Minutes of the ... annual sessions of the Synod of North Carolina ... [serial]

This is the more .significant because there is an a(5lual falling off of over I500 for this source. We further observe that this year there are only 125 .societies of all kinds contributing to this cause against 190 last year. It is, however, pleasing to record that through the increased liberality of the smaller number, the gifts from this .source exceed last year by $257. We find still further that from these two channels there have been brought into the Lord's treasury, for the spread of the Gospel, $9,627. This is not far from half of the whole contribution by our Synod. Since these represent the .small gifts, the mites of our people, nothing could more pointedl}- emphasize the great importance of fostering these socie- ties and the careful training of the children in our Sunday schools to give of their little or large savings for this great work. The fourth matter of interest which we gather from these reports is that the subscription li.st to the missionary periodicals is deplorably small. One thousand, four hundred and seventy-seven copies of the " Mi.s.sionary " and S16 copies of the " Children's Missionary " are taken in our Synod, with its membership of 33,490 Chri.stians. Compared with the previous year, this is a slight decrease (13) in the number of sub- scribers. It is thus made clear that our pastors are not doing their duty in this matter. The price of the "Missionary" was put at 50 cents with the hope and expe(ftation of largely increasing the circulation of tl.is invalu- able magazine. This has not been the case, and to-day the pi.tlication of the " Mis.sionary " puts a tax upon the funds of our mission treasury. Synoid of NoR^rtt Carolina. 71 Foreign IVIissions. This is more than a matter of business, it indicates spiritual loss that is verv significant.


To the Synod of North Carolina : Synod's Connnittee of Chnrch and Christian Education beg leave to report : It is with profound gratitude that we are able to report increased and increasing interest in every department of this work. 1. Davidson College was never so prosperous as during the last year. One hundred and ninety-one students were enrolled. Sixty candidates for the niinistn,- and ministers' sons were taught free of charge for tuition. Plans are on foot to build a Science Hall adequate to future needs ; to se- cure an abundant supply of water for all purposes, and also to put a financial agent to work to increase endowment. 2. Peace Institute has been more prosperous than ever before, with /promise of yet larger efficiency in all departments. The four Presbyterial female schools recently established at Charlotte, Statesville, Red Springs and Kenansville are entering upon their third vear under the best prospects, and the success of some of them has been phenomenal. The policy of all of these schools is to reduce expenses to the lowest possible point compatible with efficiency, so as to compete with all comers, and offer the besffacilities to the largest possible num- ber. We are assured that none need go further from home to find thorough scholarship and training in all departments, and a social and religious culture unsurpassed. 3. The number of high schools and academies under positive Presby- terian influence and control is on the increase, and their success is more and more assured, so that their example is a stimulus to found and foster others. 4. Parochial schools, as recommended by the Synod, are engaging the attention of some of our churches, and a number of such schools are re- ported to your committee. It would be well for the Synod to emphasize the importance of establishing such schools wherever the conditions will allow, and again to commend the constitution for parochial schools adopted bv the Synod.


Montana and the sky : official monthly publication of the Montana Aeronautics Commission

Airworthiness Directives and the Aircraft Owner/Operator By: Richard A. Pemberton, Airworthiness Unit Supervisor Columbus, FSDO (Reprinted with permission) "No person may operate a product to which an airworthiness directive applies ex- cept in accordance with the requirements of that airworthiness directive." This is the ex- act working from FAR 39.3 that specifies compliance with airworthiness directives (AD). As owner/pilots of FAR 9 1 type aircraft you should be aware of your obligation to ensure that all AD's which pertain to your aircraft are documented and complied with per FAR 91.417(a)(2)(v). Let us examine what an AD is, and what it is designed to do for aviation safety. This will help us to un- derstand the regulations more clearly. One safety function charged to the FAA is to require correction of unsafe conditions discovered in any product (aircraft, engine, propeller, or appliance) when that condition is likely to exist or develop in other prod- ucts of the same type design. ADs are used by the FAA to notify aircraft owners and operators of unsafe condition and to require their correction. ADs prescribe the condi- tions and limitations, including inspections, repairs, or alterations under which the prod- uct may continue to be operated. Remember, registered owners receive the AD; therefore, it is important that own- ers of leased aircraft make the AD information available to the operators leas- ing their aircraft as expeditiously as possible. Compliance requirements specified in ADs are established for safety reasons and may be stated in numerous ways. Some ADs are so serious in nature that they re- quire compliance before further flight. In some instances, the AD authorizes flight, provided a ferry permit is obtained, but without such authorization in an AD, further flight is prohibited. Other ADs express compliance in terms of a specific number of hours of operation, for instance, "compli- ance required within the next 100 hours time in service after the effective date of this AD." When a direct relationship between air- worthiness and calendar time is identified, compliance may be expressed as a calendar date.


Fichte The Science Of Knowledge With The First And Second Introductions

This is all the more remarkable because Fichte labors under a number of severe handicaps, not the least of which is his cumbersome, unnecessarily complex style. His thought, which may be difficult enough to follow on the clearest exposition, is obscured by the vagueness and the ambiguities of his writing. Bad punctuation, idiosyncratic sentence structure, and a dismaying overabundance of nonfunctional expletives interfere with the task of understanding, and it is ironic that a thinker in whose philosophy the requirement of unity plays such an exalted role, could have endowed this work with no more readily discernible structure than it displays. On a charitable interpretation we could say that Fichte was so intent upon his ideas that he could pay little attention to the way he communicated them. It may be more nearly correct to say that he was one of that ever increasing host of philosophers who never quite learn to write well. Infelicities of expression are by no means the only obstacles to appreciating Fichte’s work. His literary persona, alternating be- tween arrogance and mock humility, and always ready for vitriolic personal attacks, is thoroughly unbearable. In addition, he can be infuriatingly careless and inconsistent in his views. Consciousness and self-consciousness, for example, are central concepts in his system, but not once throughout the Science of Knowledge and its two Introductions (written subsequently to the main work) does he attempt to give a serious account of them: some of his cursory vil Vili Preface remarks about them are plainly contradictory. Finally, he also suffers from the fault that has discredited much of speculative philosophy: his arguments frequently seem shallow and verbal. Not only are the meaning and referent of some of his words unclear, many of his syntheses in the theoretical part of the main work turn on what appear to be forms of obscure linguistic sleight of hand.


We may well come away with the feeling that such dialectical involutions can have little to do with reality. In the light of such an impressive list of faults, the reader may ask what Fichte might have to offer to him, and even what conceiv- able reason we might have had to spend our time translating his work. It is not easy to answer such a blunt challenge without simply asking the reader to complete the book and see for himself. What one finds interesting or profitable is surely a personal matter; but it should be possible to give some reasons for going to the trouble of reading such a difficult volume, or at least to mention some of the features that seem to us to recommend it. From the first page of the First Introduction it is evident that we are dealing with a major and independent voice, a philosophical principal. Although Kant set the stage, developed the terms, and even largely determined the rules with which Fichte operates, it would be wrong to view our author simply as a follower of Kant or an expositor of Kant’s system. Part of the interest of Fichte’s work derives precisely from the fact that, accepting so much of both the matter and form of the critical philosophy, he is in a position to explode it from the inside. The person interested in the remarkable logic shown in the history of philosophical systems will find Fichte’s work a fascinating case study. Whatever we may think of its ultimate success, the scope and conception of the Fichtean enterprise are truly impressive. The aim is to present an account of the nature of man that would at once be an account of the nature of reality. Fichte wishes to show the essential unity of human faculties and to establish that as acting, willing agents we are independent of the sensible world and enjoy a radical, untrammelled freedom.


It is the self through its cognitive faculties that creates and determines the objects which constitute the external world: reality exists only in and for the conscious mind. Fichte attempts, in short, to establish a tenable idealism as a Preface ix natural outgrowth of the Kantian critical philosophy. A careful study of his work shows that he draws freely on Spinoza and Leibniz; but he wishes to retain their positive insights incorporated in a more sophisticated, critical system than they could develop. Use of the Kantian transcendental method of proof and an elabo- rate dialectic indeed made it possible for Fichte to work out the details of his system with a subtlety and sophistication that are difficult to match. Even his apparently sophistical arguments bear second scrutiny: such intensive reading is frequently rewarded with surprising insights into their meaning or significance. It is clear that Fichte’s philosophy represents one of the few major attempts to develop and defend a complete idealism: this by itself would make it well worth serious study. The author of the Science of Knowledge is not alone among philosophers in paying too little attention to his fundamental presuppositions and in making virtually no attempt to com- municate them. For this reason, it may be appropriate for us to spend a little time discussing them here. We might begin by asking what Fichte thought he was doing when he engaged in the task of developing a philosophy. Fichte was convinced that there is a single, fundamental question of philosophy, which functions as a watershed: our answer to it determines the total complexion of our philosophical commit- ments. The task of philosophical science according to Fichte is to explain how our experience of a world of spatio-temporal, law- governed objects is possible. The question that must be answered first and foremost concerns the ground or foundation of experience.


There are only two possible answers: one identifies the self- conscious self as the sole source of experience, the other maintains that cognition of an objective world could never arise without the influence on the self of independently existing objects. Accordingly, there are only two fundamental types of philosophy: idealism, with its insistence on the all-sufficiency of the self, and what Fichte variously calls “realism” or “dogmatism,” with its claim that ob- jects exist independently of the mind. It is clear to Fichte from the first that dogmatism is not a tenable philosophy. His main argument against it is that it cannot account for the existence of conscious selves. But, interestingly x Preface enough, he is of two minds about the force of this argument against the dogmatist. In some places he asserts that, given their premises, both philosophies are consistent and, that since argument about fun- damental principles is impossible, each is secure in its sphere and irrefutable. On this view, the choice between the theories is a matter of ‘inclination and interest,” and what can be said for idealism is not so much that it is true as that it is something we ought to believe, for only according to the idealist are we free and responsible agents. Fichte cannot resist taking this opportunity to intimate that his Opponents, since they believe in a “mechanically” determined world of which the self is a part, themselves lack the free agency which is the mark of the human and the indispensable condition of morality. In other places, however, he argues that idealism is demonstrably superior to a realistic view, but such a demonstration is, in fact, nowhere provided. It is fairly obvious that Fichte thought the view that the conscious self is ‘‘an accident of unconscious physical nature” nearly absurd, and was convinced that if his idealist deductions could be successfully accomplished, realism, even in the minimal form in which it involves the existence of a mind-independent but unknowable thing-in-itself, would lose all its plausibility.


This latter method of proof enables us to argue from some actual structure of experience to the conditions indis- pensable for it: for Kant, to “deduce” a certain concept in this sense is simply to show that the activity it designates is a necessary prerequisite for having the sort of experience we in fact have. Now Fichte is in fundamental agreement with Kant about the correct method of philosophizing. But whereas Kant takes as his conditioned, whose conditions he is to discover, our experience of spatio-temporal objects in causal connection with each other, Fichte maintains that the deduction must have as its point of de- parture our immediate but nonsensible acquaintance (what he calls “intellectual intuition’) with an absolute and infinite self. The task of the philosopher is to inquire into what is contained in or required by the concept of an absolute self. When the deduction is completed and the concept has yielded up all that was tacitly present in it or implied by it, we should arrive at nothing short of the totality of all the structures of experience. If any of the fundamental structures of experience could not be deduced from the concept of the absolute self, critical idealism would be shown to be an inadequate philos- ophy. This interpretation of Fichte’s method is borne out by various hints throughout the works in this volume, as well as by his actual procedure in the Science of Knowledge. It also helps to explain the obscure passage at the end of the First Introduction, which com- pares the philosopher to the chemist. The philosopher does indeed ‘see’ the a priori: without any reference to experience he develops the system of conditions of the pure activity Fichte calls the absolute self. The test of the correctness and adequacy of critical idealism is that this system of conditions derived from the absolute self is identical with the structures or generic features of experience xii Preface (the “‘a posteriori” in the passage at issue) as actually lived.


One could argue that this procedure of seeking out the condi- tions of the self goes counter to Fichte’s original postulation of the self as absolute. The absolute self must be unconditioned: the cur- rent procedure exhibits it as the most highly conditioned of all activities. The objection is well founded but is not, for that reason, damaging to Fichte’s method. In characteristic fashion, he em- braces both the thesis that the self is simple and unconditioned and the view that it is the most dispersed and highly conditioned of realities. The point strikes at the heart of Fichte’s metaphysics, and we shall have more to say about it presently. For now it is enough to remark that in his view nothing can be an absolute self without at once limiting itself; this determination or limitation is what gives rise to the finite, conditioned self and its counterpart, the objective world of the non-ego. It is this necessary and immediate, we could almost say automatic, self-limitation of the self that Fichte has in mind when he describes the philosopher's task as that of simply observing the self-development of his fundamental concept. Once the concept of the absolute self is clearly in focus, it appears to generate, as if without our help and by means of its dialectical force alone, an entire galaxy of subsidiary judgments and ideas. There are two further comments that should be made in con- nection with Fichte’s ideas on philosophical method. It is interest- ing to note that it never occurred to him to question the adequacy of the transcendental method to yield philosophical truth. Had he reflected on his use of that method as distinct from the use made of it by Kant, Fichte might have considered that in seeking out the necessary conditions of experience, the sets of conditions deduced will vary according to the experiential structure selected as our point of departure.


Kant’s deductions may be no less impeccable than Fichte’s, and other philosophers could no doubt develop scores of faultless, imaginative, and characteristically different accounts of the conditions of experience. How could we con- ceivably choose between them? Surely not by the consistency and skill with which they are carried through. Instead, we would have to argue that a certain structure of experience is more fundamental, and hence better adapted to serve as a starting point than all the others. With this argument, however, the transcendental method of Preface xiii proof offers us no help. Fichte himself is silent on the issue, and in choosing self-connectedness as the fundamental structure of all experience (as distinct, say, from temporality), he has laid him- self open to the charge of assuming what he set out to prove, or at least of loading the dice in his own favor. Secondly, it is appropriate to call attention to a subsidiary method Fichte uses in his elaborate deduction of the conditions of experience. This dialectical procedure is the means by which the transcendental deduction actually progresses. The first moment of the dialectic is the analysis of a given concept until apparently con- tradictory results are reached. Since such contradictions could not be allowed to stand without detriment to the unity of consciousness and hence to’ the unity of the self, they have to be reconciled or “synthesized.”” The synthesis of the apparently contradictory judg- ments always occurs by the introduction of a new concept which, in turn, is itself soon found to contain an apparent contradiction. Perhaps the clearest example of this procedure is the original synthesis of the Science of Knowledge, which proceeds to derive from the concept of the absolute self the opposition of self and not-self, only to unite the two apparently incompatible concepts through the new idea of divisibility.


The particular feature of the word-— lost in translation but central for Fichte—is that when used in connection with the assertion of propositions, it makes contact with the intellect, while when signifying affirmation, it properly belongs in the sphere of will. Reason, Fichte points out, is the capacity for positing: through the creative power of reason what- ever is posited is made real. Positing, then, is a primordial act, in which the theoretical and the practical coincide, and in which an undivided self is totally engaged in a single creative, all-encompass- ing enterprise. The fundamental premise of Fichte’s philosophy is just such a self positing or asserting itself, and positing itself as engaging inthis enterprise of self-assertion. This thought invites comparison with the concept of Aristotle's Prime Mover, eternally engaged in con- templation of himself, and would perhaps be identical with it, were it not for the practical, volitional element involved in self-assertion. A more compelling similarity is with Spinoza’s idea of the eternal potency-in-act—the inner core of his one Substance. The striking similarity to Spinoza is sustained throughout the Science of Knowl- edge, and Fichte frequently pays tribute to him as the greatest and most consistent of dogmatists. Fichte appears to be saying that only the fundamental premise of Spinoza was wrong; he gave the wrong answer to the watershed question of philosophy, conceiving of this potency-in-act in impersonal terms. Preface XV Unfortunately, Fichte does not think it necessary to explain what it means for a primordial, undifferentiated activity to be personal. He quickly answers the charge of egotism by reminding us that his absolute self is no member of a world of finite persons, and altogether lacks the individuated subjectivity essential to it if such an accusation is to have meaning.


But if the primordial activity is devoid of all the features of individual personality (and that is the only idea of personality we have), what sense could it make to call it a self? In a number of passages Fichte suggests that the absolute self is conscious of itself, or at least that it consists of an activity that is conscious: perhaps for Fichte these are the features that render the primordial activity a self. In one place indeed he goes so far as to exclaim categorically: Was fiir sich nicht ist, ist kein Ich—what is not conscious of itself is not a self. But both of these suggestions appear to go against other central views he espouses, for he frequently assures us that no consciousness is possible with out self-consciousness, and no self-consciousness without a con- sciousness of objects. But the absolute self, as such, is logically prior to all objects, and hence must be at best a necessary condition of consciousness, without itself being conscious. Another possible reason Fichte might offer for calling the infinite potency-in-act a self is that it is within the experience of a knowing subject that we have immediate nonsensible contact with it. But this suggestion comes to immediate grief: it is simply a fallacy to suppose that whatever a self cognizes is, for that very reason, itself a self. That the primordial activity cannot bear the features of person- ality is further supported by the fact that its reality must be affirmed in what Fichte calls a “thetic judgment."* Such a judgment, of which “Tam” is “the first and foremost” example, is devoid of what we would conventionally call a predicate. The concept of its subject, therefore, remains unrelated to any other concept: only the reality of the subject is asserted without any reference to what class it might belong to or what property it may possess.


But if the original potency-in-act must be infinitely indeterminate, it certainly cannot possess the property of being a conscious self. In this primordial activity—conceived perhaps on the model of Aristotle's energeia—agent, activity, and product are indistinguish- ably united. Even though some passages appear to contradict this, Xvi Preface it is evident that Fichte thinks of his absolute self as unitary and singular, There is but one such activity, not a different one for each empirical self. This single activity is the source of all there is, not through arbitrary choice but in a necessary, yet perfectly free fashion. Its operation is both free and necessary for the same reason: it acts by the necessity of its own nature independently of any external influence. It gives rise to the totality of all experience, including our experience of an external world, by an inevitable, non-temporal activity of self-determination. Since to be is to have some limitations, the absolute self could not even be real if it were perfectly indeterminate. But the un- avoidability of its self-determination, which is at once a self- fragmenting and self-limitation, is best understood by reflecting that as soon as we add a single predicate to the thetic judgment which affirms the reality of the self, we have related it to a class or property and thereby made it to some extent determinate. If we attach the predicate of infinity—certainly an appropriate one—to the absolute self, we instantly destroy its infinite indeterminateness. The moment, therefore, that the primordial activity is conceived as infinite, it sheds its infinity and displays itself as finite. We could also say that its infinity requires its finitude and, if we wished to identify such a dialectical relation with causation, that the infinite necessarily gives rise to the finite.


[Montana Online Reference Service online report]

Library Carroll Collage Library State Agency Libraries (over) Page two: Online Report, July 15, 1978 Montana Online Reference Service Usage A statistical report on online usage is attached ("Report to the Montana State Library Commission" - July 7, 1978). This shows that academic libraries are the biggest users (38%) followed by state government agencies (33%) and by public libraries (23%). These figures do not reflect the number of online requests which we have chosen not to search online but which are, rather, treated as subject requests and searched manually. An Interesting observation made by a Broad Valleys Federation librarian Is that the presence of the online service is bringing requests Into the library which the patron would not normally have associated v/ith information available through the library. Whether these are filled by the computer or by hand Is not Important. What is important is that the patron is associating more kinds of Information with the library, beyond recreational reading. Spreading the Word ~ Public Libraries A very important aspect of this demonstration period of online searching (of which one year is left) is its usage for public library patrons. City and county government workers, planners, mental health professionals, writers researching new books and magazine articles, parents interested in educational and health information for the family, grants writers, farmers and ranchers, businesspersons ~ all have Information needs which the public library can meet through the online search service. I v/ouid encourage you to publicize the online service and will help you in any way that 1 can. Word of mouth Is probably the best way that new online users can be reached. Other means are articles in the newspaper and letters to key potential users. We still have plenty of orange MORS pamphlets available upon request. We also have a collection of news releases from around the state on the online service as well as sample letters to key potential users which could be modified for your own use.


West Sacramento News-Ledger 1998-08-05

And I would do just about the world." said anything for my parents. If and dad said they you of my many the best parents a person mother s recipes at could have. “They let us make up our mind about going into the own family business.” said Pete Jr., who along with Paul, With the filing period ex- ard B. Drew, an equipment pected to close on Friday, six operator/minister; Edward people have filed candidacy “Ed" Hocking, a government for three available program analyst; Machschefes. an elementary school teacher; and James own Karl papers seats on the Washington Uni¬ fied School Board ballot in J C. Myers II, a pastor Also on the November bal- November. ArdeeneWestvik. a retired educator who currently holds lot will be two seats of the one of the two available four- West Sacramento City Coun- year terms, has filed to run again. She is joined by chal¬ lenger Stanley Dal Butler, who lists his occupation as a fleet superintendent. The other incumbent in position to run for a four year term is David Farmer, a po- lice lieutenant, who told the ers James Cahill and Marna Miller (both veterans of the 1996 city council race) in tak¬ ing out candidacy papers in preparation for filing Cabaldon has announced that he will indeed run cil. As ofTuesday. no one had filed candidacy papers for this race. But incumbents W'es Beers and Christopher Cabaldon (the current mayor and mayor pro tern, respec¬ tively) have joined challeng- was my res of the animals before and prosper. care after school. Plus we were pretty much out in the middle in of nowhere, and 1 didn’t even began to attract even more cus- have a bicycle because there tomers. Plus that is about the time our children began playing bigger role in the family busi- New s-I,«dger he plans to file later this week.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

However, they usually can't keep up with you if you keep moving. The easiest way to dispose of them is from shore, but, of course, that isn't always possible. If you're chased by a pack of hungry sharks, the best tactic is to swim back- wards and give them a few blasts in the face with the weapon of your choice. The super shotgun works wonders in these situations and saves pre- cious slugs and cells. BERSERKER The berserker is a towering, close-range menace. Its arms end in fearsome spikes and hammers, each with a deceivingly long range. The berserker can hit you from nearly 10 paces away and send you flying across the room. You don't want to fight him next to lava. ENFORCER TACTICS Like all close-range creatures, beserkers are fast, but you can outrun them. The easiest way to take them down is to run backwards, shooting as you go. They'll zigzag to avoid your fire, so duck into a narrow corri- dor to slow them down enough so that you can finish them off without incident. Just remember- it's usually safer to face them where you stand than to back into a corridor you haven't explored yet. BRAIN Hobbling, fat, and slow, the brain looks more deadly than it actually is. The brain attacks at close range with two hooked claws, or rips open its chest to reveal writhing, life-sucking tentacles. It's fortunate that its tentacle range is even less than its arm range. However, it does have a power shield (energy armor), which absorbs much of the damage from any weapon. This makes the brain harder to deal with, but in the end, it still winds up as cannon fodder. Berserker rg YE 41€ TACTICS If there aren’t other enemies around, choose the weapon with the most ammo and take your time.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

FLYER Airborne creatures can be painful to deal with—the flyer is no exception. It has a very small outline while facing you, making it a hard target. Also, its hyper blaster sends an accurate, extremely fast, high-volume burst in your direction. If you stop moving, even for a split second, you'll probably get hit. Up close, the flyer uses its razor-sharp wings to tear chunks from your flesh and armor. Enforcer GLADIATOR TACTICS Flyers attack in droves, so you never face only one at a time. It’s lucky that they have very little health, compared to most other creatures. Choose a high-scatter or an instantaneous weapon (the super shotgun and shot- gun work well, as do the machine gun and chain gun) and take potshots while dodg- ing around corners. Flyers will chase you into narrow corri- dors, and if your aim is good, this can work to your advan- tage. Switch to the rocket launcher and blast the walls of the corridor—the radius damage should do the trick. GLADIATOR One of the most powerful common monsters, the gladiator is armed with a shoulder-mounted rail gun for medium- to extreme-range attacks and a pincer claw for close encounters. If you stop moving for more than a second, you'll see the all-too-familiar blue spiral, but this time it'll be aimed straight at you. Strafing helps, but take out the gladiator fast to avoid trouble later. rg aid bh VQ l'ACTICS Although the rail gun is an instantaneous Gladiator weapon, the gladiator is a bit slow with it. It takes him a second to aim the weapon, allowing you to step out of the weapon's path. However, the simple solution is to keep moving and strafe in one direc- tion, because the gladiator cannot lead his shots.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

Remember, though, that all guards can duck under your attacks—so, aim below the belt. Be aware that there are usually more powerful enemies around, which may work toward you as you fight the guards. After you drop a light guard, he sometimes has enough life left in him to fire off a few extra shots—don't let down your guard. MACHINE-GUN GUARD The toughest of the three guard classes, the black-clad machine-gun guards travel in tight groups, patrolling corridors and open areas. When they train their sights on you, be prepared for a painful burst of machine-gun fire—they rarely miss. Light Guard TACTICS Later in the game, health and armor become an issue, and even the seemingly insignificant peckings of a machine- gun guard will seem substantial. At close range, take out your super shotgun and get ready for some gibbing. At longer ranges, a single rocket-launch should end all of the guards' ambitions. Just remember to get out of their line of sight once they start to attack. MEDIC The medic is a monstrosity that belongs in an emergency room. Armed with a hyper blaster, the medic forces you to take cover while it revives the creatures that you've wasted. Needless to say, this is bad news. It's fortunate that you rarely encounter medics in Quake II. However, when you do encounter them, be prepared for a fight. Machine-Gun Guard MUTANT TACTICS One medic is not much of a threat, but you never see just him. If you're attacked in droves by a variety of powerful enemies, don't be surprised if you find a medic nearby. They can revive creatures that have been killed, but they can't revive creatures that have been gibbed. MUTANT The mutant somewhat resembles the fiend from Quake I, with a notable exception—mutants are a lot more deadly.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

If something in the environment appears out of the ordinary—like a constantly sparking flood light, or a discolored wall texture or panel—don't be afraid to investigate it. Shoot it, push it, jump, or crash through it to see if anything happens. LIQUID BODIES its not uncommon to encounter a variety of pools, canals, rivers, lakes, and other liquid bodies in Stroggos. For the most part, these are safe to swim in, although some are murky and offer very poor visibil- ity. Sometimes you have no choice but to waddle through a canal, or swim deep undertow to get to a destination or avoid or seek out an enemy. The most dan- ger you can face in liquid bodies comes from the local variety of shark. (See the description of the barracuda shark in Chapter 2.) But liquid bodies can also be your friend. You can swim undetected past a troop of Strogg guards and other Strogg varieties by electing to go under (Fig- ure 3.2). Also, you can shoot all your weapons under water and hit targets on land. If you happen to have an underwater breather, you can extend your time underwater considerably and travel great distances. And if you must make a desperate get-away, you can always dive from great heights and cushion your landing in water. But just as there are relatively safe waterways, a large portion of Stroggos is crisscrossed with pernicious liquid substances: lava, acid, and other disagree- able chemicals, such as those used by the Strogg to process and treat organic matter so it is suitable for grafting into their patchwork physiognomy. SOLID OBJECTS Nota very tidy species, Strogg installations are often littered with broken equipment, crates, rubble, rocks, dead bodies and other assorted solid objects. Much of this is simply junk that gets in the way when you are attempting to move swiftly.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

A few light guards watch over the canal, making your entry into the tunnels difficult. But before heading for the tunnels, you're better off liquidating the opposition around the Communication Center. ll. Jump the broken bridge. After thinning out the guards in and around the canal, take a running start and jump over the broken bridge to reach the landing across the way. The entry to the left leads to a large room where a few enforcers and guards will try to keep you from going any further. At the far end of the room, you'll also be able to discern a small red sign identifying the Communication Center, your ultimate destination. But for now, you will not be able to reach that area. You simply want to take out the enforcers and the guards. 2. Explore the tunnel on the left and score a secret. Dive into the canal and reach the tunnel on the left at the far end. Hugging the wall to your right, follow the path around the rusted metal pillars until you see a narrow crack on the wall. A couple of laser pistol blasts should cause the thin wall to break open and reveal a shot- gun next to a decapitated corpse (Figure 4.5). Grab the gun and exit the tunnel. 9, Enter the next tunnel. There might be a new contingent of guards when you exit the tunnel. Moving inside the next tunnel, you'll come upon a darkened square room with a faint switch on the CHAPTER 4: UNT ONE FIGURE 4.5: The trip down the left tunnel affords you a secret and a shotgun for your troubles. wall. Take the medkit near the corner, push the switch, and watch two massive doors unhinge into a large cylindrical hole. Jump into the hole to access the larger tunnel network that eventually will bring you near the entrance to the coveted Communication Center.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

Be ready to pound hard on a berserker the moment you cross the bridge and open the door. The corridor behind the berserker is littered with stimpacks. Turning left, you will come upon a small chamber closed off by a force field. 2, Reduce the Strogg numbers. Before you're free to maneuver the switches in the dark chamber, fend off the flyer, the numerous guards, and the berserker in the area. 9. Lower the force field. Hit the impact switch inside the force field chamber and then proceed up the steps. Push the switch on the platform to activate the overhead cargo pod. It will go careening directly into the door at the far end, letting you explore further. CHAPTER 5: UNrr Two REACH THE WATER-LOGGED CHAMBERS This leg of your journey through the Ammo Depot involves passing through a few treacherous hallways where enforcers and guards like to surprise you by jumping at you unexpectedly from behind crates and dark corners. Eventually, you will get to a dark, split-level chamber that is lit only by red light fixtures. The floor space is crawling with berserkers and guards. As you've done before, leap into the lower floor of the dark chamber and exchange hot lead and energy blasts with the Strogg. When you reach the door at the corner of the lower floor, you're ready to continue the action. You'll ride a platform to a narrow chamber with two large crates held by cranes. After you push a switch to release the heavy boxes on unsuspecting berserkers below, you're ready to continue through a few more hallways. At the end, there's a platform that brings you in view of a narrow bridge crossing over a lethal acidic solution. Your goal is then to reach and negotiate the water- logged storage chambers. |, Race across the bridge.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

Push the switch next to a floor plate and descend into the stairs as it slides open. Fight off the enforcer and step over the lowering platform on the left side. Survive the onslaught in the darkness. Gun down the berserker and the guards and find the switch that activates the two ascend- ing and descending metal plates on one side of the room. It's the only way you can get back up and onto the elevated area of the storage room above. Grab the last cube and scram. Push the door to the side of the elevated area and step onto a small storage room with an enforcer and the first gleaming power cube. As soon as you take the cube, another door slides open to reveal a much larger storage facility. Do your best to overcome the gunner and berserker and then climb the ladder at the opposite end. Activate a small green switch and start up the stairs through the door that opens below. Grab a super shotgun on your way out. Follow the stairs, first up and then down, to emerge into a dark passage protected by a berserker. Take the super shotgun on the middle of the floor and then push the last switch to open the door that leads back to the sunken floor of the initial chamber. Ride the small elevator, get out of the front door, cross the bridge, and slide back into the Ammo Depot. Head for the Warehouse. After emerging back in the Ammo Depot, cross directly ahead straight into the Warehouse. You are now in a position to power up the entrance into the last level of Unit Two. WAREHOUSE WAREHOUSE After you've secured all four power cubes back in the Supply Station, you are now ready to storm the Warehouse and navigate its various chambers by pow- ering up key installation areas.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

At the doughnut-shaped room, press the button to lower the circular stairs. Descend the stairs, but stop at the first . window and shoot it. The glass will shatter. Look out the window and down at a > stack of boxes. You can just see the corner of an impact switch hidden behind OTHER Secrets IN Unir Two them. Shoot the switch and continue down the stairs. Instead of stopping in front of the stack of boxes, the circular stairs now continue downward to a secret hidden chamber with health, armor, and other goodies. QUAD DAMAGE Near the exit, in the room behind the plexiglas, look up and shoot the impact switch. Then climb over the emerging ladder to take the quad damage above. Ae his is arguably one of your toughest assignments and certainly one of the longest. In Unit Three you re to continue moving north, wreaking havoc with the Strogg installations and eventually knock- g out the security grid to the heavily guarded industrial 4 gantic jail facility. ‘HAPTER 6: Unir THREE NIT THREE OBJECTIVES The Strogg are a totally industrialized race and few things could hurt them more than compromising their industrial regions. The detail for Unit Three is simple and direct (Figure 6.1). Unit Three consists of six levels: Main Gate up Detention Center Ww Security Complex " Guard House " Torture Chambers " Grid Control Destroy the security Grid protecting the industrial region. Fenetrate the outer jail defenses. Secrets gu FIGURE 6.1: Expose their industrial region and the Strogg will suddenly seem vulnerable. MAIN GATE At the center of your objective is a pyramid structure in the Security Com- plex. Once you scour all other levels to obtain the pyramid's key and access pass, you'll be able to get to your ultimate destination, the Grid Control level. To accomplish your monumental mission: " Find your way past the heavy jail defenses in the Main Gate.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

Cut a straight line from the door near the Security Complex all the way through the Detention Center's courtyard and directly into the portal marked with the red key symbol in its top-right corner. Squelch the enforcers and their parasite companions. Move briskly into the hallways, always ready for an enforcer and para- site assault. When you come upon a wide courtyard with a hold- ing cell below and a ledge on the far wall, pummel your way to reach the door across the floor. Ride a platform to the key terminal. Endure another tussle with a couple of enforcers and their quadruped parasite. Then hop onto the lift platform and ride up into the balcony you might remember seeing the first time you entered the Detention Center. Moving cau- tiously, so the gladiator won't know you're there, push the terminal's keyboard and watch the yellow laser beams vanish. The same thing is happening back in the Security Complex, where you're bound next. A pyra- mid key cries for rescue in the Guard's House. Dash back to the Security Complex. Upon arriving, check your updated computer instructions and don't be misled. To open the con- trol pyramid, you must first possess the pyramid key. To obtain the access pass (to be used inside the computer), you must tour the Torture Chambers first. So, without another thought, pivot 180 degrees to your left and march toward the door leading to the Guard House. Persevere to the Guard House door. A platoon of berserkers and enforcers will do its best to keep you from reaching the Guard House's entrance. Don't let the first berserker just on the other side of the door catch you by surprise. When you come up to a larger room, grab the combat suit and continue toward the small outdoor courtyard.


Quake II Strategies & Secrets

Circle the elevator shaft to grab the ammo and step out onto the open area. Turn immediately to your right, climb onto the ledge and follow it to the end, and jump directly onto a small landing to get the energy armor and some stimpacks. Then, jump as far as you can and take the draining lava heat no more than necessary. Move forward to reach the small rock land- ing. A second hop from there lands you directly on top of the hyper blaster and a cell. Explore every corner of the open area to get additional ammo. Use the medkits to restore any health you might have lost. 2. Move into the tunnel and score the Main Entrance's only secret. Make a couple of quick turns on the walkway to the right of the factory's main entrance and you come upon another wide open area divided by a large lava river. Blow a hole through the elec- tronic consoles by the flak jacket. Then EE WARNING grab a rocket launcher. 39. Build some stairs and col- lect more goods. Step through the door into the first mine enclosure. Shoot the impact switch high above and to the left to produce a set of stairs. € MAIN UNTRANCU Climb over them and walk around the platform to collect addi- tional cells. Start down the tunnel to the main entrance. Push into the narrow tunnel and come out next to a large curving metal shield and watch out for icarus hovering nearby. Turn right at the end of the shield to take in a panoramic view of the mines' Main Entrance below. Proceed down the stairs. Down the mutant and another berserker before stepping through the mines' Main Entrance. CHAPTER 7: UNrr FOUR UPPER MINES For a lesser marine, it would be very easy to get lost and succumb to panic and claustrophobia in the stuffy corridors and dark chambers of the Upper Mines.


Montana Highway functional classification and needs study (1970-1990) : an engineering study report for the Montana State Highway Commission Planning Survey Section; in cooperation with the Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration

Purpose and Scope The United States Department of Transportation has the statutory responsibility to pro- vide recommendations on transportation policy to the United States Congress and to administer a number of federal transportation programs. To meet these responsibilities, the Department of Trans- portation has initiated a National Transportation Planning Study that will study all domestic modes of transportation in every state and metropohtan area in the United States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Both public and privately owned transportation facilities will be investigated in this Study, which will be the first of a continuing program to assess the Nation's transportation system, with biennial reports to Congress. Involved in the development of information will be many federal government agencies, transportation equipment manufacturing firms, firms concerned with interstate transportation, com- mon carriers, and state and local governments. The Department of Transportation will coordinate the collection and analysis of information at the national level and will determine a set of transportation development alternatives to be submitted to Congress. The state and local governments will provide a major part of the input into the National Transportation Planning Study, and their maximum involvement has been solicited so that individual state and local needs will be reflected. To insure consistency of input so that valid comparisons be- tween states can be made, a series of manuals has been written by the Department of Transportation to instruct the state and local governments in their collection and analysis of data. These manuals of instruction are: Manual 'A' - General Instructions Manual 'B' - Highway Functional Classification and Needs Study Manual 'C - Urban Public Transportation Manual 'D' -Airports and Other Intercity Terminals The instructions contained in these manuals are relatively explicit so that reasonable con- sistency on a nation-wide scale can be achieved. In addition to their statutory requirements, the man- uals are intended to encourage continuing comprehensive planning of publicly used transportation facilities and service, and to aid in evaluating recommended methods of allocation of federal resources.


All of the available Comprehensive Development Plans in the State done under the provisions of Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended. 4. The Comprehensive State Water and Sewer Plans that were available at the time the projections were done. 5. Any individual population estimates and economic studies that could be found. Agencies that were consulted included: (1) The Bureau of Business and Economic Research of the University of Montana in Missoula; (2) The Center for Planning and Development of Montana State University in Bozeman; (3) The State Department of Planning and Economic Development in Helena; (4) The Office of Economic Opportunity in Helena; (5) various city planning or- ganizations; and (6) The Bureau of the Census. It was found that no agency made population projections for all of the counties and ur- ban areas in the State, and that very few projections of any sort could be found. The exceptions were projections for individual counties and urban areas that were done for the Comprehensive Develop- ment Plans and the State Water and Sewer Plans, and urban area projections from the Upper Midwest Economic Study. When the 1970 Census of Population figures became available, it showed that the major- ity of the available forecasts were overly optimistic. Consequently, the figures that were available were tempered with the knowledge of the 1970 Census, and projections were made that were more compat- ible with the current Census figures. Certain assumptions were made in these population projections: (1) the rural population in the eastern farming counties would remain relatively stable; (2) the rural-urban distribution in the western mountainous counties would remain stable; and (3) in general, the major population changes would be in the urban areas. Populations for the 56 counties were projected independently based upon historical pop- Illation trends, and any projections available for that county. These projections assumed that the coun- ties which lost population rapidly between I960 and 1970 had reached relative equilibrium, and would not change in population a great deal between now and 1990.


Rural Systems The rural highway functional systems are comprised of principal arterials, minor arterials, major and minor collectors, and local roads. (1) Rural Principal Arterials Rural principal arterials are the highest level of rural highway functional classifica- tion and were developed first. This system of highways is characterized by the longest- trip lengths and heaviest travel densities, and is intended to serve most large urban areas. In addition, this system is an interconnected network of continuous routes without stub 18 connections. The interstate system is an automatic component of this classification of highway. The percentage guidelines on rural principal arterials, specified by the Federal Highway Administration, are from 2-4 percent of the total rural miles. The 1990 airal principal arterial system developed for Montana consists of 4.7 per- cent of the total rural mileage. This is .7 percent above the upper limit of 4 percent speci- fied by the Federal Highway Administration. However, it is felt that the State of Montana consisting of large undeveloped areas having little or no road mileage (almost 30 percent of the State is federally owned of which the vast majority is national park, wilderness and national forest area, or Indian reservation) is a valid exception from the percentage limits. These large areas of little or no road mileages decrease the number of total rural miles, which consequently increases the percent of rural principal arterial mileage. The rural principal arterial system that was designated is considered to be the minimum highway network required for travel of the type that is specified for this system. (2) Rural Minor Arterials Rural minor arterials are the next level of rural highway functional classification. These highways link cities and larger towns not connected by a rural principal arterial, are spaced so that all developed areas of a state are within a reasonable distance of an ar- terial highway, and provide service to travel of primarily intrastate importance.


Rural Areas In an investigation to determine areas of the State where uniform costs occur, it was found that the State of Montana could be divided into two cost areas; a western area with mountain- ous terrain prevailing, and an eastern area with rolling terrain prevailing. The western cost area con- tains 19 counties and the eastern cost area 37 counties. In an effort to determine homogeneous areas for sampling, it was decided that the State could logically be divided into six sampling areas. The western cost area served as two sampling areas, while the eastern cost area was separated into four sampling areas. This resulted in relatively uniform sampling areas; four of which contained nine counties and two of which contained ten counties (see Figure No. 4). The needs appraisal on rural principal arterials was made on representative samples of each rural principal arterial route. To obtain these representative samples, each route within a sample area was divided into the sections that are reported in the 1969 Sufficiency Rating report of the Montana State Highway Commission. Every other section was selected from these route sections. The remainder of the rural functional systems were sampled on a cluster sampling basis by county units. The counties falling within a sample area were grouped, and sample counties se- lected randomly from the group until the mileage requirement for the minor arterial system was satisfied. Then, the counties that were sampled for the minor arterial system were grouped, and sam- ple counties chosen from this group until the mileage requirement for collectors was satisfied. Lastly, the counties that were sampled for the collector system were grouped, and sample counties chosen 33 from this group until the mileage requirement for local roads was satisfied. This method yielded maxi- mum reliability with a minimum of duplication and effort. The minimum sampling rates required by the Federal Highway Administration and the actual sampling rates used for the rural systems are as follows: Rural System Completed Interstate ....


Urban Local Streets (1) Stratification of Mileage The first step in analyzing local street mileage was to stratify the existing and pro- posed mileage into design types so that applicable design standards could be applied in a consistent manner. The stratification was done by taking a random field sample of the local street mileage. The sample consisted of five percent or more of the 1990 mileage in each urbanized area and each small urban area category. Existing industrial and commer- cial mileage was measured from the Urban-In-Fact Area Land Use Maps, and the distribu- 44 tion of mileage in the industrial and commercial areas determined from the sampled mile- age was applied to the total measured (existing) industrial and commercial mileage. Resi- dential mileage was determined by subtracting the industrial and commercial mileage from the total local street mileage in each urban area, and the distribution of mileage in the residential areas determined from the sampled mileage was applied to the total exist- ing residential mileage. (2) Appraisal of Present Adequacy After the mileage had been stratified into design types, the number of miles that were presently intolerable was determined. Minimum tolerable conditions provided by the Federal Highway Administration aided in determining the streets that were intoler- able. In addition to the minimum tolerable conditions, a street could be rated as intoler- able if the pavement condition was so poor that it could not be corrected through routine maintenance. (3) Development of Construction Costs Initial construction costs were to be estimated for each design type so that the fac- tors for determining annual costs could be applied to arrive at an annual average cost per mile. These costs are categorized into: (1) base and surfacing; and (2) grade and drain. Base and surfacing costs for the local streets were estimated for each design standard at the same time as the base and surfacing costs of the classified systems.


This entailed multiplying the mileage in each design type by the corresponding annual average costs per mile. Mass Analysis Schedules MA-9 through MA-12 were provided by the Federal Highway Administration for these calculations. Mass Analysis Schedules MA-9 through MA-12 also provided for the inclusion of maintenance and administration costs, which were obtained from the Maintenance Sched- ule and the Administration Schedule described in detail under that section in this report. The total average annual costs for each urbanized area and each small urban area category were recorded on Mass Analysis Schedules MA-9 through MA-1 2. These sched- ules are shown in Appendix 'C. Rural Local Roads (1) Stratification of Mileage Stratification of local road mileage into design types was done by taking an office in- ventory sample of six randomly sampled counties (see sampling procedures and rates for the selection of the counties). The sample consisted of five percent or more of the 1990 mileage in each of the six rural sample areas. Stratification of the local road mileage also required that the mileage be broken down by cost area and terrain type, and the mass analysis forms provided by the Federal Highway Administration are arranged to accept only one terrain type in a cost area. How- ever, the cost areas were set up so that variations in terrain did not constitute a new cost area, but were analyzed as flat, rolling, or mountainous construction within a cost area. Therefore, it was necessary to prorate the local road mileage in each cost area to each ter- rain type. The method used was to examine the topography of each county, and estimate the mileage of local roads in each terrain type. Since there were two cost areas this break- down gave effectively six categories of local roads: (1) Cost Area 1— Flat; (2) Cost Area 1 -Rolling; (3) Cost Area 1 -Mountainous; (4) Cost Area 2-Flat;(5) Cost Area 2- Rolling; and (6) Cost Area 2-Mountainous.


The stratification of the total local road mileage was done by expanding the sampled mileage (broken down by design type) to the total local road mileage in each cost area. This mileage was then prorated to flat, rolling, and mountainous terrain types according to the miles in each terrain type in each cost area. 46 (2) Appraisal of Present Adequacy After tlic iiiiloagc had been stratified into design and terrain types, the number of miles which were presently intolerable was determined. Minimum tolerable conditions provided by the Federal Highway Administration aided in determining the roads that were intolerable, in addition to the minimum tolerable conditions, a road could be rated as intolerable if the pavement condition was so poor that it could not be corrected through routine maintenance. (3) Development of Construction Costs Initial construction costs were estimated for each design type so that the annual cost factors could be applied to arrive at an annual average cost per mile. These costs are cate- gorized into: (1) base and surfacing; (2) grade and drain; and (3) structure costs. Base and surfacing costs for the local roads were estimated for each design standard at the same time as the base and surfacing costs of the classified systems. Grade and drain costs were estimated from historical costs of comparable highways on the secondary system. Unit costs for structures were obtained from the State Highway Commission's Bridge Division. Costs for rights-of-way are not included because it is assumed that they have an in- definite economic life on existing facilities, and on new facilities would be supplied by the abutting landowners or land developers. (4) Determining Average Annual Costs Per Mile The initial construction costs determined in step 3 were multiplied by the appropri- ate annual cost factors to arrive at an annual average cost per mile to either reconstruct intolerable (or construct new) facilities and retain them in service, or retain in service presently tolerable facilities, for each rural local road design type.


(5) Structures There is a discrepancy in the handling of bridge structures in the rural local roads mass analysis procedure prescribed by the Federal Highway Administration. This discrep- ancy arises because there is no relation of the tolerability or intolerability of a structure to the road on which the structure occurs. In many cases in the field sample, roads were found intolerable with bridges that were tolerable, and visa-versa. However, on the mass analysis forms, there are no provisions made for the independent analysis of bridges. In- stead the bridges, both tolerable and intolerable, are tied to the tolerability of the road. The information as to the tolerability of the bridges can not be used in the analysis. The approach to this situation was to determine the feet of bridge structure per 47 mile of local road for each local road design type. The square feet of bridge structure per mile of local road was then determined according to the width of bridge required in the design standards. Then appropriate unit costs were applied to this bridge area to arrive at an initial construction cost per mile of local road for the bridge structures for each local road design type. This initial construction cost was multiplied by the appropriate annual cost factor to arrive at an average annual cost per mile to either reconstruct intolerable (or construct new) facilities and retain them in service, or retain in service presently toler- able facilities for each design type. This procedure does not allow the independent analysis of tolerable and intolerable bridges, but relates the bridges to the tolerability of the road on which it occurs. The difference in bridge costs which result froiii analyzing the bridges independently as compared to analyzing the bridges as an integral part of the local roads is shown in the following table.


Development of Maintenance Estimates The criteria for maintenance estimates is that maintenance estimates will include all phys- ical maintenance and traffic services as described in the AASHO Manual; Uniform Highway Account- ing Procedures. Betterments (minor replacement construction) are excluded from the maintenance estimates. The development of maintenance costs are complicated by the requirement of the Fed- eral Highway Administration that: 'Cost estimates should assume adequate levels of maintenance ex- penditures at 1969 prices as distinguished from actual expenditures which may reflect arbitrary budget restrictions. ' It is difficult to apply an exact definition to the term 'adequate level of maintenance', be- cause the term itself, without being qualified, is not exact. To take an example, it could mean to keep the road just passable to traffic under normal conditions, or, it could mean keeping the roadway and appurtenances in like-new condition at all times. The assumption is made, for the purposes of this Study, that existing budget restrictions do not permit maintenance levels to rise to a level that would be considered 'adequate'. Therefore, the following factors, which are considered to be reasonable and consistent, were applied to the actual maintenance expenditures to approximate an 'adequate' level of maintenance. 50 SYSTEM FACTOR Rural Federal-aid Primary 1.10 Federal-aid Secondary 1.20 Non-Federal-aid 1.30 Urban All Systems 1.20 Interstate Urban and Rural 1.20 C. Systems Other Than Interstate The development of actual maintenance expenditures per mile for the rural systems con- sisted of analyzing state and county maintenance records, and determining a per-mile maintenance cost for federal-aid primary, federal-aid secondary, and non-federal-aid systems sub stratified by pave- ment type. These figures were adjusted by applying the appropriate factor to arrive at an 'adequate' level of maintenance. The adjusted figures were then prorated through the classified systems according to the proportions of roads in each category of jurisdictional responsibility of each system.


Interstate System For the interstate system, the maintenance costs to be determined are the total main- tenance costs for the twenty-year period, 1970 to 1990, reported by rural, each urbanized area, and the three small urban area groups. Since the oldest section of four-lane interstate in Montana is about 12 years old, it was not feasible to use existing historical maintenance records without adjustment. Since the interstate is programed to receive an overlay at 13-year intervals, the decision was made to set the maintenance age of the interstate on a 13-year recurrence interval. This approach makes the assumption that the interstate maintenance cost per year after an overlay will revert back to 51 the maintenance cost per year of a new interstate. Since no interstate lias yet liad an overlay on this program, this assumption can not be validated. However, it seems a reasonable assumption to make. Maintenance expenditures per mile were then developed for four-lane interstate with ages of 1—3 years, 4 6 years, and 7 years and over. These costs were applied to the corresponding miles of interstate that fell in each of the three maintenance age categories, the adjustment factor to provide an 'adequate' level of maintenance applied, and a total cost for the maintenance of the four-lane in- terstate for the twenty-year period was calculated. The two-lane interstate is scheduled to be upgraded to four-lane interstate by 1976. Therefore, an average cost per mile, regardless of age, was developed based upon past expenditures for existing two-lane interstate. This cost per mile was adjusted to provide for an 'adequate' level of main- tenance, and the total amount estimated for maintenance of two-lane interstate for the period the two-lane interstate is in service. (Maintenance for four-lane interstate is estimated when the two-lane interstate is upgraded to four-lane.) An analysis showed that expenditures for maintenance items generally associated with ur- ban areas, such as lighting, beautification, and additional ramp mileage, could be prorated into the urban interstate on a per-mile basis.


Faizulla Khodzhaev: National Communism in Bukhara and Soviet Uzbekistan, 1896-1938

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 of Osh resulted in further casualties. Regardless of how or why these incidents occurred (and the speculation continues), it appears that all is not well in the Uzbek republic.? With a population of roughly 20 million, the Uzbek SSR is the third most popuious republic in the USSR. ‘This, coupled with the fact that it is the central Muslim republic in the Soviet Union, means that what happens in Uzbekistan often has a direct impact on the surrounding Muslim republics and the Soviet Union as a whole. With the opening up of discussions on topics ranging from health issues to political reform, Gorbachev’s glasnost’ policy has indirectly abetted in the re-emergence of nationalism in Uzbekistan. Uzbeks are more willing to find fault with their system and often put the blame on the shoulders of "Russian colonizers" and the Soviet government. Already, political organizations are emerging that express anti- Soviet, or at least pro-Uzbek feelings in the republic. In recent discussions and protests, alternative economic and political structures have been proposed as solutions to the current problems. One such course of action has been a re- examination of its own revolutionary past. Ideas of individuals who had previously been considered non-persons by the Soviet state are being evaluated in an effort to find *William Fierman, ed., Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), pp.2-3; The Washington Pos: Post, September 16, 1991:A18. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 alternatives to the present political arrangement in the region. Much of the debate involves the Jadidist period in Uzbek history, as it was during this time that national- based state structures were being addressed.? Prior to the 1900s and the Jadidist period, there was no real national identification in the region currently called Soviet Uzbekistan.


On September 2, 1920, the Emirate of Bukhara collapsed as the Bolshevik-supported forces of the Bukharan Communist Party seized the capital. The Emir of Bukhara escaped the city and joined the growing Basmachi movement, and, in his place, Faizulla Khodzhaev assumed the leadership of the newly-created Bukhara Peoples’ Soviet Republic. Barely 24 years old, this former Young Bukharan and now Communist Party member sought to create a nation based on the ideals of the Jadidist movement and shaped by the principles of the Bolshevik regime in Moscow. Eighteen years later, Khodzhaev was tried and shot for the crimes of extreme nationalism ("Sultangalievism") and conspiring to overthrow the Soviet government. The BPSR had ceased to exist, and, by 1938, the last remnants of the Uzbek revolutionary elite had been systematically eliminated. Jadidism was the driving ideological force behind Khodzhaev’s policies and the source of his ultimate conflict with the newly-created Soviet government. Derived from the term usul-i jadid, which means "new method or principle," Jadidism was a movement that initially concerned itself with educational reform, and only later branched out to address Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 13 issues of political reform. Founded upon the ideals of Ismail Bey Gasprinskii, a Crimean Tatar, this school of thought advanced a Western approach to education. Instead of strict recitation and memorization of Koranic verse, the Jadidists stressed such subjects as foreign languages, mathematics, the sciences, and literature. Their goal was not only to prepare students to work within the Russian realm (specifically in commerce), but also to loosen the religious schools’ monopoly on education in Bukhara. In sum, most Jadidists felt that in order to become a successful modern nation, Bukhara would have to adopt modern ways. Traditionally, these views were expressed in numerous short-lived journals and publications, published primarily in Russian-controlled Tashkent.


SCarrere d’Encausse writes that: "By its xeligious fundamentalism, by its conservatism and even at times by its fanatical stance, Bukhara’s ruling caste -- which was largely made up of gadimi clerics -- could think it was defending the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 14 The push for educational reforms was only the minimum demand of the Jadidist circle. Soon, Bukharan intellectuals and businessmen such as Abdulla Khodzhaev (Faizulla’s father) and Abdul Rauf Fitrat began calling for political change. The latter left for Ottoman Turkey to complete his education, where he studied the contemporary Young Turk movement.'4 His political tract written at this time, entitled Munazira, is considered to be the manifesto of the future Young Bukharans movement. In it, Fitrat expresses the belief that Islam was the cause of cultural stagnation and ignorance in the region of Turkestan.5 The Emir’s despotic and corrupt government had to be overthrown. The Young Bukharan movement was formed to do just this, but members went underground or into exile due to the predominantly conservative nature of Bukharan society and the government’s repressive measures. Faizulla Khodzhaev began his political career in this setting. Born in 1896 to the family of Abdulla Khodzhaev, a wealthy merchant in Bukhara, Faizulla Khodzhaev was afforded integrity of a Muslim Turkestan." Carrere d’Encausse, Reform and Revolution, p.115. Simply put, the Jadids were seen as a foreign (Russian) imposition on existing indigenous power structures. “Ernest Ramsaur, Jr., The Young Turks: Prelude to the Revolution of 1908 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957). “Briefly, Turkestan refers to the general geographical area known as Central Asia. At this time, there existed two quasi~independent khanates, Bukhara and Khiva, that were wedged among the Russian holdings. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15 all the opportunities available to the growing educated class in this Muslim emirate.’ In 1907, Faizulla Khodzhaev travelled to Moscow to continue his education in a Western environment.


Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 22 Turkmenistan, and the autonomous regions of Kirghizia, Kazakhstan, and Tadzhikistan.2! After the territorial consolidation, the Central Asian elite that had hitherto supported the Bolshevik cause and had, at the same time, received military assistance from the Red Army, now found themselves in conflict with the new central government. Many, such as the members of the former Bukharan Central Executive Committee, found refuge in the growing forces of the Basmachi rebellion. Another segment simply emigrate to the West, and left for Istanbul at the earliest possible moment.” The remaining individuals, Faizulla Khodzhaev among them, opted to work out their differences with their Russian superiors on the political battlefield. During the years of 1924-38, Soviet policy focused on training a new cadre of Central Asian leaders who would be more cooperative with their own ideals. After the debacles of the BPSR experiment and the Basmachi uprising, the new Soviet leadership began a campaign of centralizing the political and economic institutions, and laid the groundwork for the inevitable incorporation of the Central Asian republics into the Soviet system. To achieve this goal, the Soviet government implemented a policy of korenizatsiia (nativization) in the For a discussion of the delimitation’s significance, see Pipes, Formation. park, Bolshevism in Turkestan, and Fraser. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 23 late 1920s and early 1930s.¥% Ideally, the aim was to promote Uzbek, Tadzhik, Kazakh, and other ethnic minorities throughout the system in hopes of cultivating local elites sympathetic to the Soviet cause. In Uzbekistan, numerous key positions were filled by writers and political figures who had been at least partially supportive of the Bolsheviks, the most prominent being Khodzhaev and Akmal Ikramov, the First Secretary of the Uzbek Communist Party, in the Uzbek SSR.


Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 24 these measures would be successful.™* Khodzhaev, for one, remained loyal to the Soviet leadership during this period, and was one of the few Bukharans to remain in office for this entire period. In 1924 he was named head of the Central Executive Committee of the Uzbek SSR, holding this position until 1937.% Within a few years, Khodzhaev had become disillusioned with the Soviet government and his support for it. On issues such as education, economic development, and religious freedom, it gradually became evident that the opinions and views of the indigenous leaders were not being considered in Moscow. As petitions and debates ensued, it was clear that a new variation of socialism was developing in Central Asia, one which was not to be looked on favorably by the Soviet regime. Driving this move was the desire to incorporate the needs and gain the support of the Uzbek peasants, as well as achieve their own national goals. Socialism, as practiced by the Bolshevik government, was simply inapplicable to the nationalist elites. Khodzhaev appears to have taken an interest in the ideals of Mir Sa’id Sultangaliev, a Tatar National 4park, pp.184-90. *Khodzhaev’s position as head of the government was paralleled by Akmal Ikramov‘s position as First Secretary of the Uzbek Communist Party (1925-1937). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 25 Communist.** Based on the notion of fusing Marxism with nationalism, Sultangaliev’s National Communism was a belief that stressed the notion of proletariat nations and political independence for ethnic groups. Marxism was thus a means to achieve national aspirations. This clearly contradicted the ideological guidelines of national self- determination set out by Lenin and modified by Stalin, and became a justification for the purging of the Central Asian elite once again in the 1930s.


The nationalists sought to cooperate with the rising Bolshevik movement as a Means to their own nationalist ends. For the national communists, socialism was viewed as a viable political ideology for several reasons. First of all, the Bolsheviks offered a strategy of revolutionary change. Socialism as a political movement offered a technique for mass action, specifically, strikes, protests, and boycotts. The inability to sway and influence the masses was a severe shortcoming of the intelligentsia, who sought any option to correct this deficiency. There was also the advantage in the possibility for outside support. As the nationalist elite numbered several hundred at most, assistance from the Red Army and Bolshevik Party was deemed essential in at least initiating the anticipated revolution. Finally, the possibility of *For a detailed account of Sultangaliev, see Alexandre Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush, Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979). Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 26 independence and national equality, which as least was given lip-service by the Bolshevik’s call for "national self- determination," further drew the nationalists into the socialist camp. It should be noted that the nationalist intelligentsia was not unanimously in favor of the socialist alternative. Factions within the elite emerged because of this issue, and how best employ the socialist tactics once sought. In spite of a vocal minority that firmly believed in the tenets of socialist doctrine as interpreted by the various Russian parties, most felt that socialist strategies could be adopted without fundamentally altering their own nationalist stance. In short, Stalin’s ideal of “socialist in content and nationalist in form" was to be turned on its head.” The Bolshevik leadership permitted such opinions in the short run as it accelerated their overall policy of territorial consolidation.


Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30 The published pamphlets and books are all from the post-1924 period with a noticeable pro-Soviet slant in the writing. Two works in particular, K istorii revoliutsii v Bukhare (On the History of the Revolution in Bukhara) and "O mlado-bukhartsakh" ("About the Young Bukharans"), are detailed accounts of the events surrounding the period of the Bukharan Peoples’ Soviet Republic (1920-1924). The remaining works emphasize the period after the national delimitation. In each instance, I have been able to obtain the original edition. The revisions of the 1930s editions are in and of themselves an interesting topic of discussion and will be explored later in the dissertation. As for secondary sources, I have consulted the major works anc list them in the bibliography. Suffice it to say that most focus on the process of the Soviet incorporation of Central Asia and rely heavily upon the Russian perspective. There are a few exceptions, Carrere d’Encausse in particular, but the literature remains traditional in their approach, giving valuable historical information. They do not, however, explain why the nationalist movements developed, and subsequently failed, in their effort to create an autonomous nation-state in Central Asia. Outside of the very real issue of Soviet military and organizational “In my research, I have found that the 1930s re- publications are substantially "corrected." Thus, I have acquired original editions of Khodzhaev’s publications whenever possible. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31 superiority, the issues of nationalism and ethnic identification are rarely addressed. Soviet scholarship, as noted above with respect to the rehabilitation of Khodzhaev, is substantial in volume, but not very useful in a discussion of the role of indigenous leaders. These include the standard histories of the Uzbek SSR and the Communist Party of Uzbekistan.


This work is a revised version of a 1955 study, that places greater emphasis on the roles of indigenous leaders. Prior to this publication, works on the subject of early Soviet Central Asian history were discussions of Lenin, Stalin, Frunze and the Red Army, but never of such figures as Khodzhaev, Ikramov, or Fitrat. Indeed, of the hundreds of pages written on the subject, only a handful of references to the local figures are made, and these are simply condemnations of "bourgeois- nationalists." The 1971 study, Istoriia Bukharskoi i Khorezmskoi Narodnykh Sovetskikh Respublik, has also been helpful. As with Ishanov’s work, this publication of the Uzbek Academy of Sciences offers a more neutral perspective of this period. Granted, while both remain silent on the conflict between the local leaders and Moscow, there is greater discussion of the historical evolution of the BPSR, with particular focus placed on the anti-Basmachi stance of the Bukharan leadership. I have found the collection of Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 32 official documents published in 1976 entitled Istoriia Bukharskoi Narodnoi Sovetskoi Respubliki (1920-1924aq.}: sbornik dokumentov, to be useful in understanding the Soviet government’s role in the development and eventual elimination of the BPSR.“ And finally, during the past several years, short articles about, or references to Khodzhaev have appeared in both Russian and Uzbek. These will be of particular importance for chapter eight, when I discuss the current role of the re-examination of the early Soviet past in Central Asia. With these works laying the foundation for the my inquiry into Khodzhaev’s actions and policies, I plan to address the questions raised earlier in this introduction. To repeat, the basic objective of this dissertation will be to lay out a theoretical framework of emerging nationalism with special emphasis placed on the role of the elites.


In most case studies of modernizing nations, the elite play the primary role in transmitting nationalist ideals, and Bukhara and Uzbekistan are no exceptions. Afterwards, I will examine the issues that confronted the nationalist elite and Khodzhaev in particular. I will present these in a rough chronological sequence for the sake of organization, although it will be evident that the issues did not rise and fall in any convenient fashion. Finally, I will study the “tT also list works written in the 1950s in the bibliography, but in my research, the more contemporary works remain the most useful. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 33 impact of this period on the contemporary Uzbek political scene, especially as it relates to the developing nationalist movement today. The push for greater rehabilitation and recognition of the first generation of Uzbek leaders has been a "battle cry" for some of the Uzbek nationalists in recent years. In chapter two, I outline a theoretical framework within which to place the historical account of Khodzhaev. Specifically, I define and discuss the concepts of national identity and nationalism, focusing on the issue of elite- mass cooperation. I will discuss the significance of nationalist movements, addressing the actors and issues that can create conditions for a successful nationalist program. In this analysis, I focus on the Jadidist (reformist) tradition that developed among the Bukharan intelligentsia prior to the First World War, and contrast it to the emerging power of the Bolshevik party and the nationalities policy gradually formulated by Lenin and Stalin. I define and signify the importance of such terms as "nation," "nationalism," and "intelligentsia." By laying out definitional guidelines, a framework will be set within which to place the events covered in the dissertation. Finally, I review the Marxist-Leninist perception of nationalism.


Then, I detail the Leninist application of these ideals to the multi-ethnic Russian state. In theory and in the policy application subsequently after the Revolution, it is clear that the Soviet regime and the Jadids of Bukhara fundamentally at odds with each other, in spite of an initial cooperative effort. The split between the local elite and the Soviet government and the resulting exacerbation of tensions are the subjects of chapters three through seven. In chapter three, I lay out the historical background of Khodzhaev’s early life. The central theme of this section is to explore and define the critical features of Bukharan society that shaped Khodzhaev’s formative years. Chapter four centers around the formation of the Bukharan Communist Party and the emergence of Faizulla Khodzhaev as the political leader of the Bukharan intelligentsia. At this early state (1917- 1920), divisions within the group are already forming and will be the subject of greater discussion in the subsequent chapters. In chapter five, I examine the "Jadidist experiment" of the Bukharan Peoples’ Soviet Republic (1920-24) and the attempted creation of a Bukharan nationality. It was during these four years that the Jadids had the greatest opportunity to implement their reform measures. As will be seen, pressures from within the Republic, specifically the armed Basmachi movement and fiscal crises, and from without create an unbearable Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 35 situation for the Bukharan leadership. Khodzhaev had to deal with crises on both the domestic and foreign fronts, and never really had the chance to address any one issue fully. In chapters six and seven, I address the social/cultural, economic, and political conflicts between the local elites and the regime in Moscow during the early Soviet period (1924-38). In each area of policy formation, the clash between the national government and Communist Party in Moscow and the local leaders dictates the events of the period.


Millsaps College Catalog, 1978-1979

A supple- mentary transcript will be required after admission. Freeman applicants must submit results of either the American College Test (ACT) or Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) . COUNSELING PROGRAM Counseling services are designed to help students accomplish maximum success in their academic work. Many members of the college community participate in counseling, and specialists are used as referral resources when problems require specialized therapy. Pre-Registration Counseling: The College provides counseling services to any pro- spective student who wants to explore vocational and educational objectives before entering classes in the fall. Students who are admitted are urged to take advantage of this service. Orientation: Freshmen and transfer students are expected to be on campus on dates specified in the college calendar. Orientation is planned and activated cooperatively by students and faculty to help entering students prepare for campus life. Faculty Advisers: New students are assigned to faculty members who serve as academic program advisers. When a student chooses a major field, the major professor becomes the adviser. Personal Counseling: The Student Personnel Office counsels students on vocational choices, selection of fields of study, study and reading skills, emotional adjustments and related matters. Testing: Individual testing services are available to help with self-analysis and planning in terms of aptitudes, interests and personality. STUDENT HOUSING The deans of men and women coordinate campus housing in cooperation with residence hall hostesses, counselors and assistants. Men who are active members of a fraternity may live in its house. Out-of-town students must reside in college housing unless they have written permis- sion from the Office of Student Affairs to live off-campus. Applications for permission to live off-campus are in the Student Affairs Office and must be completed and approved prior to any intended move. Out-of-town students below the junior level are not permitted to live off-campus...except in special cases as defined by the deans of men and women.


Millsaps College Catalog, 1978-1979

Students who wish to live with relatives must have written permission from the Office of Student Affairs. Residence hall rooms are designed to house two students each. Students wishing to room together should make every effort to pay room deposits at the same time and to specify their desire to room together. Single rooms are limited and those desiring a single room should pay their room reservation fees as eariy as possible. Assignments are made in the order in which this fee or completed applications are received, whichever is later. Room preferences are honored unless the rooms are already taken by students who are eligible for them. Room rent cannot be refunded after the semester begins. 10 Residence halls open at 10 a.m. on the day preceding each term and close at 10 a.m. on the day following the last scheduled examination of each term. During Thanksgiving and spring holidays, the residence halls will close at 3 p.m. on the last day of scheduled classes and reopen at noon on the day preceding the resumption of classes. Students are not housed in the residence halls during Thanksgiving, Christmas or spring holidays. MEDICAL SERVICES Millsaps provides medical services for minor illnesses to those students living in the residence halls and fraternity houses. The services of a physician are available through the nurse on duty or one of the residence hostesses. Serious illnesses of those requiring long- term care are referred to a local hospital or to home on a private patient basis. The College will pay for the initial visit to the school physician, however, any addi- tional visits to the school physician or any visits to another physician or specialist is the financial responsibility of the student. Students who make their own appointments with the school physician or any other physician, except in emergencies, will accept financial responsibility of the appointment.


Millsaps College Catalog, 1978-1979

Upon approval and pay- ment of a $15 fee, the following schedule of payments will apply: 50% at registration 25% October 1 or March 1 25% November 1 or April 1 To meet the additional expenses of bookkeeping and collecting, an additional charge is imposed when accounts are not paid on the day they are due. A ten-day grace period will be allowed from the day the payment is due. At the expiration of the ten-day period, all past-due accounts will be assessed a $5 late charge. If a student on the deferred payment plan withdraws after the refund period, the un- paid balance on the account is due and payable in full. Any accounts due for any preceding semester must be paid before a student will be enrolled for the succeeding semester. The registrar is not permitted to transfer credits until all outstanding indebtedness to the College is paid. No student will graduate unless (s)he has settled all indebtedness, including library fines and the graduation fee. CASHING PERSONAL CHECKS— Personal checks for a maximum of $25 may be cashed in the Business Office and a maximum of $10 in the Bookstore upon proper iden- tification. A charge of $3 per check is made for all returned checks. REFUNDS.— Room rent cannot be refunded after the semester has begun. Unused amounts paid in advance for board are refundable. A student who withdraws with good reason from a course or courses within one week after the date of the first meeting of classes on regular schedule will be entitled to a refund of 80% of tuition and fees; within two weeks, 60% ; within three weeks, 40% , and within four weeks, 20% . If a student re- mains in college as long as four weeks, no refund will be made except for board. The date of withdrawal from which all claims to reductions and refunds will be re- ferred is the date on which the registrar is officially notified by the student of the intention to withdraw.


Millsaps College Catalog, 1978-1979

Stimulation and coordination of campus religious life are the functions of the Com- mittee on Religious Activities, the Chaplain, and the Chaplain's Committee of the College Senate." The office of the Chaplain attempts to maintain direct contact with student religious groups to encourage and support their activities, and to provide religious and personal counseling both to individuals and to groups. Both the Religious Activities Com- mittee and the Chaplain's Committee, consisting of faculty and student members, attempt to determine the religious needs of the college community and to provide special pro- grams and emphases as required. Student religious groups vary widely and have become less formal. Students desiring the more structural type of young adult programs are encouraged to affiliate with established activities in local churches of their choice. Some campus groups are organized along denominational lines, while others have a more ecumenical orientation and attempt to provide discussion, study, activities, and projects which will appeal to all students, whether or not they are affiliated with a specific church. The office of the chaplain reflects a desire for the religious life on the campus to in- volve an organized concern for the total needs of the Millsaps community. Persons and committees related to this office plan for concerns that are narrowly religious in nature as well as those that represent efforts to minister to personal needs of individuals. The Fellowship, an organization of persons preparing for professional Christian voca- tions, attempts to create programs and field work appropriate to the needs of student members. PUBLIC EVENTS COMMITTEE The Public Events Committee receives funds from the student government to spon- sor programs of general interest to the campus and community. Its major activity is the Fri- day Forum Series— a continuing slate of speakers presented each Friday during the academic year.


Millsaps College Catalog, 1978-1979

Competitive sports conducted in an atmosphere of good sportsmanship and fair play can make a significant contribution to the complete physical, emotional, moral, and men- tal development of the well-rounded individual. They are thus an integral part of a pro- gram of liberal education. An attempt is made to provide a sports-for-all program and to encourage as many students as possible to participate. Intercollegiate The program for men includes football, basketball, baseball, and tennis. Soccer is played on a club basis. The women's program includes basketball and tennis. The programs are conducted on guidelines established by the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women of which Millsaps College is a member. Those who participate in intercollegiate athletics are required to observe and maintain the same academic standards as other students. Intramural The program for men provides competition among campus organizations in basket- ball, volleyball, softball, tennis, track, soccer, and golf. Rules are made and administered by the Intramural Council, composed of student representatives with the intramural direc- tor as an ex-officio member. The program for women is administered by The Women's Intramural Council, whose student members head the teams that compete in such sports as touch football, badmin- ton, volleyball, tennis, basketball, and softball. Election to the Majorette Club provides recognition for athletic participation. PUBLICATIONS The Purple and White is the official student newspaper of the College, and its staff is composed of individuals interested in campus journalism. The P&W endeavors to pro- vide coverage of all Millsaps events, as well as to serve as a forum for discussion and ex- ploration of ideas. Now in its seventy-second year, the Bobashela is the annual student publication of Millsaps College, attempting to give a comprehensive view of campus life. "Bobashela" is an Indian name for good friend.