often commit their crimes with witnesses watching. With respect to that 55 percent of homicides in which the murderer is a relative or acquaintance of the victim, law enforcement agencies in Montana usually have little trouble establishing motives and identifying suspects and witnesses. A helpful factor has been the improved quality and availability of homicide investigation training for law enforcement officers throughout the state. The remaining 45 percent of homicides, however, are not so easily cleared, and statistics in some urban areas show a continuing decrease in "acquaintance" homicides with a corresponding increase in "stranger-to-stranger" homicides.^ In San Diego, for example, police cleared 93 percent of their homicide investigations in 1970. In 1980, the clearance rate had dropped to 67 percent During the same period, the percentage of stranger-to-stranger homicides climbed firom 30 percent to 47 percent "* Premeditated homicides and those that involve strangers are vastly more complex than acquaintance homicides, from the investigator's point of view. Such crimes usually have motives other than anger or domestic trouble; they are planned; they present tougher problems in the development of evidence, motives and suspects. Premeditated homicides often involve other serious offenses like solicitation, burglary, robbery, theft and conspiracy.


Havre police officers responded to a call at a local motel. The complainant was the wife of a 68-year-old retired man from Great Falls. The couple was in town to attend the husband's 50th high school reunion. The wife, who told the officers that she was nearly blind, said that two men had entered their motel room, and had beaten and robbed them. She could not fmd her husband, she said, and had gone to the motel office to get help. In the room, officers found the beaten and strangled body of the woman's husband. Thus began an investigation that produced evidence to support charges of deliberate homicide and conspiracy to commit homicide against the wife, her son, and two acquaintances whom the son had met in prison. Although the police identified and arrested the four principals within a week of the murder, the investigation lasted six months. It produced 122 pieces of physical evidence for analysis by the Montana Division of Forensic Science and the Criminal Identification Bureau (both agencies of the state Department of Justice). It involved writing 55 separate officers' reports by investigators, and taking 52 statements from witnesses. It required the application for numerous search warrants and issuance of investigative subfxjenas for bank records, airlines documents, savings and loan records, and credit card company data, all of which consumed thousands of man- hours and thousands of dollars to pay for overtime. From the very beginning the case was a problem in budget and manpower. The Havre Police Department has 15 sworn officers, including the Chief; the department cannot afford full-time investigators to devote exclusively to criminal cases. A case officer or a shift supervisor normally assigns a case to an individual officer. When possible, assignments go to those officers who have training and experience in the relevant fields.


Constitution — guarantees an accused person a speedy trial by an impartial jury. Embodied in these constitutional rights are values that inevitably conflict with each other. Unquestionably the rights are of equal value, but prosecutors and police have a clear duty to pay special attention to the fair-trial interests of the accused. In this age of immediate and exhaustive news coverage, that duty weighs heavy, for news coverage can have a profound effect on the "fairness" of a criminal trial. Police and prosecutors are often at the center of news media attention. Shouldering the duty to protect a defendant's fair-trial interests does not mean that police and prosecutors must operate under a shroud of absolute secrecy, or that they should refuse to give any information at all to the news media. The public has a right to know certain information. A police officer or a fffosecutor can fulfill his or her obligations with respect to the defendant's fair-trial interests by steadfastly refusing to give a personal opinion about the case publicly. In addition, police and prosecutors must guard against releasing too much information too sooa Typically, a police officer or a prosecutor gives a personal opinion or releases too much information immediately after the crime occurs. It is at this time that news media attention is as intense as it will ever become, especially if the crime is bizarre, brutal or grisly. At this point the urge is strong to give out information, opinions and theories. It is also the time period (the initial stage of a criminal investigation) during which restraint is more important than at any other time in the progress of the case. Extrajudicial comments and disclosures by law enforcement officers and prosecutors, if publicized, can compromise the state's ability to provide a fair trial.


State Hornet 1975-09-26

The president is supposed to administer the affiars of the ASCSUS to the best of his ability, and it is my position that John Giannoni was acting in this capacity when he instructed Larry Bliss to negotiate for sale of the Ink Machine. As I have stated before, Bliss is res- ponsible to the President. Perhaps that will also clarify to Ms. Hoffman why Bliss is “doing what the executive branch says.” 4) Bliss was not negligent of Senate wishes. He complied with the President to negotiate for sale and the Senate to negotiate for partner- ship. Your staff's ability to edit or leave out certain facts has the un- dying ability to make me sick. If the grounds are there, I feel they should be printed. But the State Hornet is not the place to carry out personal vendettas. As editor, you are the one who is fully responsible for the paper, so to you I say, your coverage of the ASCSUS Senate meeting in Friday's Hornet was inaccurate and misleading. Please correct this type of reporting or do not feel welcome to report on ASCSUS Senate meetings. Sincerely, Jim Hollenback ASI Senate Chair We're not picky Editor, the Hornet: May | correct a misconception published under the heading “Blood Donors Needed” in your is- sue of Sept. 17, 1975. It is not necessary that the donors re- quested have type O blood. The Blood Bank will accept any blood type, credit it to Carl Moman, and release an equal number of units of the type he needs for his use. The rest of the information is essen- tially correct. There is a Blood Reserve Fund on campus available for the use of students, staff, faculty, alumni, and their immediate relatives. All it takes is a call tothe Student Health Center, attention Mrs.


State Hornet 1975-09-26

Instead, it named Miller as interim editor until the impasse could be resolved. Two meetings later, by more than a two-thirds vote, the Senate vetoed Giannoni’s attempt to name the editor and gave the top Hornet position to Miller for the current school year. By way of background, no cam- pus in the state university system gives the student president authority to name the newspaper editor, and for good reasons. For- tunately, the new CSUS Senate is in the process of undoing the previous Senate’s mistake. That mistake led Giannoni to believe the Hornet is his newspaper —-- that he is the publisher. The Campus Media Board is made up of five students and two faculty members. It sets general policy for radio station KEG and for the Hornet. It also interviews and recommends candidates to head these media | have been a journalism faculty member on the CMB for five years. CMB decisions have never been in- fluenced by student politics or by the administration of this univer- the right tools for scientists, engineers, now and studying-to-be Texas Instruments SR-51A super slide rule calculator Performs linear , roots, powers for 20 often used conversions. Prof defends involvement sity, Our sole criteria in choosing a Hornet editor has been ability. Opposition to Dave Miller can be attributed to hard-hitting inves- ligative reporting he has done in recent years. Understandably, some university administrators and some student politicians would rest easier if Miller devoted himself to covering rock concerts for Aardvark. Some student politicians and university administrators appear to have thinner skins than their counterparts in Sacramento and Washington. Experience has demonstrated that editors and poiiticians are natural-born adver- saries. As a member of the faculty, I consider myself part of the campus community. Therefore I’m pleased that the Student Senate and the CMB put the Hornet into capable hands for another year That's the way it ought to be both on-campus and off.


Mitochondria DNA restriction endonuclease patterns in sorghum

BamH I digestions: The BamH I digestions (Fig. 4) produced many large fragments that were difficult to separate even in a 0.7% agarose gel. However, it was possible to recognize some of the important dif- ferences. The BamH I restriction patterns were very similar among CMS lines except that KS45 A (lane 9, small arrow) had one extra band, and one band was missing in KS5 A (lane 6, small arrows). In the male fertile lines, Sumac and KS5 B continued to be dif- ferent from other fertile lines by missing one band (lanes 1 and 2 , small arrow) . In BamH I digestions, the differences between CMS and male- fertile lines continued to follow the patterns of EcoR I and Hind III. The CMS lines (lanes 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) had two extra bands and one band was missing. 14 Comparison of restriction patterns from different germinating conditions : The limited source of seeds and difficulty of germinating S. halepense and S. versicolor prompted the idea of germinating the seeds on a nutrient medium. Seedlings grown on the medium in darkness increased the amount of tissue per seed, avoid chloroplast DNA contamination, and retained the softness of the tissue which is essential for the isolation of sorghum mt-DNA with this particular method. There might be concerns that culture medium may alter mt- DNA. Sumac was used as the standard sample to study the effect of culture medium on mt-DNA. Sumac seeds were germinated on a cul- ture medium and also in Petri dishes. The mt-DNAs, isolated from Sumac that had been germinated in the two different conditions, were digested by EcoR I and analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The two restriction patterns were exactly the same indicating that alteration of sorghum mt-DNA was not induced by the culture medium. This observation supports the previous ob- servation of Nagy et al.


It is important to note that the EcoR I restriction pattern of S. halepense had the bands that characterized the male fertile lines (Fig. 5, large arrows). The EcoR I restriction pattern of S. versicolor was completely different from other sorghum ex- amined (Fig. 5, lane 4). The EcoR I restriction pattern of S. halepense similar to KS5 B (Fig. 6, lane 1) but it had extra bands (Fig. 6 upper small arrow) and did not have the band near 4.3 Kb (Fig. 6, lower small arrow) . S. versicolor , on the other hand, had its own unique mt-DNA restriction pattern that did not resemble the mt-DNA restriction pattern of any other sorghums in this study (Fig. 6, lane 4). 16 DISCUSSION The procedure of isolating sorghum mt-DNA used in this study requires less time, equipments, and chemicals than other known procedures. The restriction patterns were clear enough to resolve most of the large fragments, but the small fragments, less than 1 kb, were not separated clearly in a 0.7% agarose gel. There have been many efforts to relate plasmid-like DNAs to CMS (Chase and Pring, 1986). However, plasmid-like mt-DNAs were not observed in this study. At present, no conclusion can be drawn regarding the role of plasmid-like mt-DNAs in cytoplasmic male sterility of sorghum. The mt-DNA restriction patterns of 20-chromosome sorghums were very similar except Sumac, KS5 A, and KS5 B. KS45 B and Mar- tin B had one extra band than others in Hind III digestions and KS45 A had one extra band in BamH I digestion. Sumac, KS5 A and KS5 B were clearly distinguishable from others based on the restriction patterns obtained from each of the three restriction enzymes. Therefore, use of Sumac, KS5 A or KS5 B cytoplasms could increase the cytoplasm diversity of sorghum and help avoid vul- nerability to cytoplasmic-related disease outbreaks.


Moisture and home energy conservation how to detect, solve a

As the air is cooled, the amount of water vapor it can hold decreases, and condensa- tion can take place. The cooled air then falls until it is reheated, and the process begins over again. Convection currents occur throughout the interior space of the home, powered by temperature differences. Air movement through convection can also hap- pen in wall cavities and other enclosed areas of the building, which can reduce the thermal effectiveness of the insulation, as well as cause moisture problems (see Fig- ure 5). In cold climates, after a house has been weatherized by sealing, caulking and weath- erstripping air leaks, air movement is reduced, and less heat and moisture escape. Tighter homes usually have greater comfort levels and lower fuel bills. However, if there are a significant number of moisture sources in a tight home, ventilation may not be great enough to remove moisture as fast as it is produced. And, in extremely tight houses, controlled ventilation through heat-recap- turing devices, such as air-to-air heat exchangers, must be employed to remove normal moisture build-up and potential indoor air pollution. After a house has been thoroughly sealed , moisture transfer through c/iffiision becomes more important. Because the amount of water vapor that escapes through air move- ment has been cut to a minimum, water vapor must find another avenue of exit. Water vapor always attempts to move from high vapor pressure areas to low vapor- pressure areas; thus, water vapor will pass directly or “diffuse” through building materials. Water vapor that penetrates a surface may be cooled to the point where it turns to liquid or ice, which creates the potential for damage. Vapor retarders (also known as vapor “barriers”) are allowed to slow diffusion through building materials. Good vapor retarders allow very little water to pass through them; they should always be located on the warm side of the wall, ceiling or floor surface.


Insu- late windows with additional glazing or treatments that seal around all edges. If insulation is impossible, continuous circula- tion of air with a fan in the problem area will help prevent condensation. For closets or other out-of-the-way places, better air and heat circulation can be achieved by leaving doors open or installing louvered doors. Lack of or Improper Placement of Vapor Retarders — If you are in a cli- mate where vapor retarders are called for, action may be needed. New, tightly built and well-insulated homes or homes that have been thoroughly weatherized have a greater need for a durable vapor retarder that has been carefully installed on the warm side of the surface to stop moisture transfer through building materials. If the vapor retarder is installed haphazardly, every point subject to air leakage will expe- rience pressure, and condensation may be damaging. Improper placement of vapor retarders is not uncommon. For example, if a building material that is, in fact, a vapor retarder has been installed on the cold side of the wall surface, moisture may be con- densing in the walls. If a low-perm vapor retarder is used on two sides of a wall surface, moisture may build up without an avenue of escape. In areas of high ground water, the lack of a gound-cover vapor retarder in the crawlspace may allow water vapor to consttuitly enter the dwelling, lead- ing to a variety of problems. Possible Solutions: Inspect materials on the cold side of the home’s envelope to determine whether a sheathing or siding may be acting as cm unwcmted vapior retemder. Search for places where the vapor retarder may not have been installed, such as the rim joists, between floors. Install vapor retard- ers where they are needed, in conjunction with insulation work.


Elxample:A V^ermont Appropriate Tech- nology grantee, working with air-to-air heat exchanger, reported that construction drying can be speeded by installing and using the heat exchanger before construction is complete. In one test, an air-to-air heat exchanger was installed in one house on a multi-house construction site, and it was operated to reduce interior humidity from the newly installed gypsum board. The grantee reported that the walls of the house with the heat exchanger in use were dry and ready for paint in one-quarter to one- fifth the time required by the other houses (see Figure 1 0). Faulty or Problem Flame-fired Heat- ing Plants — F aulty flame-fired appliances used for heating, water heating or cooking can be sources of moisture problems. With- out adequate combustion air, these appli- ances can spill water vapor and deadly, odorless carbon monoxide gas into the liv- ing area. Incomplete combustion is revealed by an excessively yellow or wavy flame, and can cause drowsiness, recurring head- aches or even death. Windows that fog for no apparent reason are another clue. Other types of heating systems may also influence moisture’s behavior in the home. Note that liquid propane gas produces more moisture during combustion than other systems. If wood heat is used, wood stored inside the home may be producing excess moisture. And, in tightly built all-electric homes that have no chimneys, normal internal moisture sources can occasionally present problems. Possible Solutions: Check for blocked furnace vents, a chimney blockage, a chim- ney that is too short, insufficient combus- tion air or whether the system is vented at all (unvented gas and kerosene heaters). If you suspect the flame-fired heating plant is faulty in any way, call for help from the local utility or a contractor.


Check for air conditioning ducts , Plumbing Leaks — ^The best way to check for plumbing leaks is to run each part of the system for 1 0- 1 5 minutes and watch and listen for leaks. Check all accessible connections, emd thoroughly inspect the house during the process. Leaking pipes may be buried in a concrete slab floor or hidden in the walls. Find and fix all leaking plumbing. Attached Horticultural Green- houses— Because of its many moisture sources, the attached greenhouse can cause moisture problems indoors. Plants prefer relative humidity levels under 70 percent; higher levels cause greater leaf production at the expense of the fruit or vegetables. Check relative humidity in the greenhouse over time. Attached greenhouses can cause moisture problems in the wall they are attached to, through condensation. In addition, drainage may be a problem. Possible Solutions: Above all, provide adequate circulation and ventilation in the greenhouse. If greenhouse relative humidity is high, avoid venting into the home. Pro- vide proper exterior drainage away from the house and the greenhouse. Avoid excess watering of pl0mts. Use proper vapior retarder and insulation techniques. Elxample:A Vermont Appropriate Tech- nology grantee, developed a simple concen- tric tube air-to-air beat exchanger for greenhouses that may have applicability for residential greenhouse use. This type of heat exchanger could be employed to deliver iow-humidity warm air to the living space, thus avoiding moisture problems that stem from direct venting of greenhouse air into the home. I2 Outdoor Causes P oor drainage — This is the major exte- rior moisture dilemma. With bermed or earth-sheltered construction cmd for founda- tions in general, proper drainage is espe- cially critical. If drainage problems cannot be properly corrected, try increasing resis- tance to moisture through the use of wood preservatives, dampproofing and water- proofing. General solutions to each prob- lem au'e described below (see Figure 1 1 ).


Check on the situation several 13 times during the year. Watch for seasonal change periods: spring and fall. High Outdoor Humidity — Consistently high outdoor humidity can cause a variety of problems , particularly higher cooling costs and constant mold, mildew and decay. Ven- tilating crawlspaces, attics and interior liv- ing spaces with this high humidity air can aggravate all existing moisture problems, or even cause new ones. Possible Solutions: On the exterior of the home, take measures to increase resis- tance of wood to moisture, using pressure- treated wood or wood that has been treated with a fungicide preservative. Caulk and seal to stop moisture transfer and reduce heating or cooling costs. In cooling climates. tighten up the home with weatherization techniques, provide dehumidification, and avoid ventilating crawlspaces in times of high outdoor humidity and temperature. Example: An Iowa Appropriate Tech- nology grantee wanted to use cool base- ment air to reduce his air conditioning costs during the summer. High outdoor relative humidity was a problem, however, causing discomfort, sweating of walls and pipes in the basement and mold and mildew. The grantee developed a system that circulates warm, humid air from the upstairs to the basement, where the air was mechani- cally dehumidiBed and then cooled by con- tact with the basement wall and floor surfaces. The cool air is then pumped back to the living space through the ductwork for the heating system. Before installing his system, the gran tee reported reduced rela ti ve h umid- ity in the 40 percent range. The grantee found his system to be a successful way to reduce cooling costs and increase comfort, through dehumidification. Note that this technique may not be advisable in areas where soil radon levels are high unless the basement is first monitored for radon. Blocked Elxterior Circulation — Foliage close to the dwelling or items stored next to the house (such as firewood), can block air circulation cmd lead to mold, mildew and other moisture damage.


Vapor Retarders Vapor retarders have been used in conjunction with insulation in colder cli- mates for the last several decades. The familiar term “vapor barrier” has recently been replaced with the term “vapor retcU'der” to avoid the misconception that vapor barri- ers stop all moisture transfer, when they actually only reduce the rate of moisture tramsfer. In cold-climate locations, vapor retard- ers have traditionally been employed to avoid condensation by stopping water vapor from diffusing outward under pressure through building materials. But, new infor- mation shows that much more moisture is transferred by air movement than through diffusion. Thus, to truly block most mois- ture transfer, the vapor retarder must be carefully installed to stop air leakage, as well as diffusion. Vapor retarders that stop air leakage are a major feature of the new, energy-efficient construction and retrofit applications. Vapor retarders should edways be located on the warm, or high-vapor pressure, side of the wall surface. TTie cold side of the wall must be allowed to breathe, to allow any moisture that does not pass through to escape (see Figure 1 2). Wall and ceiling vapor retarders are not recommended in areas outside the conden- sation zone (see Figure 2) because if both wintertime heating and considerable sum- mer cooling are called for, the vapor retarder may be on the wrong side most of the time. In addition, in warm climates the tempera- ture difference across the insulation tends to be less, thus less moisture will migrate through the surface, and it is less likely that condensation will occur because dew point temperatures will be higher. Using Perm Ratings V apor retarder effectiveness is measured in “perms,” which stands for the perme- ance of the material; one perm equals one grain (or drop) of water per square foot per hour per unit vapor pressure difference.


The lower the perm rating of a material, the better the material is at slowing mois- ture transfer. Knowing the perm rating of a material is critical when choosing materials for walls. To allow any moisture that does pass through the vapor retarder to escape, the outer skin of the wall should be at least five times more permeable than the vapor retarder. This 1 :5 ratio should be applied when choosing a vapor retarder and also when choosing sheathing materials for the outer skin of the house (see table. Generic Perme- 15 ance of Materials to Water Vapor). In the past, materials with a perm value of 1 or less were considered to be vapor “barriers.” However, the current state of the art is to use vapor retarders of 0. 1 perm or less. For this reason, polyethylene films, which have extremely low perm ratings in the .02 to .08 range, are generally the material of choice. Asphalt-coated laminated papers and kraftbaclced aluminum foil were once com- monly used, but installation problems, lack of airtightness, and the breakdown of some flame-retardant aluminum foils when exposed to high humidity tend to make them less effective and popular than polyethylene films. Special Problems with Vapor Retarders While vapor retarders are meant to avoid condensation problems, improper placement, installation errors and incomplete use of vapwr retcU'ders Ccm cause moisture problems. Common errors include: • Vapor retarder installation on the wrong side of the wall surface. If low-perm prod- ucts are used on the outer skin of a wall and indoor humidity is high, moisture can become trapped inside the wall. Examples of low- perm exterior-use products include vinyl or metal sidings, insulating sheathings with foil coverings and low-perm plastics that cU'e substituted for breathable building papiers. Low-perm sidings are typically outfitted with small vents or perforations that allow moisture to escape, but sometimes these points can become blocked or are intention- ally closed off.


If some areas of the house are missed or avoided during vapor retarder installation, these areas can become escape routes for water vapor. If the home has constantly high indoor humidity, these areas can suffer deterioration over time. A typi- cal example is when the vapor retarder is installed over walls and ceilings, but not rim joists (see Figure 1 3). • Haphazard installation of vapor retarders. Vapor retarders are not effec- tive if they are not tightly installed. If used to stop air infiltration as well as moisture transfer, the installation must be extremely conscientious. With polyethylene sheeting, this means sealing seams completely with non-hardening sealant (acoustical sealant is recommended) and taking care to carefully seal all breaks caused by electrical and plumbing runs. Conventional Insulation Retrofits Walls Millions of houses have had wall cavities retrofitted with insulation in the last decade, usually with the insulation being blown in and no vapor retarder added. TTie ques- tion of the need for vapor retarders was raised by utilities and other agencies who were sponsoring insulation work. A num- ber of studies have found that while conden- sation does occur, usually next to the cold inner surface of the exterior sheathing, wood rot and decay problems seem to be depen- dent on local climatic conditions and are not prevalent. Researchers note that if moisture buildup within an insulated wall isn’t extreme, it tends to correct itself. As the insulation gets wet, the insulating power decreases, and heat losses increase. The temperature inside the wall then increases, and this slows fur- ther condensation cmd steps up evaporation. Wet insulation can pose problems in severe cases. First, insulating power can decrease dramatically if moisture content is high. In addition, wet insulation touching electrical fixtures may cause a fire hazard, and some researchers are finding evidence that moisture may rob cellulose insulation of its flame retardancy as the moisture evapo- rates away.


For this reason, air leakage points should be sealed from the inside of the house as a first step in a conventional wall insulation job. TTiis means sealing pen- etrations around windows, doors, where the wall meets the ceiling and floor, and any cracks or holes in wall surfaces. Once air leakage points are closed off, then vapor retarder paint can be applied to give wall surfaces some resistance to water vapor diffusion (see Figure 14). Attic and Ceilings Attic ventilation is the main strategy to avoid moisture problems in attics, and until recently, it has been common not to use tightly installed vapor retarders with attic insulation, except in the coldest climates. The reason for this was that if a good 17 vapor retarder was used in the walls, too much moisture might accumulate in the house if the ceiling also had a vapor retarder. Any water vapor that passes through the ceiling insulation would then be vented away through attic vents. However, with the move toward using vapor retarders to stop both air and mois- ture transfer, tightly installed ceiling vapor retarders are becoming more common in all condensation-zone locations for new con- struction and sometimes in comprehensive retrofits. And, a carefully installed vapor retarder is the only way to avoid moisture damage if attic ventilation is likely to be inadequate, particularly with flat roofs or cathedral ceilings. With conventional attic insulation retrofits, batt insulation with attached vapor retard- ers can be carefully and tightly stapled to the rafters. For loose fill attic insulation, polyethylene can be cut into strips and tightly fitted between the joists (see Figure 1 5). Existing vents at the eaves must not be blocked during the insulation retrofit. With greater thickness of attic insulation, care must be taken to provide additional ventilation at the eaves. Rigid vent troughs can be installed on the underside of the roof sheathing to provide this ventilation and prevent thicker levels of insulation from blocking air flow (see Figure 1 6).


Windows The same concept of putting a tightly installed vapor retarder on the warm side of the surface applies to storm windows, which act as both air and vapor retarders as well as additional insulation. Condensa- tion Ccm result when the outer sash is tighter than the inside window. A good rule of thumb with older win- dows is to always tighten the existing win- dow first with weatherstripping and caulk. If an outer storm window is being added, a product with small weep holes at the bot- tom is recommended to allow moisture to escape. With interior-side storm windows, make sure that the seal is tight around all edges. If storm windows are properly installed and fogging and icing still happens, indoor humidity levels may be too high, or the window may need still emother glazing layer. In the coldest climates, triple-glazing is recommended. Newer window insulation products that have a built-in vapor retarder must provide for a tight seal around all edges to avoid condensation problems. Similarly, traditional drapery cmd blinds Ccui ciggravate window condensation because the window surface gets colder, heat circu- lation is impeded and the window covering doesn’t provide for a tight seal. Vapor Retarders for New Construc- tion «md High-R Retrofits In new construction or substantial retrofit in colder climates, great care should be taken when installing a continuous vapor retarder that is intended to stop air infiltra- tion as well as moisture transfer. Care must be taken to provide an unbroken vapor retarder between floors, ceilings and inte- rior walls (see Figure 1 8). If these locations are left open to moisture, degradation can occur because these are the only open paths for moisture’s transfer. An excellent insulation cuid vapor retcu-der installation will result when a polyethylene vapor retarder is used over insulation that is friction-fit between the framing.


Montana Science & Technology Alliance

The MSTA Board of Directors meets quarterly and provides funding support on a selective basis for proposals deemed to have high levels of technical and economic significance. Investments are based on a rigorous evaluation of the technological and business merits of the proposals as well as on their relevancy to Montana's economy. Investment agreements are the usual mechanism for funding these proposals. All agreements require operations to be performed within the state of Montana and provide for a specified return on investment to the Alliance. The MSTA investment process is designed to provide an equitable and thorough review of funding requests within a reason- able timeframe. The rigor imposed by the evaluation process tests the technical feasibility and commercial viability of each proposal, and, it is hoped, helps build a foundation for a high probability of success for the funded projects. Return on Investment The Alliance is required by statute to achieve a return on investment commen- surate with its original investment plus the degree of risk involved. Due to the usual high risk and early stage nature of the projects considered, conventional financing is not typically available to the applicant. Accordingly, the Alliance expects to receive a rate of return of between seventeen and twenty-two percent, compounded annually. The return to the Alliance is paid by the funding recipient as a percentage of gross sales (usually from one to five percent) once the project is commercialized. The board may also request a sales override position if it is deemed appropriate. This return on investment policy differenti- ates the Alliance's technology investment from a loan or grant in two ways. First, there is no set payment schedule which com- mences upon the initial Alliance dis- bursement: all payments are instead triggered by sales levels. Second, the investment is not collateralized: if the company fails to realize sales there is no obligation to repay the Alliance.


Ministry To Persons of Other Faiths

Messing requested the Chief of Ecclesiasti- cal Relations to insert in the monthly newsletter a statement on proselytism. In this statement Chaplain Messing gave guidelines which he felt should be used. This statement as published in the newsletter elicited a request for explanation from the executive secretary of the Commission on Chaplains and to the Military Personnel of the National Association of Evangelicals. He raised several questions and issues that must be considered. In this we can see that there are differing opinions among those who fall into the present Judeo- Christian faith groups. Obviously, there is no simple answer to the question of the fairness of evangelism and proselytism. This author can only suggest that we res- pect the beliefs of individuals outside of our faith, that we recognize that they are also searching for a meaningful relationship with their God, and that God speaks to men in different ways. Rather than to try and convert them, why not support and help them? This endeavor on our part could do more to show them our teachings and beliefs than we could by trying to win them over to our side. This does not mean that in those instances where an individual, as Chaplain Messing stated in his paragraph, of his own volition expressed a desire to convert, should be turned away. He should be directed to a chaplain or minister of that denomination of the individuals choice who should counsel with hlra and proceed in accord with the tenets of his denomination. The chaplain in the military is oharged with responsibility of assisting the commander In providing for the religious needs of all people 16H lstorleal Review, pp. 32 and 33. 8 within the military. This does not mean that h© has to go against the ■tenets of his own faith or the requirements of his own denomination. 2h view of this, however, his "ecumenical obligation" does not go against his denominational requirements and restrictions.


Fashion International, January/February 1993

Crepes with high twist yarns, stretch wools, and small patterns in 4 tonal shadings were suggested for lean silhouettes. Checks made a strong statement in patterned woolens. These were bi-colored or tri-colored mini designs, or giant in scale, with very little in between. The newest colors were combinations of neutrals, or misted dusty tones. Luxe iridescent taffetas, velvets, pannes, smocked and quilted treatments, tapestries, brocades, and jacquards were rich favorites. Floating chiffons, lustrous charmeuse, and supple crepes were selling both printed and in solid shades. Silks were divided into two groups. "Top of the Range” stressed elegance and opu- lence. "Silk Aspects" was for a younger, trendier set. Multi-fiber blends in "Silk Aspects" turned up frequently, with as many as 5 or 6 different fibers in one fabric. Coordinating patterns and fabrics of different weights showed up, with washable viscose, crinkled or pebbled surfaces, and stretch among the leaders. Blends, stretch, and soft surfaces were also evident in the knit sector. Bulky fake furs and blanket cloths, flat boucles, tweeds, double-faced fabrics, and shaggy looks were heavy winners. Ethnic jacquards, classic argyles, and cable stitches were patterns of note. Lacy open stitches, sheer crepe, glitz, and iridescent fluid sheers went from day to night. Technology here includes washable viscose, stretchy coated knits, microfiber blends, aged finishes, and napped felted surfaces. In the casual area, double-faced fabrics, chines and iridescents, velvety peach finishes, aged looks, protective coatings, quiltings, and microfiber blends were strong. Stretch fake leathers for pants, grainy washable leather look alikes, oiled or Teflon treatments, and "noisy" lightweight taffeta were among the popular items. Denim, chambray, and canvas continue to sell. Prints were generally very small mono- tones, frequently with several small coordinates, or very large in scale with more colors than one could count. These were so subtly done that the look was chic, often elegant, and far from garish.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

It is not a foe of theology. But its theology can no longer be that of a cold and sterile scholasticism. It is rooted in a story of what has happened in history and is an attempt to expound its meaning. It is more like a living organism than a dissected corpse. It is more of a commentary on a narrative than an exercise in logic. It is a creed to be sung, not merely signed. Again, the element of experience is not ignored or minimized. But when it is seen in the framework of the gospel story certain safeguards are provided against its distortion. This might be illustrated in various ways, but space will allow only one reference. The gift of the Spirit is part of God’s beneficence toward us in the gospel. As Christians we are to be full of the Spirit (Eph. 5:18). But the category of "Spirit" in and of itself is a rather nebulous one. It is like a wax nose that can be turned in any direction desired. It is like the wind without form or shape and unpredictable. All sorts of inexplicable and bizarre experiences can be attributed to the Spirit, if the Spirit is largely severed from rootage in the gospel story, that is. When the Spirit is seen as tied firmly to the figure of Jesus, then definite structure is given to our understanding of the Spirit and His work in our lives. Experience is prevented from being swallowed up in the morass of subjectivism. Ethics, likewise, do not lose their importance but are seen in a new light when they are rooted in the gospel story. Abstracted from that context the ethical injunctions of the New Testament may be reduced to a "do it yourself" morality. The door stands open to move on the one hand in the direction of a legalistic moralism or on the other toward a flabby "situation ethic." But Christian ethics in the New Testament sense are not like flowers that can be cut and arranged at will.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

Keck in his recent book A Future for the Historical Jesus has suggested that today Jesus needs to be presented in the form of a question rather than a dogmatic answer. Men must be allowed to keep company with Him in such a way that He provokes again the ancient question "What sort of man is that?" (Matt. 8:27). To be sure, there is room for witness as to what faith has found in Jesus both from the pages of the New Testament and contemporary experience. But a declaratory mood which provides only answers and does not invite exploration does not do justice to the historical mode in which the gospel first came to us. Second , to see the gospel in terms of the totality of Jesus’ ministry means as we have already noted that it consists of both word and deed. It will not do to regard the miracles as merely seals attesting the truth of a gospel that finds it essence in a non-miraculous ministry. They too are a part of the gospel of the new order that was breaking into the old. Jesus was concerned about the abuse of the temple and took action to correct it. He warned against the dangers of wealth. He spoke out in defense of the poor and the helpless. He defied the conventions of the day that robbed men and women of the freedom and fullness of life intended for them. This means that the familiar antithesis between evangelism as a soul-saving function and social involvement in the so-called non-spiritual aspects of human existence breaks down. To perpetuate this dichotomy is to misunderstand the meaning of the incarnation as the expressed form of the gospel. What particular shape our involvement with the physical, social, policital and economic needs of men will take cannot be spelled out in the abstract.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

It must be tailored to specific situations. It should be said, however, that the methods employed in these areas will need to be consistent with spirit and goals expressed in Jesus’ ministry. The means must not invalidate the gospel that seeks expression through them. Third , to take the historical character of the gospel seriously involves the necessity of its translation if it is to speak meaningfully to contemporary man. The warrant for this is found in the New Testament itself. Interesting changes can be discerned both in the way in which the gospel was conceptualized and in the forms of its cultural expresssion as it moved out from Palestine into the broader Roman world. To some extent this was inevitable because of the change in the linguistic medium. No translation from one language into another can be made without the risk of some loss or distortion of meaning. Beyond the shift from- Aramaic to Greek were some deliberate changes in ways of conceptualization. Jewish Christians, for example, made use of the category of "Messiah" to express the significance of Jesus. In the Greek world this was a meaningless term. Consequently, among Greek-speaking Christians the term, insofar as it was retained, was used not as a title but as a proper name. The title Lord was more meaningful and, therefore, preferred. One might speak also of the different ways in which the person of Christ and the meaning of His work are articulated in Colossians as compared with Hebrews. The former presents a historic-cosmic Christ as the Christian answer to a syncretistic theology. The latter offers an interpretation of Christ in the framework of the Jewish cult for a Jewish-Christian audience. The Jerusalem conference represents an attempt to distinguish between the gospel and Jewish ethnocentric piety. It was decided that Greek Christians need no longer become Jews by the adoption of circumcision and all that it stood for before they could be good Christians.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

Editorial Comment The decision to launch Mission-Focus rests on several factors. The first is the belief that many members of the Mennonite Church constituency have a deeply-held commitment to the mission of the church, but clouds of confusion have been stirred by vigorous criticism of the church and her missionaries from various sides. There are admittedly grounds for criticism. We live in a "fishbowl" situation and history rises up in judgment of what has been done. Much of Christian witness and service will stand the test well but some of it will not. It is a sign of inner strength to be able to face up to what we are and the works we have done and let it all be judged honestly. A second reason for Mission-Focus is the conviction that we are edging into an era of missionary opportunity which is so novel that we urgently need to begin exploration into its meaning. We now know very well the extent to which the missionary movement of the past has been activated and molded at crucial points by the economic, social and political realities of the day. This led to fatal compromises so that the church lost her prophetic vocation. In the third place, we believe that there is a readiness on the part of many in our constituency to be challenged to a larger commitment to the missionary task and that this will happen as we return to the main sources of understanding. The Bible provides the norm against which we test all else. Out of the Bible come depths of insight and inspiration without which there is no missionary vision and response. We must also turn to church history and remind ourselves of the achievements and compromises of the past. (A recent example of this is John A.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

Shenk The mission of the people of God has its origin in the intention of God Himself. It can be placed in its proper perspective only if we understand this to be the very means by which God is achieving His purposes in history. A deformed understanding of mission allows it to be viewed as a special function for which special personnel and financial resources must be recruited. This understanding stems from a long process throughout church history by which the church accommodated to the purposes of the worldly order and was seen as the chaplain to society. The Message of Jesus: "The Kingdom of Heaven is at Hand" The synoptic gospels characterize Jesus' ministry from the very outset as being messianic. They linked His ministry directly to the messianic expectation expressed in Isaiah 61. These, in turn, were based on the proclamation of Jubilee (Lev. 25: lOff). "The acceptable year of the Lord" was understood to be that time when God's reign (or kingdom) would literally begin. It is noteworthy that when John the Baptist sent a delegation to Jesus to inquire whether in fact Jesus was the Messiah, Jesus quoted Isaiah's description of the Messiah's work and suggested that they "Go and tell John what you hear and see . . ." (Matt. 11:4-5). Matthew, Mark and Luke each describe in essentially the same way the inauguration of Jesus' ministry: first the baptism, then the manifestation of the Spirit, the temptation experiences and finally He begins to preach. In baptism Jesus publicly indicated his identification with God's purposes in the world. The visible coming of the Spirit upon him was the confirming sign that He was indeed the Messiah for it was always understood that the Messiah would be the one in whom God's Spirit was fully sovereign. It is not by accident that Jesus is thereupon faced with a decisive period of testing through the temptation experiences.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

Christian thought in the western world during the past 200 years has been strongly influenced by rationalism and an evolutionary view of human progress. Unprecedented economic and techno¬ logical progress throughout these two centuries gave modern western man an unusual sense of self- confidence and optimism about human potential—notwithstanding the occurrence during these years of a series of the most costly wars in human history. This basically optimistic view of man had obvious effects on the way we have read our Bibles and have gone about theological reflection. There has been a strong tendency to see the future as futurum , as an unfolding of what is already present, a projection of our own desires and designs. However, the biblical orientation is otherwise. The kingdom of God is the divine incursion into history, the "adventus." It is not a reformulation of what has been but represents "the new creation." The establishment of God’s reign among men began with the Christ-event and will be brought to completion in the final coming of Christ. The resurrection itself was an eschatol¬ ogical event. In the resurrection we have already been given the final answer as to what the outcome will be (I Cor. 15:12-28). Therefore, in the Christ-event revelation became history and the present experience is now illumined by the hope we have in Christ Jesus. Our instructions as to how we carry out the establishment of God’s kingdom, consequently, are to be drawn from this assured final victory. The Kingdom of God is already present in judgment and redemption. The presence of the kingdom is a judgment on the existing world order and its rebellion against God, but it is a judgment which holds within it the possibility of repentance and, therefore, redemption. Those who accept God’s reign are assured of continuity within His purposes because of the resurrection.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

Although the kingdom of God is already present and we know the outcome, it is not yet completed, that is, God's reign is not yet fully established. The demonic forces are still at large and doing their work. Thus the work of establishing God's reign is a frontal attack on Satan's kingdom with the consequence that until the consummation there will be conflict and tension both for the individual and among men corporately. Th e Kingdom of God Is Mediated by the Holy Spirit The mission of God is the establishment of His reign among men and the Holy Spirit is the agent of that mission. The very presence and action of the Spirit is our "guarantee" (II Cor. 5:1-5) that it is God’s work and final victory is assuredly His. The Spirit's work among the people of God is the down payment on the divine promise, the fulfillment of which we eagerly await. Christ's presence in the world throughout this eschatological age is mediated to us by the Spirit. His role is to represent to men the person and work of Christ for it is through acceptance of Jesus Christ as the messiah that the reign of God is established in the lives of men. For those who have made that fundamental response in grace to the Spirit's bidding, the Spirit continues to work to bring about the "fulness of Christ" in anticipation of the final consummation. The Apostle Paul concludes his exposition on this point by saying that we ". . . are being changed into his likeness from one degree of glory to another; for this comes from the Lord who is the Spirit" (II Cor. 3:18b). It is, finally, the Holy Spirit who inspires and equips the people of God for their role in the mission of God. This is accomplished by the giving of gifts to His people.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

They are now living self-consciously as part of a new people even though they remain very much within the world. What is significant about the people of God is not simply that they are a people for there are many peoples. Rather what distinguishes them is that they have been constituted into this people- hood by God Himself. Allegiance to Him requires a completely new orientation which places His people in tension with their environment in the world. It is characteristic of human communities that the basis and boundaries of communal relations tend to be egocentric and ethnocentric. God is often reduced to nothing more than a tribal deity. The God revealed in Jesus Christ calls His followers to a self-emptying and His appeal is to all men. (In John’s Revelation it has been disclosed that indeed God’s will is to be achieved and His people will be comprised of persons from all languages and peoples. Rev. 5:9-10.) Furthermore, this peoplehood is based on voluntary membership. God’s grace alone is the basis for the existence of this new people and that grace does not contradict itself by coercing men into acceptance. Because the hallmark of this peoplehood is God’s grace, the only instrument or power available is agape and the posture is that of servanthood (Phil. 2:5-8). The audacity of this power is that they can confront a hostile world with a strategy of diliberate powerlessness. It is this example and message which makes the gospel a "stone of stumbling, a rock of offense." God’s reign is being actualized through His people because they exist as a missionary people. This means that they are sent by God into the world to achieve His purposes. It is God’s intention that His reign be extended ever more widely until it encompasses all who will follow Him and be joined to His people.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

It would also be unfortunate not to mention the significant work done by Harry R. Boer in Pentecost and Missions . When one turns to the New Testament, particularly Acts, it is abundantly clear that in the expe¬ rience of the early church the Holy Spirit was the central figure. All of the reasons for this significant discrepancy between New Testament experience and the modern missionary movement have yet to be identified. There is a similar contrast when we examine the theme of eschatology in the New Testament and contemporary missionary thought and practice. The eschatological dimension is intimately related to the Holy Spirit. The vital presence of the Spirit always impressed on the people of God their true status in this world. When the fires of the Spirit die down, the church is apt to seek accommodation with the world in order to minimize the church-world tension. It is also possible that the understanding we have of the nature of the church is at issue. It has been said that in the early years of the church the struggle revolved around order and ardor. Ultimately it was order that prevailed with the result that the church came to view herself as another one of the institutions of society. The church understood her role as a pillar of society, a protector of the status quo , rather than the prophet announcing God’s word of judgment to men. A possible additional reason for the loss of Holy Spirit-eschatological perspective is the way systems of biblical interpretation compartmentalize the scriptures. It becomes easier to see the many trees than the forest in its totality and grandeur. Undoubtedly, some who read ’’The Dynamics of Mission" will be left feeling frustrated and asking for more specific application. We have assumed here that we have for too long neglected theol¬ ogical reflection on the significant issues confronting the missionary church and there will sub¬ sequently be opportunity to draw out some of the major conclusions which for now remain only implicit.


Mission Focus, Vol. 01 (1972-1973)

Even more basic as a clue to strategy is the apostle’s appeal to the mindset of the Crucified. Any note of triumph, or conquest, or empire based on the essential and primitive confession of faith that Jesus is Lord must needs be seen in the light of that prior mindset which conditioned that Lordship and shaped its strategy. The shape of strategy that you should have is the one that Christ Jesus had: He always had the nature of God, but He did not think that by force He should try to become equal with God. Instead, of His own free will he gave it all up, and took the nature of a servant. He became like a man, he appeared in human likeness; he was humble and walked the path of obedience to death—his death on the cross. For this reason God raised him to the highest place above, . . . so that in honor of the name of Jesus all beings . . . will openly proclaim that Jesus Christ is Lord to the glory of God the Father. The persuasive appeal continues to be addressed to the Church of Christ in the world today as the sine qua non of mission strategy. If, as Emil Brunner once wrote, "the church exists by mission as fire exists by burning,” we can add— with two thousand years of history to substantiate the apostolic word—Christian mission is shaped by the cross as both strategy and message. The Lordship of the life-giving Spirit is the same as the incarnate servanthood of the self- denying, obediently humble, crucified-one. Our strategy should also be shaped by the same understanding. The Johannine great commission parallels the Pauline appeal: ”As the Father sent me, so send I you.” The appeal addresses the whole people of God, both in the Philippian letter and in the resurrection-word given to the disciples.


Montana DNRConversation

On June 28, 1995, Glasgow became the site of the first co-location of a field office from the former De- partment of State Lands with a field office from the old DNRC. The move has been beneficial for both the Glasgow Unit Office and the Glasgow Water Re- sources Regional Office in several ways, including the quality and downtown location of the rental space, cost- effectiveness of the facilities, parking, cleaning services, and shared expenses for telephones and major equip- ment. Glasgow Unit Office The vastness of the Glasgow Unit is impressive — nearly 1 million (944,605) acres of state-owned land in the northeastern comer of Montana. A subdivision of the Northeastern Land Office (Lewistown), the Glasgow Unit Office serves the Trust Lands Manage- ment Division (TLMD) in managing and administer- ing all state-owned land, and navigable rivers and streams, in a geographic area that includes seven coun- ties (Daniels, Garfield, McCone, Phillips, Roosevelt, Sheridan, and Valley). The office serves those who use state-owned land now, and those who seek to use it under such arrangements as leases, easements, and per- mits. As is the case with all state-owned land, mon- etary receipts go to benefit Montana's public schools and other endowed institutions. The office has supervisory and administrative du- ties, performs all operational field activities for the four TLMD bureaus, and is responsible for all day-to-day operations within the region. Responsibilities include lease administration, improvements, rights-of-way, graz- ing, agricultural production, federal farm program com- pliance, oil and gas permits, seismic permits, metallif- erous and non-metalliferous permits, land use licenses for other uses, and administration of recreational use. The office provides assistance with resource manage- ment, state lands production, and payment review. It also provides wildland fire suppression support on all private and state lands within the seven counties, as well as assistance throughout the area.


Fung - SCHISM IN A PROTESTANT CHINESE ( 1)

Of this number almost all are Chinese with the exception of one Black, two Japanese, and two Caucasian members. The majority of its members are young and middle-aged, with a few who are over 50. There are both American-born and Overseas-born Chinese in the congregation. Although the church has a Doctrinal Statement and a Statement of Faith in its Constitution, neither is con¬ sidered a test for membership. Rather they are an expres¬ sion of the spirit in which the church interprets God's Word. Instead, "membership of this church shall be open to all persons of Christian faith and intent, who assent 4 to the church Covenant." Constitution and By-Laws of The Chinese Community Church, San Diego, California, Revised ed., 1966, p. 3. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 25 New members may be received in any of the following ways: 1. Letter of transfer from another church. 2. "Re-affirmation of faith" on recommendation of the Board of Deacons. 3. On confession of faith and baptism. 4. "Confirmation" for those who had received child baptism and are now old enough to profess their faith in Christ. Prospective members are usually urged to attend a membership class and at the conclusion of the training period are received into the church at a designated worship service. Nature of the Worship Services Every Sunday a bilingual morning service would be held from 11:00 a.m. to 12 noon. Prior to the service, a short Singspiration would help the early comers to "get in the mood" for worship. A stated order of service in a printed program in both the Chinese and English languages was utilized to give movement and direction to the service. The pastor usually gave a thirty to thirty-five-minute ser¬ mon in English and then immediately followed it with a brief summary in Chinese.


The most dominant characteristic of the OBC is his essential conservatism. This colors every aspect of his life. To understand fully the role that conserva¬ tism plays in Chinese culture one must necessarily view this from the perspective of Chinese education. The philosophy of education throughout the Orient (and this includes the OBC outside mainland China), is inclined toward authoritarianism. This involves a respect for the elders—for the simple reason they have lived longer than all others. Their experience is broader. They have seen more things and have made many more mistakes. On this basis, it is presumed that they are the wisest segment of the community. The root of this respect may be found in the Confucian teaching of filial piety. This deeply ingrained Chinese respect for the aged and the sage is in striking contrast to g Eddie Lo, "Toward a Greater Cooperation between the Overseas-born Chinese and American-born Chinese" (a paper presented to the North American Congress of Chinese Evangelicals, August 1974), pp. 13-14. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 53 the American father-son relationship in which the father is a pal to his son.9 Conservatism as described above has a tendency to breed absolutism. Truth is regarded as permanent, appl - cable today as to the time when first promulgated, whether it be from Confucius, Mencius, or Jesus Christ. And so a conservative finds himself developing a perspective that is intolerant of the views of others. The OBC tends to be socially conservative. OBC's tend to stick together and appear disinclined to intermix with others. One of the major reasons for this perhaps lies in their consciousness of limited language skill. To live in a strange country as a mem¬ ber of a minority people is not an easy task, especially when one has difficulty speaking the language.


The ABC abdication of leadership responsibilities made it possible for the OBC to fill the void. Some of the ABC "old-timers" viewed with alarm what they considered the "taking over of their church" by these "newcomers." Their feeling, though not widely expressed, was: "These interlopers had no part in the building of the church. We poured our monies and sweat into it. They are Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 56 not only enjoying the 'fruits of our labor,' but are taking over everything!" This tension between the OBC and the ABC was further intensified when under the leadership and urging of Rev. Wong the question of paying off the mortgage debt to the denomination, relocating the church, and establishing an independent church was considered. The OBC had no denomi¬ national loyalty to the United Church of Christ and were not averse to the idea. The ABC were angered at such a proposal since many of them had strong denominational ties and did not want to sever that relationship. A more serious source of conflict was in the area of authority and power between the pastor and the various boards of the church. Although the responsibilities of both pastor and boards are defined in the Church Consti¬ tution, there were occasions when the issue was in the "grey" area. It was in these undefined areas that the pas¬ tor felt that his decision should prevail on an issue. Ac¬ cording to the Church Constitution, each church officer has one vote on any issue. The pastors are ex-officio and have no voting power. This means that the pastor can only exert whatever personal, moral, spiritual, or intellectual influ¬ ence he can muster on any question being considered. If an issue is decided on and it turned out to be adverse to his desire, the result is that there is really nothing more the pastor can do about it.


Established a mission church to meet the spiritual needs of ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam in the Linda Vista area. A part-time graduate student was hired to assist the pastor in this new parish. Funds to undergird came entirely from denomina¬ tional headquarters, as well as from concerned sister UCC churches in San Diego. 13. Installation of a telephone-answering machine in the pastor's office. This device will enable peo¬ ple who wish to contact the pastor when he is not on the premises to do so. The current pastor now works from the church. He has regular office hours there and is very accessible to whoever needs him. 13. The current pastor does not use the pulpit as a vehicle to scold people—a decided and welcome change. 15. Set aside one Sunday of each year in the church calendar for the observance of Chinese Cultural Weekend. This event allows for all segments of the Chinese community in San Diego to express pride in their identity and cultural heritage under the umbrella of the church. When this celebration is held, it helps to offset the previous allegation that the church was only interested in promoting religious events and was just concerned in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 77 propagating itself with absolutely no regard for the other legitimate interests of Chinese people. 16. The current pastor is very much an integral part of the Chinese community. He is a board member of the Chinese Language School as well as the church representative to the Chinese Social Serv¬ ice Center and other community organizations. And so the Chinese Community Church is able not only to remain viable as an institution, but actually is "going great guns!" It has moved from a position of great uncertainty to one of strength and purpose and, under God's guidance, will continue to do so.


Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 93 the authoritarian personality like? Hamby lists and de¬ scribes certain basic patterns of behavior which identify such people. He states that authoritarian personalities: (1) have a "closed-orientation" toward life—they are rigid and unable to be open-minded toward new understandings, in¬ sights, evidence, and considerations; (2) invariably harbor strong underlying aggressive impulses which cause them to make unconscious attempts to prove their competence and power to themselves and to others. They try to dominate others and to do everything themselves when they are mem¬ bers of a group; (3) are prejudiced and generally think in stereotyped terms of people at a distance from themselves socially. Persons in a minority group, for instance, become suspect and often scapegoats for all the troubles that the "in-group" suffers. It is again the old story of "people who aren't like us are bad"; ( 4 ) have a tendency to overemphasize the power-motif in human relations. If they get involved in a conflict, the modus operandi is "beat the other guy down"; (5) tend to be legalistic. They are most often fascinated by rules, regulations, and the "let¬ ter of the law." Church constitution and by-laws can become more than guidelines for them; they quite often become in¬ flexible arbitrators of right and wrong; (6) cast social, religious, and political issues in axiomatic terms. Every¬ thing is seen in terms of black or white, and rarely in shades of gray. Therefore points of contention are Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 94 generally considered as totally in error or defended as altogether right and good. Obviously anyone with this at titude is unable to compromise—a necessary ingredient 25 toward the solution of any problem. Style of Leadership Best for a Parish What style of leadership should a pastor adopt in order to be an effective leader in his parish?


Harvey Seifert, "The Uses and Abuses of Minis¬ terial Leadership," Pulpit Digest , LXIV (September 1963) 25. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 95 opportunities to participate. The leader who makes the decisions also manufactures resentment and dis¬ content. Followers are likely to slap at each other when they cannot strike back at an autocrat. 27 To many people, the image of the democratic leader is that of one who is inefficient and ineffectual. Seifert points out that this picture is a caricature. Rather, the democratic leader . . . neither browbeats verbally nor abstains from re¬ sponsible declaration. He neither rigs the situation to gain his own ends nor allows group plans to be frustrated by his lack of administrative vigor. He is a member of a team, sharing in a decision. He is an administrator within the framework of group policy. Such a balanced contribution by minister and people paves the road to exciting interaction, creative plan¬ ning, and the release of fuller spiritual power. Hamby undergirds Seifert's plea for the necessity of a pastor to practice democracy: A pastor who is equalitarian shares power, knowl¬ edge, responsibility, and mutual respect for others in the congregation. He is democratic when he uses ap¬ proaches and methods which release the creative ener¬ gies in the lives of others. Rather than debating in his mind as to whether he can make a given decision, he is asking if it is possible to find a group to make it. He purposely avoids the concentration of author¬ ity in his person and makes every effort to diffuse responsibility throughout the church. He is open- minded and not so sure of the correctness of his opinions. He is approachable on any subject and strives to be fair-minded in his judgments. y A pastor who exercises democratic leadership will be more likely to find success in accomplishing goals.


Since it is more comfortable psychologically to see the opponent as totally bad, the antagonism increases to a point of total personal animosity. At the same time, changes take place in the social organization of the parties. Relationships among opponents wither away, and the com¬ munity becomes polarized. Ad hoc combat groups are Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 97 formed to replace the more compromising permanent in¬ stitutions. Radical leaders emerge and begin a process of propaganda and demagoguery. The normal channels of communication break down , and the combatants increas¬ ingly receive information through unreliable word-of- mouth communication. In short, the conflict situation moves toward maximum intensity and polarization. The second fundamental assumption about conflict progression is that this cycle of intensification and polarization is not inevitable. If these patterns can be broken, then the conflict can be channeled into more constructive paths. The obvious fact, however, is that the dangerous cycles can only be broken by conscious decision and effort. In other words, conflict will tend to get out of control unless the group plans how to manage it. The positive functions of conflict may be forfeited unless there is "conflict management" in the form of prior controls or determined interventions in the actual conflict. Since we have argued that con¬ flict is unavoidable for the church, it becomes impor¬ tant to determine whether the church has adequate at¬ titudes toward the tools for conflict management.3° Meaning of Creative Conflict Management Conflict must be managed, and it can be managed creatively. Creative conflict management refers to the application of the methods and techniques by which conflict is resolved constructively; its detrimental effects avoided or lessened, and growth, change, and development are maxi¬ mized in individuals involved in the conflict. Lewis defines creative conflict management in the following manner: Creative conflict management means forging new relational possibilities, new alternatives for action that presently do not exist and that are satisfying on Robert Lee and Russell Galloway, The Schizo- phrenic Church (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1964), pp. 176-177.


Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 102 There are three possible ways to do this: (1) keep¬ ing a journal which is an orderly reflection in one's head. Certain patterns will emerge if we remember our history in chronological sequence—the kinds of conflicts engaged in and the various styles used. (2) Next, we need an unbiased loving critique from others in which they share with us how they perceive our actions to impinge upon them. (3) Final¬ ly, we could use a psychological instrument such as the Conflict Management Survey to provide additional data. This Survey reveals how a person is likely to act in a con¬ flict situation. Moreover, it can provide a conceptual framework within which to organize the information about one's style. IS it possible for one to change one's conflict management style? The answer is yes, but it is difficult and involves risk. Lewis proposes six stages in a change process: 1. Identify your current conflict management styles and how you use them in different settings. Are you satisfied with them? 2. Identify which style it is you want to change and to what. 3. Identify what behaviors would be characteristic of the new style. What actions would enable you to do and be who you want to be? 4. Practice these behaviors first in settings that have lower risk and are supportive. 5. Practice these behaviors in daily settings. 37 Jay Hall, Conflict Management Survey (1969) (Tele- ometrics, Conroe, Tex.). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 103 Develop means of getting feedback on the impact of your actions. 6. Are you satisfied with the results? If so, rein¬ force or support these new behaviors so that they become natural patterns of action. 38 A Case Study Approach for Conflict Resolution An exceedingly helpful mode for understanding the resolution of conflict (including church conflicts) is to analyze case studies involving conflict.


Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 105 of conflicts for each. 2. Who in the case is in the best position to inter¬ vene constructively and deal with a particular conflict? You might identify all the characters and decide what would be the most helpful action they could take in managing the conflicts. 3. What alternatives can you propose for each con¬ flict? Can you propose alternatives that deal with two or more of the different types of conflicts simultaneously? 4. What principles would be most important to apply in each conflict and by whom? 5. Are there resources of faith present in the case that could be drawn upon in dealing with the con¬ flicts? What are they, and how could they be used? 6. Did you gain any insight into the types of con¬ flicts you are experiencing in your own life? Have you, for example, been treating a conflict as if it was an interpersonal conflict when it was truly an intrapersonal one? 7. Commit yourself to share one of your conflicts with at least one other person and explore how he or she might help you to deal with it.**- After answering some or all of the above questions which are applicable, the reader is ready to consider the possible uses of this case, which are: 1. With churches with multiple staff to train them in how they can work together effectively and how to manage their conflicts. 2. With lay leaders and pastors to address issues of governance and how pastors are selected, evaluated, and retired. 3. For individuals, both pastors and laity, to explore their own expectations of pastors and lay leaders, how their unexamined assumptions create destructive conflict, and how they might share these expecta¬ tions and assumptions with each other.* 2 The author of this paper strongly urges the wider use of case studies in learning how to deal with conflicts 41 Ibid., pp. 165-166.


Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 106 as they are the closest thing to a real-life conflict. Psychologists tell us that people learn better when they are not under stress. Certainly, case studies are in a low risk environment. This in turn can help to maximize growth and learning. Simulation Games In helping churches to understand the functions of conflict and in teaching leaders the dynamics of conflict, it is often very useful to use simulation games. The reader is advised to look at one of the least expensive books 43 of games and experiences by Pfeiffer and Jones. The game most recommended and used by Speed Leas and Paul Kittlaus 44 was David Popoff's Cities Garner" In their book Church Fights, both men maintain that they have developed a number of refinements in the use of this game as well as ways to use the experience for maximum learning. They say: Using the "Cities Game" in the context of training is not unlike teaching in parables. The similarity is that a story is either told (as a parable) or acted out (as in the game) and the trainee is able to 43 William Pfeiffer and John Jones, A Handbook of Structural Experience for Human Relations Training (iowa City: Iowa University Association Press, 1970), III. **David Popoff, "How to Play the Cities Game," Psychology Today , II (August 1968) 38 ff. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 107 identify roles, issues, behavior, and conflict from which he might learn without the level of risk in¬ volved in actual situations.^ Outside Consultants Often a church facing deep unresolved conflict may wish to call in consultants from their denominations or sister churches who have had conflict experience. These consultants can act as referees or mediators-arbitrators in a dispute.


Montana state plan for rehabilitation facilities

MONTANA STREET BUTTE, MT 59701 The Butte Sheltered Workshop is a private, non-profit corporation that has been providing services for handicapped people for twelve years. The Workshop is governed by a twenty-one member board of directors. The services are carried out by a nineteen member staff, composed of an executive director, vocational evaluator, client services supervisor, contracts manager, placement supervisor, executive secretary, three department supervisors, assistant supervisor, food service instructor, four special ed teachers, and four clerical personnel. PROGRAMS: The existing program of services offered by the Workshop consists of the following: (1) vocational evaluation, (2) work adjustment training, (3) food service training, (4) extended employment, (5) prevocational training, and (6) job placement. Vocational Evaluation The purposes of the evaluation phase of the Workshop are as follows: 1. To assess a person's functioning. 2. To assess his/her potential functioning. 3. To determine if potential functioning, v/hen obtained, will be adequate for employment. 4. To determine the remediation procedures that will enable the person to move toward his/her potential functioning. 5. To determine, from the attitude patterning, the type of employment for which the client is best suited. ■20- Various methods are used in the evaluation process, such as work samples (available via the Singer Graflex and Valpar systems), psychometric tests, interviews and actual work tryouts, both within the agency and also on outside job slots. Work Adjustment While evaluation centers on the handicapped person, per se, the activities are highly personalized. Since the activities are aimed at an appraisal of the individual's deficiencies and remain- ing capabilities, it can be said that, activities are of a psycho- logical nature. In work adjustment, the climate is more of a group structure and the emphasis is placed and aimed at the intermediate point between dependence and independence. The opportunity is provided for the client to become gradually oriented to other people and become active in a large environment, simulating a competitive work atmosphere.


Care and use of equipment, stationary pieces, small appliances, and hand tools. 6. Sanitation in food handling. 7. Food preparation, salads, beverages, vegetables, baked products, desserts, soups, and etc. 8. Methods of service, table setting, etc. 9. Kitchen maintenance, dish washing, cleaning of all equipment, floors, tables, etc. The type of instructional methods to be used are demonstration for the most part, accompanied by observation and instruction, super- vised job instruction, repetition, audio-visual materials and, if feasible, some printed instruction. The program is designed to provide actual situations as realistic as possible, that a client would find in restaurants, hospitals, and institutions. It provides on-the-job training as they assist in preparing one meal a day for approximately 50 people. Extended Employment Extended Employment provides an opportunity for those clients who are not ready for competitive employment to improve their work skills. Examples of the work that clients perform in the extended employment program are: packaging of nuts and bolts, which includes weighing, sorting, counting, labeling, assembling, stapling, folding, and etc. There is also the fabrication of redwood planters and other products made of wood. Sewing, arts and crafts, and miscellaneous contracts provide a wide variety of paid work experience for these people in ^ the work activities area. -22- Functional Living Skills This phase of the service provided by the Workshop, gives the clients training in those skills, other than specific vocational skills that are necessary to decrease dependency. General vocational prerequisite skills are taught, as well as, basic personal care, cooking, budgeting, shopping, self help techniques, with regard to obtaining assistance from agencies, such as banks, hospitals or social services departments. Community awareness is provided through this program, in the form of tours and excursions which broaden the experiences of the clients and give them information on where to look for other services.


BOX 636 MILES CITY, MT 59301 U During the sixth year of its operation, this private, non-profit facility is offering the following service system. Work Activities Center: The Work Activities Center provides for Vocational Training, In- dependent Living Skills Training, Sexuality Training, and Vocational Training in a wide variety of skills. Vocational Training is the primary emphasis of the program but it is supplemented by Independent Living Skills Training, Sexuality Training, and Intensive Training. Intensive Training Unit; The Intensive Training Unit (ITU) was created late in FY77 to meet individual training needs for skills prerequisite to entry to one of the other programs or advancement to another step of training. An extremely wide variety of programs are available to all Work Activity Clients (WAC), ranging from basic self-care skills, elementary on-task behavior, to functional academic training. The ITU also acts as an intake and orienta- tion program for new WAC clients. Each newly enrolled client spends his or her first two weeks to a month at EMI in the ITU where precise observation and evaluation are used to develop the Individualized Habilitation Plan. Independent Living Skills Training: Independent Living Skills Training covers the whole gamut of skill training. Basically this is broken into two areas, Self-Management Skills and Communication Skills. Self -Management Skills include: Food prepara- tion, budgeting and money management, time tellinq, grooming, socialization, / -26- recreation, laundry, use and upkeep of kitchen appliances, house cleaning, telephone usage, traffic sign recognition, and general hygiene skills. Communication Skills include speech, language, writing, and reading. Sexuality Training Program: The Sexuality Training Program provides assistance to clients who have misconceptions or are confused about their sexuality. The program provides for a spectrum of sexual needs varying from learning how to act in a heterosexual group activity, to understanding the structure and function of the human reproduction system.


Job Placement: The Job Placement Program at Eastern Montana Industries is a program of Vocational Training and training in job seeking and job survival skills for the handicapped. The goal of this program is the placement of handicapped individuals in competitive employment and ultimately their assimilation into the main-stream of everyday life. Vocational Evaluation Program: This program is a Work Sample Evaluation System. This process assesses the client's productive potential through simulated work stations. Clients are exposed to a number of simulated job tasks they might encounter on a job, which range in complexity from simple assembly through complex tasks which require reasoning, judgment, and overall organizational ability. The client is then rated on attitude, speed, quality, dependability, and punctuality. This process determines physical skills, and areas of job interests. An attempt is made to realistically assess the vocational potential of each client. This program remains mobile in order to serve clients in their home towns, and covers an area encompassing over 90,000 square miles. ■28- e Group liome Program: The Group Home is a seven day a week, full time program involving two full time Group Home Operators and a Relief Group Home Operator. The operators are involved in the training of eight clients in personal care skills, self-help skills, and community living skills. Training includes areas such as dressing, grooming, bathing, cooking, laundering, money management, use of community services such as transportation and recreation. Again, the emphasis of the home is to individualize the program to aid the client in acquiring the skills necessary to become an active, integral member of a home living situation. Transportation: Transportation services are available to all individuals partici- pating in any program at Eastern Montana Industries, for the purposes of, but not limited to, transportation to and from the facility, medical and dental appointments, and any ancillary services provided for in the resident community.


The program is funded in part by a contract between the Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults of Montana, Inc. and the State of Montana, Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services. The Easter Seal Society is the program vendor with Adult Training being a division of Easter Seal's statewide services. Other funding is provided through Easter Seal contributed income, local school district service fees, income generated in the Adult Training Production Area and other sources. The Adult Training Center is responsible to the Easter Seal Society State Board of Directors and to the local Adult Training Advisory Board. The Adult Training Center itself is administered by one Director and 25 other staff con- sisting of: Work Adjustment Supervisor, Marketing Director, Work Activity Program Director, Work Activity Academic Manager, Work Activity Prevocational Manager, Production Program Director, Production Training Manager, seven (7) work activity trainers, six (6) production supervisors and trainers, one ad- ministrative assistant, one secretary, one bookkeeper, and two bus drivers. Other staff provided by the State Easter Seal Society for use by the Adult Training Center are: two (2) Speech Pathologists, and one (1) Accountant. Program and Progress Reports The mission of the Adult Training Center is to provide community based independent living skill training, vocational development, placement and supportive services to vocationally handicapped persons who are physically and/or mentally disabled in order to maximize independent living skills, cornnunication skills and earned income ability. Referrals to the Adult -31- Training Center may come through a variety of agencies including: The Montana Department of SRS, School District, and others. The community-wide Habilitation Team is responsible to finally determine the most appropriate program of services for the client. The following training emphases are included within the Adult Training Center, Work Activity Training programs in Work Activity are pre-vocational and vocational in nature.