Montana outdoors

By Ken Greer The Montana Fish and Game Com- rr.ission has been given the author- ity by legislation to nnanage grizzly bears as a rare species, which they are. In order to manage the bears properly, such things as ages, sexes, and numbers of grizzlies annually harvested must be knov^/n as accu- rately as possible. It's a matter of record that some black bear are mistakenly reported as grizzlies, and this is understandable. In order to keep these mistakes to a minimum, the Commission v\/ill be requested to pass regulations requiring that hunt- ers turn in both the hides and sculls of their grizzly trophies for tagging. The skulls will be cleaned in the GRIZZLY BEAR department's laboratory at Bozeman and then examined to make certain of the species and to gather age and o'fher information. They will then be returned to the hunters. One might think that it's a simple matter to distinguish between black and grizzly bears, but the fact is that it is sometimes difficult even in a nose to nose situation. Size, color and texture of the fur, and body conformation vary greatly among both black and grizzly bears. The dish-faced nose and forehead area commonly believed a distinguishing feature of grizzlies is not entirely reliable because it also occurs among black bears. On the other hand, the rather straight nose-forehead profile RIGHT FRONT FOOT typical of black bears can also be found among grizzlies. When identification is difficult, there are telltale clues if the animal can be examined closely. Persons who know what to look for can us- ually distinguish between a grizzly and black bear hide by looking at the feet. When even foot examination leaves a question, the skull, and particularly the teeth, affords a final check. After examining a host of grizzly bears at the fish and game laboratory in Bozeman, guidelines have been devised for identification of bear species from feet and skulls.


Montana outdoors

Peters Montana is blessed with a ir of high quality water-oriented recreation. Several of our rivers — the Madison, Yellowstone, and Big Hole — rank among the top ten trout fishing streams in the United States. In addition to a number of large man-made lakes built as multi-purpose water development projects by state and federal agencies, Montana has many large natural lakes. The most noteworthy natural lake is Flathead which covers an area of 188 square miles and is the third largest lake west of the Mississippi River drain- age. Within our state, we have several thousand high mountain lakes, many of which are isolated and get little use. It is unfortunate that these waters are not equally distributed throughout the state. The western third of the state is water-rich, the central portion lacks water especially in the northern part, and the eastern third is just plain water-poor. Most water development projects have been built in the western and central parts of the state, leaving the water-poor eastern area even relatively poorer. The Fish and Game Department has been able to work rather success- Tully with the road building commun- ity protecting trout streams as a result of Montana's Stream Preservation Law which was first enacted in 1963. Because of the good working rela- tionships that have developed over the years, Montana highway officials asked the department how recrea- tion lakes could be built in conjunc- tion with highway construction. It was pointed out that lakes could be developed from borrow pits or by utilizing road embankments as dams where the roads cross drainages. Suc- cessful programs developed by fish and game and highway people in other states were used as a basis to describe depths, area, water quality, etc., necessary to make a lake suit- able for recreation.


Wacci 54

I never had any trouble with CP/M+, but my whole system went suddenly dead while trying to save some Forth screens. I switched off everything and tried to restart, but nothing would work. Power was going into the keyboard unit, but no response was forthcoming from the VDU; not even a raster; it appeared to be dead. I removed all the peripherals, ROMs, printer and disc drive and tried again. To my relief, the monitor lit up again, but when I added the ROM box, and tried again, all was as dead as Hector. I then replaced the other bits and pieces and tried without the ROM box and everything worked happily. This seemed to indicate a problem with the ROMS, so I removed them, one by one, (Switching off before doing so.) The first one from the box happened to be ROMDOS, and when I restarted the gear, Protext and all the rest came up as usual. I replaced the ROMDOS and all failed again, so that was where the problem lay. It would seem that something had done-in my ROMDOS, whilst I was trying to save the screens. I have obtained another copy of ROMDOS, but I decided to remove the ROM board before using Forth again. It also occurred to me that someone else might have some idea what to do about that. Another version of Forth that would work with CP/M+, might be the best answer. Recently I read somewhere that one cannot use 3.5° drives with CP/M, and I concluded that such a statement was nonsense, since I use both together all the time. Now I am wondering if the person who said that was trying to use CP/M 2.2 with a 3.5" drive. I know that RODOS cannot work with CP/M of any kind at all but, as I have already said, I have had no problems with ROMDOS and CP/Mt.


Wacci 54

I was preparing a booklet file for the FORTH DOC files when the crash took place. I removed my new ROMDOS and went on with that work. I noticed that when I tried to load the FORTH.DOC file from the WACCI PD Disc 1 there was an unusual effect on the screen - almost as if the fault that had hurt ay ROMDOS was trying to recur. The YDU seemed to be experiencing an overload and was on the point of failing. Now, my colour monitor does suffer from overload if I try to use it to load a tape into my 464 - evidently some problem with the power supply - but my green-screen monitor does not suffer from this fault. The result of such an overload causes the same symptoms, monitor-wise, as the ROMDOS failure. I noticed that the phenomenon didn’t appear when loading other files from the disc. What to do about it? I decided to save the file, which I had managed to load into PROTEXT, and try again. I put a fresh disc in the drive and saved the file. I then tried to load it again and it loaded without a problem. After fooling around with both discs for a while, observing the effects on the VDU I decided that the problem was in the FORTH.DOC file that had been copied with NSWP to the PD disc - and nowhere else. Just what the problem was I know not, but it had been shed between the loading and re-saving from PROTEXT. I concluded that copying the file with NSWP, PIP or FILECOPY had taken the fault along with the file, but saving from PROTEXT had left it behind. I returned to my original PD disc and deleted the offending file which I then saved to it again from PROTEXT.


Wacci 54

A series would be most welcome, Colin. You write it, we'll print it. How will making doughnuts square help headless beings to ingest them? Surely your other sphincter would be able to cope with anything. -Mike.>> IMPRESSED, THANKFUL AND HOPEFUL Dear Mike, Thank you for the help you and Tony Walker gave over the phone on 3rd and 4th April regarding 3rd drives for my CPC 6128. I want to tell you of some excellent service that I have received from Arnor. About a month ago I was having trouble with my Protext ROM which I have had for six years. I contacted Arnor on a Wednesday and they asked me to return it to them for checking. Three days later I received a replacement ROM free of charge and it was the latest issue of Protext. Does anybody know of any reliable places where I can buy ROMdos, a 3rd drive switch and MAXIdos please? When I bought the May issue of Amstrad Computer User there were no firms advertising them. I could get Amstrad Action but that has a cover tape and a high price, (which is no use when I have a CPC 6128.) I am impressed with the quality of the WACCI CP/M PD software. The DC-CPC Spreadsheet is just about the noisiest spreadsheet I have come across. Just about every other key I press except the cursor keys gives a beep. However upon reading the instructions for it I had to make a work disc which I was glad of because it gave me an idea of how to auto start my DR Logo disc. Does the Mikedit Word-processor have any means of loading in a text file, I can find the save file option on the menus but no load options. I have even tried entering a text file name in the command tail at the A> prompt when loading Mikedit but that makes no difference except for loading the word-processor.


The Historical Mission of the Working Class and the Contemporary International Revolutionary Process

This assumes, under various conditions, that the consideration of any political and class question any- where in the world should proceed from the workers’ re- volutionary standpoint and stem from the theoretical start- ing point of socialist revolution. The diversification and complexity of peoples’ is- sues are in need of this most radical concept which is capable of unifying such issues; and without this most radi- cal concept, viz: the workers, it will be impossible to unify peoples’ issues in a developed militant manner. A superficial, or confirmist, concept can provide a stumbling and precarious combination of human struggle issues, which may achieve simple and narrow coordination and collaboration but such consequences are far from of- fering any methodological course of common struggle per- fected by the strategy of contemporary international revo- lution. The international life of the working class has pro- vided, through irrefutable and radical experiences, evidence of the fact that the working class itself has been capable of steering the variables of human struggle and transforming them into constant socialist transformation principles which have imposed the socialist reconstruction in vast areas of the world. Following the glorious Soviet October Revolution, the positions of socialist struggle have been consolidated and basic opportunities provided for the liberation and social progress of peoples, within the framework of the ever- 8 growing prestige and historical role of the working class in the orientation of social struggle and liberation. As the Soviet October Revolution represented the great starting point of the international revolutionary movement, the assimilation of the process and comprehen- sion of its specific conditions makes it basically inevitable to devote serious attention to two points - 1. Intensive deduction of revolutionary lessons and ex- periences introduced by the October Revolution, close maintenance of revolutionary inspiration and an ever- vital revision of the October Revolution. 2.


The working class in the imperialist West should either acclimatise itself within the classical imperialist system and abandon the world revolutionary process, or merge itself with the revolutionary and liberation movements the world over, within the role it can efficiently undertake and thus assume in a pioneering manner; there is no other alter- native. THE «THIRD WORLD» AND NATIONAL REVOLU- TION : To begin with, reference should be made to the fact that the East is a permissive expression referring to the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America, to qualify the ferocious national revolutionary struggle launched by the oppressed masses against world imperialism and capitalism. The term of national revolution implies the following basic concepts : a) Struggle against imperialism and neo-colonialism b) Struggle against foreign occupation. c) Unification of the masses belonging to one nation. 24 d) Unification of the territory belonging to one nation. A glance at these concepts would reveal a fact related to the possibility of their orientation within a bourgeois democratic channel or a socialist development. This implies that the polarisation of class struggle and _ the significant role of the working class within its context are the two basic guarantees to define the socialist course of national revolution. For several considerations, it can be argued that on certain occasions an improper divergence took place between the world workers’ struggle and national strug- gle in the colonised, occupied and oppressed territories, which resulted in popularising an experience within most national movements through which the middle and petit-bourgeois leadership managed to leave _ their im- prints. Should the common intuitive concept in the theo- retical and political analysis of scientific socialism indi- cate that any national and nationalist struggle, after the October Revolution, joins the great human effort in re- sisting capitalism and its vices, then ascribing the char- acteristic of planning practices to such a postulate is indis- pensible.


The forces of world imperialism have endeavoured to destroy the nations of the East, humiliate their masses, plunder their material resources and deny them the op- portunity of liberty and progress. In this, the imperialist forces relied on the reactionary forces of the oppressed nations to draw up long-range exploitation schemes. 26 In the wake of the compound, long-range programme for the exploitation, colonisation and impoverishment of the oppressed nations, class struggle was growingly in- corporated into national conflicts. For instance, the Arab nation, with a population of 100 million, has been suffering for more than three cen- turies under the yoke of imperialism and foreign occupa- tion, subject to contrasted domination of the Ottomans and local feudalists, to be followed by British and French imperialism, Zionism and the big bourgeoisie. Now this contractual plunder is shared by the U.S. imperialists, Zionists, Arab royal regimes, the reactionary monarchy in Iran and all other pockets of neo-colonialism which have collaborated to dedicate the occupation of Arab Palestine, other Arab territories and the Arab Gulf. the plunder of Arab oil and conversion of Arab territory into military bases. Hence, it is obvious that the struggle waged by the masses of the Arab nation is ironically both complex and simple; it combines several forms of class and national struggle, which are vividly clear to the Arab masses which consider Arab unity a central slogan to maintain their historical entity as a nation and safeguard their Arab homeland against occupation. The most ferocious imperialist and Zionist techni- ques which aim to subdue the Arab masses, plunder their resources and impoverish their forthcoming generations is that of occupying the Arab territories, deporting Arab natives and coercively bringing in alien settlers. Zi Hand in hand with this technique goes another im- perialist technique represented in aggravating disruption. fragmentation and class conflicts.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. in fact, provide a more biblical vision of the God who is present in the midst of life, suffering, and even in loss. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 5 CHAPTER 1 THE IMPACT OF LOSS Loss not death is the normative metaphor for understand¬ ing those experiences in human life that produce grief. The Christian congregation's ministry in the presence of grief requires a recognition of the impact that loss has upon persons. Behind all grief there is a form of loss. Bertha Simos explained: Loss is defined as being deprived of or being without something one has had and valued and includes the exper¬ ience of separation. The term is applied both to the act of severance leading to the loss, as well as to a tempo¬ rary loss and to the fear of loss. These experiences, loss, separation, and fear of loss, are universal to all people at every stage of the life cycle. 2 Perhaps because persons are more accustomed to hear¬ ing about the dramatic losses that occur, especially losses resulting from death, there is a tendency to overlook many of the other loss experiences of life. "Loss touches every¬ one throughout life," reminds John Schneider, "yet its exis¬ tence is frequently unrecognized, except in extreme cases ^Kenneth R. Mitchell and Herbert Anderson, All Our Loss, All Our Griefs (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983) 19. ^Bertha G. Simos, A Time to Grieve (New York: Family Service Association of America, 1979) I". Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ,-dt- 6 such as death, war or disasters." 3 How often is loss recog¬ nized as a part of a major promotion, a cross-country move, the fulfillment of a dream, or of the marriage of a child?


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

Loss is hazardous to human health and well¬ being; therefore it must be given serious recognition and attention in the Christian community and the larger society. Loss affects the total person: emotionally, physi¬ cally, mentally, socially and spiritually. Loss also comes in jnany forms and often with multiple aspects. For a more systematic presentation of the various types of loss, I have grouped loss into four basic categories: 1) loss of rela- 7 Schneider, 12. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 11 tionships, 2) loss related to oneself, 3) loss of material objects, and 4) loss related to life stages and social sys¬ tems. Loss of Relationships The first conscious awareness of loss for many people comes during childhood when a first "best friend" moves away, or when an aged grandparent dies and one sadly recognizes that one of significance has gone from the circle of relation¬ ships. Life and living encompass a complex of attachments to and separations from other human beings through each stage of life, from womb to grave. Through our lives pass a steady stream of persons, many we hardly know, a few we live with in the most intimate of ways, but sooner or later we are separa¬ ted from them all. These losses are an inescapable part of our human lives. They occur through divorce, physical sepa¬ ration, accident, illness, rejection, advanced age, natural and manmade tragedy, imprisonment and death. Significant to the grief that comes from such loss of relationship is the intensity and ratio of both positive and negative feelings held toward the person who is gone. No amount of love can keep a person forever by one's side. Nor would feeling hatred toward another person remove the possibility of ex¬ periencing grief when that person is gone. Recognition of the ratio of love and hate in a relationship broken by loss is a key element in healthy grief work.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

Nevertheless we are attached to them and what they represent, and their loss would cause us pain. The grief evoked by the loss of a favorite object may arise from the identification we have made between the object and some significant person in our life. When my family eats the last jar of my deceased mother's watermelon pickles, one more tangible expression of her loving presence will disappear from our home. I have no doubt that the spe¬ cial tablecloth she made for us will seem just a little more important when all the pickles are gone. Our pets may be regarded as possessions, yet because we tend to speak of and relate to pets as though they are human, we experience intense grief over their loss. Death of a pet is often one of a child's first and most traumatic losses. A child also experiences loss and real pain when a Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 14 favorite toy breaks and Daddy cannot "fix it," or when the precious security blanket finally wears out, or the first +imp. a balloon pops, or when the child innocently tosses a kitten into the air like a stuffed toy and its neck is bro¬ ken. The parent's behavior and attitude toward the child at these times of loss will have influence upon the young¬ ster's first feelings of grief. As children tend to be more overt arui expressive of feelings, the parental acceptance or rejection of these feelings will either encourage or discour¬ age future expressions of grief as the child grows and faces other losses in life. And thus the child internalizes what his parent figures communicate is "okay" or "not okay" to feel and to express at times of loss. Loss Related to Life Stages and Social Systems Loss occurs in the normal development of life and in the evolution of the social systems in which we live.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

Each new step of growth and change for us as human beings is built upon giving up or leaving behind a familiar object or self-image. When the baby develops the ability to drink in¬ dependently from a glass and to eat solid food, he also ex¬ periences the loss of the comfort of the mother's breast. Graduation from high school signals the passing of familiar routines of our school days, and while society celebrates this accomplishment with festive rituals, some youth experience Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 15 graduation as a time of loss and confusion and resent the new expectations placed upon them. Young adults experience the loss of personal freedom when they choose a specific career and exclude other possibilities, or decide to share life with one person, or assume the responsibilities of parenthood with its accompanying loss of time and resources for personal pleasures. Later stages in life bring possible loss of phy— sical mobility or health, and changes affecting judgment, 8 memory and decision-making powers. Human beings tend to live in a variety of social and interacting systems that develop dependable or at least pre¬ dictable patterns of behavior. Workers on an assembly line may experience the loss of the need for skills they have de¬ veloped over a lifetime because of advances in automation that change or completely eliminate their familiar jobs. When my oldest son moved from home to live with friends, the whole family experienced feelings of pain and emotions of grief that we had not anticipated as we experienced a change w ithin our family system and realized that life would never be the same again. We recognized that within this normal, to-be-expected development of our children growing up and "going out on their own" there is even there a kind of loss and grief to be worked through. ®Simos, 13-18.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

I 18 seems •» nhirman to treat our dying loved ones to some kind of facadical relationship because we think it will make their burden greater if we let them see a little of the pain we experience at their leaving. The nurturing of open and loving communication between the living as well as between the living and the dying is always a vital part of the church's ministry with persons. Let us also be aware that loss can be experienced differently, depending on whether we are the one leaving a relationship or the one being left. Feeling resentful at being left is a frequent experience of survivors even in a case of death. Guilt, on the other hand, may be a strong feeling with persons who leave home, or a marriage, or a job, or a love relationship. Summary Loss, in any form, whether related to things, rela¬ tionships, or very significant persons, is at base a loss of a part of our self. Our lives are formed so much by the many attachments we make, and loss represents a taking away of some part of our personal totality. Loss is inescapably painful precisely because attachment is a human necessity. Our attachment to objects other than human beings is a recognition not only that the un¬ conscious continues to be indiscriminate throughout adult¬ hood, it is also an affirmation of our linkage with the Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 19 whole of creation that God has given us as a sacred trust. To be human is to be a griever for all kinds of losses.10 Aware that losses come in all shapes and sizes, and that the recognition and identification of our losses is important to our total well-being and growth, we now turn to consider grief - the reaction we have to loss. 10 Mitchell and Anderson, 51-52.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 30 a reminder that though the loss may be permanent, life and relationships do go on, and the grief process will not have to last forever. Grief is spiral shaped. Beginning at the point of the loss with its emotional shock and acute pain, the griever progresses in a circular movement which from time to time brings him back to a point directly above the starting and many of the initial feelings burst out again. This is very likely to occur during special holidays or on an anniversary of a time which had special meaning for the bereaved and the one lost. The further one moves away from the loss, the less powerful these emotions become, although they may never com¬ pletely fade. The spiral model provides a meaningful image for talking about the process of grief, allowing for the un¬ predictability of emotions and also offering a sign of hope 14 for the successful completion of the grief work. Grief is temporarily self-centered . Persons in grief need to have opportunity, at least momentarily, to shut out the rest of the world while they face the initial shock waves of their pain and loss. This does not mean that the person should be left alone; it does mean allowing the bereaved some time to get started on his grief work before the usual social l^Kenneth R. Mitchell and Herbert Anderson, All Our Losses, All Our Griefs (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983) 91. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 31 pressures or economic necessity push him back into the socia* world. Temporary withdrawal and tending to one's intraper¬ sonal experience is an important part of the healing process anH should not be viewed as unhealthy escapism unless it be¬ comes a long-term condition. 16 Grief i f : work because it is a hard and painful exper¬ ience which takes a lot of energy.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 35 when they are experiencing personal troubles and grief. I could not understand why persons who had been regular in wor¬ ship attendance, had participated in other church activities, and who appeared dependable and enthusiastic about their church, suddenly turned it all off when loss entered their lives. Didn't they realize that the church was one place wh&rs they could really confront the dark side of life? Did they blame God for their loss, or feel that there was no reason to continue in the church since all their participa¬ tion had not prevented pain from entering their lives? Had their church activities been a kind of insurance policy against trouble? Or could it be that they felt that sorrow, anger, guilt, and feelings of despair just did not fit or would not be acceptable to all those bright, smiling faces at Sunday morning worship? I have come to believe that the problem was even more basic than all these popular reasons — it usually involved the core of a person's beliefs about God. In spite of the persistent myth of popular religion that "It doesn't matter what you believe, just so you believe in God," in times of crisis persons find that what they believe about God impacts directly upon how they deal with and feel about the crisis itself. The question to be faced is not whether or not one believes in God, but what is the nature of the God one be¬ lieves in? Even prior to the question about the nature and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 36 characteristics of God is the question: What is faith? Paul Tillich has contributed much to clarify our thinking about the nature of faith with his definition that faith is "a state of being ultimately concerned." 3 Tillich's exploration of faith as ultimate concern helps separate faith as a dyna¬ mic state of being totally committed from the content of our ultimate concerns.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 39 result from th e social and individual abuse of free will. The finite freedom which God has given and which might appear to be a self-imposed limitation on God's goodness and power can really be seen as a positive witness to these aspects of divinity. Only an all-powerful God can take such a risk as to create historical beings with such radical freedom. Thus God, who transcends this creation and history with its free¬ dom that allows for the event of evil and suffering, is also the God who continues to struggle against the creation's abu¬ sive use of freedom. Tillich reminds us that in our devotional and rela¬ tional life with God the two main symbolic spheres by which we relate to God, that of God as Lord and God as Father, are not to be seen as conflicting images but as manifestations of God's being. The concept 'Lord' expresses the holy power, the distance between God and creation. The concept Father expresses the holy love, the unity between God and creation. If the content of our faith does not include both concepts, then our image of God is less than complete. The image of 'Lord' alone can become a tyranny, while the image of 'Father' 8 alone tends to become sentimentality. Now we turn to identify those theological concepts drawn from the life of Jesus which address the existential issues common to the grief process. 8 Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology .(Chicago: Univer¬ sity of Chicago Press, 1951) I, 286-288. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 40 In the manifestation of Christ in our created exist¬ ence we meet God as Lord and as Father, and we meet Christ as Son as Brother.^ The confession of Jesus as the Christ, the God-sent-one, focuses our attention on how God partici¬ pates in this historical creation.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

As we observe Jesus through the eyes of the Gospel writers and of the early church community, we become aware of God's involvement, en¬ countering the abuse of freedom by sinful man, and encourag¬ ing responsible choice of a lifestyle of love and justice. In the previous chapter, grief was defined as a pro¬ cess involving recognition, acceptance and resolution of loss in a person’s life. Recognition coincides in grief with the initial im¬ pact or shock of a loss. Many different emotions may be ex¬ pressed but the dominant state is one of anxiety resulting from the separation and threatening radical change in one's life style. In an extreme case, as in death of a spouse who was one's primary source of love and security, the loss may be perceived as a direct attack on the content of a person s faith. The theological issue here is the need for the courage to be, the need to be heard and sustained in a time when basic life trust has been threatened or attacked. Here the model of Jesus, praying in great anxiety in the garden ^Tillich, Systematic Theology, I, 289. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 41 (Mark 14:32-34), and enduring the overwhelming sense of aban¬ donment on the cross (Mark 15:34), can be cathartic paradigms of our own experience. And perhaps in this initial period of recognition of loss we need to hear and sense that "we are not alone in our struggles, (II Corinthians 1:1-8); and that our God promises to be with us in our struggles. (Phillipians 3:10)." 10 As the grief process moves toward acceptance of the loss, the energy invested in the attachment begins to be re¬ gained by the ego. There is a lessening of emotional pain and the beginning of the creation of memories and the estab¬ lishment of perspective.


Smith - In The Presence Of Grief A Re

A positive approach to anger is to accept and express it, to work with the anger until some resolution, is found. This is a more productive approach than today's common ten¬ dency to deny or hide our anger, or to separate ourself from what we consider to be the source of our anger. God can be approached in anger as well as in love anH obedience if God is understood as being beyond all our gods and ideas of god, as the inclusive ground and power of being who is able to overcome our anger through acceptance and grace. God heals by accepting and absorbing our anger, even anger toward God, just as God absorbed evil and death in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, thus overcoming the abuses of finite freedom and transforming them into new life. Thus "the Cross stands as the central effective manifestation of God's taking the abusive consequences of finite freedom upon himself." 12 12 Paul Tillich, Systematic Theology, II, 176. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 43 As grief proceeds toward resolution, the realization grows that one is now faced with the demands and circum¬ stances of a new reality. The death of a spouse especially confronts the bereaved with the need for a reorganization of one's life style. New patterns of behavior will be formed as new relationships are established, both with new and old friends. The content of belief needed for the final phase of the grief process as the new life style of the bereaved begins to take shape is the concept of divine love. This divine love is manifest in the conditions of existence in Jesus the Christ. 13 This love is the power that can help the bereaved reconstruct their lives, gain confidence and trust to live through grief, absorb the pain and begin to participate in the new reality of their lives.


Mississippi Star, August 1997, Vol. 1 No. 12

I want them to know that we are preparing them to make a difference in the world. Each person should strive to make a differ- ence. We strive to make a difference in children’s lives.” Elaine LaFontaine, a friend and fellow third grade teacher, said that Stewart is an inspiration to all. “She is a tremendous role model in her com- munity as well as in her school. Portia is always willing to help others.. She is a caring, loving person who has helped many students in our school. She has 8 Mississippi Star PORTIA STEWART been a dedicated teacher and friend to many in the Bay-Waveland School District for the past twenty-four years.” Stewart is serving in the second year of her second term as _ president of the Pass Christian School Board. She is a graduate of Randolph High School and Alcorn State University. She serves her church, Goodwill Baptist Church as director of the youth department which includes the youth choir and drill team; and she sings in the inspirational choir. Portia and her husband Robert, a horologist in the jewelry department at Service Merchandise in Gulfport, have four children, two girls and two boys, and they reside in Pass Christian. Chantel is a senior at William Carey on the Coast. Nikita is planning to begin her junior year at USM Gulf Park; Ryan is a junior in the band and on the track team at Pass High; Robyn is a member of the Pass High band and is an honor student. Ms We’ve Been Putting People First For 100 Years We believe in our community and the power of the dreams of the people who live here. Over the past 100 years, we ve helped a lot of dreams come true — family vacations, new cars, home improvements, family businesses.


They have confidence, they are assertive and they are aggres- sive. They believe that they can tack- le anything. They all remain bright eye and bushy tail all the way through.” Shelia Williams, principal of Mt. Carmel Alpha II Christian School confirms Fairley’s assessment. “Ninety-eight percent of the students who leave Alpha are honor roll stu- dents when they attend other schools,” she said. The reason for this success accord- ing to Williams is very basic. “I believe that above all our school is a ministry. We minister first as well as teach in an atmosphere of excellence. All of our children are introduced to Christ. This is one of the first things that we do. The first class of every 24 Mississippi Star day is Bible study. “You have to minister to the underlying problems before you can reach the students academically,” she explained.. “Many of our students are male and must be ministered to in the area of self-esteem. Some have been pre- viously labeled as having behavioral Once the self-esteem is problems. Edna Toler is director of Mt. Carmel’ Alpha I. established, we have found that the behavioral problem is also corrected. This is one of the main reasons ACS came into existence. “One of the first things we do is to let them know who they are in Christ,” Williams revealed. “They learn that J can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me. They learn that they can achieve. They learn that they can strive to be any- thing that they want to be.” Williams revealed that her role at the school was also the result of “T had worked about every type of sales a spiritual discovery. job from direct mail, radio sales and I’ve even sold cars. I prayed to the Lord to reveal to me my purpose.


A new school year sounds great to some, but not everyone believes that is so. Everyone is not open to the idea that a new school year pro- vides the opportunity for a fresh start to reach new heights and to accomplish the things that will make you feel proud of y-o-u. Your friends will be there, but you shouldn't have to terminate friend- ships unless the friendship is in the way of you going after your goals. If, in the past, you have been the class clown, pull away from that role. Surprise your friends by showing them that there are brains in your head. If you have cheated on a test or assignment, develop study habits which will allow you to make the grade without having to cheat - solo, if necessary. If you are having a serious problem in a class, talk with your teacher and seek out a tutor or a friend or class- mate who has a good grasp of the subject. If you have been a party animal in the past, | would advise you to begin practicing the theory: Hard work before trifling play makes stu- dent get the grade to mosey on down the aisle and receive diplo- ma. You will be rewarded in a major way for all of the partying you suspend. Finally, there is no doubt that school is stressful. Each class deliv- ers a different feeling and a differ- ent aspect. The only way to grasp these things is by being alert. Take advantage of all the opportunity to learn and to prepare yourself for a productive future. Apply yourself, push yourself and think better of yourself. Always reach higher than the sky! Adrienne Bradley is a_ recent graduate of Our Lady Academy in Bay St. Louis and will begin her freshman year at the University of South Alabama in September. s August 1997 33 CALENDAR | AUGUST 16 & 17 AUGUST 21 Gulf Coast Par Busters Third Annual Gulf Coast of Gulfport Business and Golf Tournament Marketing Fair The Great Southern West Harrison Golf Clulo Community Center Gulfoort 4470 Esopy Avenue 7:00 a.m.


Monterey news

The sun is shining on the water It is very peaceful I am Sitting on a big rock The rock is warm from the sun I take off my shoes Christina Gregor The Goldfish Why do you die so soon? How come you picked the water? Why are you So timid? How come your scales are so pretty? How do you like the bowl? Where do you get your bubbles? How did you get here? Because I get sick It suits me Something may drop on me The sunrays hit me Its like a prison cell That happens when I breath out My ancestors evolved into many Tess Hardcastle Why is hair so hairy? How do you get so curly? How do you get so straight? And dirty Why do you turn grey? Why do you fall out? Our long lost friend When you get cut off When you are on the floor It is a tragedy Lindy Ann Marcel 13 LATE SEASON MAPLER: THE SAPSUCKERS Sugaring is over for us this year. When people ask me what kind of season we had, I say, “We did real well, consid- ering.” I can go on to explain that the sap was good and sweet, but we didn’t have much dry wood put up and ready this year. Things went well in the sugarhouse, with good help from our kids and others, and nice visits with old friends and neigh- bors. Unfortunately we weren’t actually in the sugarhouse all that much because there were three weeks in March so cold the sap couldn’t run. Then before we knew it, April was here. It was full of snow, but the trees knew it was spring and the sap turned cloudy or “buddy,” and we shut down. I put in some time in the bottling department, filling orders, and now the operation is all cleaned up and packed away except for a hundred buckets stacked in the woodshed waiting to be washed.


Monterey news

Don Clawson Box 26 Monterey 01245 (413) 528-3257 BREAKFAST WITH A NUCLEAR REACTOR: MEDITATIONS ON ENERGY Nestled at the bottom of a mountain in Rowe, MA, surrounded by incredible natural beauty, the 365 ton engine of the decomissioned Yankee Rowe facility was driven through large steel gates, and, at one mph, crossed a specially recon- structed bridge over the Deerfield River. It was on its way to a wide-load car on a train that would take its low-level radio- active waste to a burial plot in Barnwell, South Carolina. I had every reason not to go, but curiosity got the best of me. I watched the sun rise over the eastern summit in Florida, MA on Sunday, April 27, and wound down the mountain in the dark, thinking that the directions from my bu- reau chief about going down the last stretch in a low gear were understated. The people who work there are trust- ing. I stood 10 yards from the reactor core vessel, alarge cannister laying on its side, with a ""Project Green Field - Safe from Start to Finish" logo on either end. The employees told me - with straight faces, and no protective gear - how the decommissioning was 70 percent com- plete, and would be finished by the end of the year. They were safely "completing the cycle of nuclear energy." They also told me what a great employer Yankee Rowe had been. I asked about the high-level waste. The reactor core was low level from having been the container for the nuclear reactions that generate the energy, but what about the really “hot" stuff? It was on site, I was told, in something called "spent-fuel pools." When the fuel rods wear out, they get dumped in a protected area, and sit there, waiting ten thousand years fer to decontaminate. I was told that the solution for this, and the way to return the site to it's previous condition (green field) was for the federal government to decide on one national site for all of this toxicity (God bless the neighbors) so that the fuel could be removed.


Monterey news

It is believed to have belonged to Metacomet, the Wampanoag war chief who led tribal nations on a war path to drive the English out of New England. Better described as a series of bloody frontier skirmishes, they went down in history as “King Philip’s War." “King Philip” was a royal title given to Metacomet by the Pilgrims, asa native son of Massasoit, the benevolent chief who had befriended the fragile new settle- ment at Plymouth. After surviving the first winter, the Pilgrims invited Massasoit to the first Thanksgiving, and King James I of England sent him a sterling silver pipe in appreciation of his protection and support. When King Philip became Chief, he bore the burden of his title in name only, and followed in his father’s foot-steps to maintain good relations with the new arrivals to his country. However by 1675, Wampanoag hunting grounds were over- run with settlers, and mounting un-re- solved Indian grievances led to his decla- ration of war. The offensive that followed brought Philip through this part of the country along the Indian trail known as “Big Path," in an effort to get support from the tribal nations living in the Housatonic and Hudson river valleys. As Philip and some 600 warriors threaded their way through the hills to cross the Housatonic, they had already burned a number of villages, but fortunately they found no settlers here at that time. Their presence was tolerated by the local Mohicans, but the Mohicans knew better than to take part in his strong arm tactics, and they refused to join his failing cause. Philip was forced further west into what is now New York State, hoping to enjoin the Mohawks of the mighty Iroquois federation. Instead they attacked his camp with such a devastating blow to be a turning point ultimate defeat and death in June of 1676.


Monterey news

The Mohicans in this area wit- nessed the incredible journey of General Knox dragging heavy artillery over the snow from Ft. Ticonderoga to help Gen- eral Washington drive the British out of Boston harbor. Although the Mohicans were gener- ally inclined to pass the peace-pipe around the council fires, they may have been impressed by this extraordinary over- land military maneuver and elected to fight on the side of the colonists against England. They subsequently took to the war path toward Boston to join in the battle, a path that would be put on the map as The Knox Trail. (Route 23 from Great Barrington through Monterey and Otis) When, on July 4 later that year, the Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain, with an otherwise masterful stroke of Jefferson’s brilliant penmanship, endowing all men with in- alienable rights, this did not include Indi- ans or anyone else who did not own property. After another hundred years, this omission was still in contention in the far West, as tribal nations whose land hold- ings were substantial tried to defend their birth-rights. In 1876 the battle of the Little Big Horn only temporarily stemmed the tide of transgression. Not until 1976 with the culmination of the American Indian Movement did congress vote to pay one hundred and fifty million dollars to the tribal descen- dants of this conflict for property taken from them without due process of law. Congress has since passed a REPA- TRIATIONS ACT, declaring that Na- tive American artifacts must be returned to descendants of tribes of the artifact’s origin. This may prove to be a difficult but honorable process. King Philip’s war club remains as a symbol of a clash of cultures on a war path that finally extended across the en- tire country. Brave people on both sides fought and died in a struggle that still has repercussions to this very day.


Monterey news

But local officials are also justifiably frustrated that the state has not lived up to its financialcommitment of fully funding the PILOT account for state-owned land which is exempt from conventional local property taxes. If state agencies don’t pay for their share of local expenses such as fire protection and road maintenance, local officials may feel forced to make up the difference by embracing potentially inappropriate private development which will pay its taxes. In order to work toward full funding of the state’s PILOT obligation, I am asking that language be added to the Fiscal Year 1998 state budget to provide a 20% increase over the PILOT funds recommended by the Weld/Cellucci ad- ministration. It will take some convinc- ing to demonstrate to legislators from urban districts the importance of these PILOT funds to the small, rural towns in this district, but I intend to fight for this vital financial support. The Department of Housing and Community Development (DHCD) re- cently announced a new round of fund- ing for the Municipal Incentive Grant Program. The program is designed to assist local officials in the planning, management and operation of cities and towns and the training of local officials. In past years, municipalities were re- quired to have an approved “Community Action Statement” (CAS) on file with the state in order to apply for these grants. Few small towns in western Mass. felt able to pull together the paperwork for the CAS, so few of these grants were awarded in this part of the state. This year, communities are being asked to submit only a letter of interest before submitting a formal application. If you have amunicipal program or project whic h might meet the grant criteria, contact your Board of Selectmen, Planning Board or another local agency about working with you on this grant.


Monterey news

PO BOX 01245 Dear Editor: I am not a member of the congrega- tion of the Monterey Church and never have been. I go to Quaker Meeting in Great Barrington and probably always will, but I know that I also will always feel myself to be a member of the Monterey Church family. Since I started living in Monterey full time in 1974 the church building has been important to me. I was living in a tipi beside Hunger Brook and joined the Monterey Food Co-op, which meets in the church basement or social room ev- ery month. Twenty years later I am still in the co-op, still meeting my community family to parcel out the food order and exchange news and opinions there. Every summer I take Monterey chil- dren on a series nature walks, an inde- pendent program that meets at the church and makes use of the social room, espe- cially on rainy days. All through the years the Monterey Church has been gen- erous to me and my family and has made a town center for our spread-out rural town. We had a memorial service there for my mother three years ago and felt com- forted and most welcome, as did our many friends from far away who came on that day to our town center. Like a lot of people in this town, when I say “downtown” I mean that triangle om Church to Post Office to General Store. Now one of the three, the church building or meeting house, needs fixing up. We in the co-op know that whenever it rains we have to duck a major cataract right in front of the door to 20 Years' Service - Rick Mielke Seasonal Caretaking Professional Year-Round Maintenance of Your House and Grounds 528-0864 We Return Your Calls Fully Equipped - P.


Mediumship and Survival

Along with his friends - chief among them Henry Sidgwick and Edmund Gurney - Myers became one of the iounder members ol the Society for Psychical Research, when it was formed in 1882 to put these ideas into practice, and this series is being published to mark the Society's centenary. The phenomena of the 'unseen world' to which Myers referred were originally for convenience put into live categories, each of which a committee was set up to investigate: telepathy, hypnotism, 'sensitives', apparitions and 'the various physical phenomena commonly called Spiritualistic'. Over the years the emphasis has to some extent shilted - in particular hypnotism, which at that time was dismissed as an occult delusion, was just about to be accepted as a reality, so it ceased to be on the psychic side of the fence. But broadly speaking, the phenomena under investigation are the same, and the ways in which they have been investigated have remained as Myers planned. The terminology, however, was changed - and changed rather often, which made for some confusion. Myers himself introduced xii Mediumship and Survival 'telepathy', as 'thought reading' was ambiguous; it could refer to the way in which Sherlock Holmes picked up what was in Watson s mind by watching his expression. 'Supernormal', however, which Myers thought preferable to supernatural to describe the class of phenomena with which the Society would be dealing, has since itself been replaced by 'paranormal'; and 'parapsychology' has been easing out 'psychical research' - though some researchers prefer to restrict its use to laboratory-type work, leaving 'psychical' for research into spontaneous phenomena. 'Psi' has also come in as an all-purpose term to describe the forces involved, or to identify them - for example, in distinguishing a normal from a paranormal event. If evidence were lacking for 'parascience' - as it might now more embracingly be described, because the emphasis of research has been shifting recently away from psychology to physics- it could be found in the composition of the Society, from its earliest beginnings.


Mediumship and Survival

Out of happenings of the last kind, further peculiar phenomena developed. Certain subjects began to manifest the ability to 'see' not just diseased and malfunctioning aspects of their own internal workings, but those of other people, sometimes even of distant people. A class of professional and semi-professional sensitives grew up, whose members, usually female and usually under the influence of one particular mesmeric operator, would diagnose, predict and prescribe for all comers. Now if the 'clairvoyant' vision of these ladies could reach inside people, or reach distant people, or predict the course of diseases, why should it not reach inside other kinds of closed containers, e.g. sealed boxes, or reach distant or even future scenes and events? Before long, entranced clairvoyantes were purportedly giving demonstrations of just these abilities. Some, indeed, believed that their vision extended beyond this world altogether, and regaled admiring wonder-seekers with visions of heaven, angels, other planets, guardian spirits, and the souls of deceased human beings. Out of the 'rapport' between mesmeric operator and mesmeric subject (supposedly due to the transmission of the quasi-electrical 'magnetic fluid' from the former to the latter) arose other alleged 'paranormal' phenomena. Subjects could, it was believed, read the thoughts of the operator, feel pinpricks inflicted upon him, taste substances placed in his mouth. An operator might be able to entrance or influence the subject by the sheer exercise of his will - it was supposed that he exercised this control by directing the magnetic fluid Introduction 3 into appropriate parts of his subject's nervous system. Indeed, towards the middle years of the nineteenth century, some mesmeric subjects purportedly fell under the 'control' of departed spirits and other exalted beings, and thus became 'mediums' for communication between this world and the next. The second category of phenomena falling within the SPR's field followed immediately from the first and was closely related to it.


Mediumship and Survival

Lewis, brought out a pamphlet containing the signed statements of twenty-two witnesses (90). Sight- seers began to come from miles around to witness the wonders. Eventually it became apparent that the phenomena centred not upon the house, but around the two youngest Fox children, Margaretta (aged fifteen) and Kate (aged eleven), described by Slater Brown (19, p. 99) as 'simple, corn-fed country girls'. Others discovered that they had similar gifts. The phenomena spread by a kind of infection. Persons who visited Hydesville found on their return home that the spirits would also rap for them. The Fox sisters went on the road, exhibiting their 'mediumship' in New York and other large cities, and by the early 1850s 'Spiritualism' had begun to spread quite 4 Mediumship and Survival widely through the Eastern United States. Spiritualist associations and Spiritualist newspapers sprang up, and soon the phenomena were exported (with somewhat limited success) to Britain and the Continent of Europe. (On the early history of Spiritualism, see 19 and 122c.) The relationship between mesmerism and Spiritualism was twofold. The mesmeric movement had accustomed the public to the supposed phenomena of clairvoyance, and to the idea that certain gifted sensitives might perceive, or be influenced by, the inhabitants of the next world. Thus it had prepared the ground for the acceptance of Spiritualism. But the mesmeric movement also had its own press and its own supporters, its own operators and its own clairvoyantes. These were very readily transferred to or absorbed by the growing Spiritualist movement. Mesmeric clairvoyantes, or the type of person who would previously have become such, now emerged as the first 'mental mediums' - mediums whose contact with the spirits was through 'interior' vision or hearing, or through the spirits 'taking over' and controlling their bodies or parts thereof, especially, of course, the parts required for speech and writing.


Mediumship and Survival

Of course many of these phenomena required darkness or near-darkness for their production (delicate ectoplasmic structures were, it was claimed, liable to be damaged by light, especially short-wavelength blue light), a fact which led cynics to suggest that darkness was merely a cover for fraud. This Introduction 5 suggestion received support, especially in and after the 1870s, from a series of unsavoury 'exposures'. Other phenomena of physical mediumship included: levitation of the medium, elongation of the medium's body, the production of 'spirit lights', 'apports' (small objects brought into the seance room by the spirits), the precipitation of paintings onto blank cards or canvases, and 'psychic photography' (the appearance of 'extras', often veiled in clouds of 'ectoplasm', on studio photographs of pay- ing sitters). Exposures of psychic photographers were numerous and devastating. The third category of phenomena falling within the provenance of psychical research was less directly linked with the other two, though still having some connections with them. It was that of traditional ghost stories - apparitions, hauntings, and linked perhaps thereto, assorted cases of visions, crystal visions, and so forth. It was thus, I think, in the historical setting of 1 882, fairly clear what phenomena could be designated as the subject matter of 'psychical research'. They included the phenomena of mesmerism and hypnotism; of paranormal healing; of clairvoyance, thought- transference and precognition; of mental and physical mediumship; and of apparitions and hauntings. There is no doubt, of course, that many of the founders of the SPR hoped for a positive outcome to their inquiries; hoped, that is, that impartial investigation would prove that some at least of the phenomena under scrutiny were genuine. The 1870s had been a decade in which 'scientific' materialism of a rather crude kind had made unparalleled advances at the expense of all varieties of religious belief.


Mediumship and Survival

Myers - took a similarly exalted view of the Introduction ' achievements and potentialities of psychical research. I wonder what they would make of the present state of the art. Investigations of mediumship, apparitions, and other survival-related phenomena have been to a considerable extent displaced by laboratory experiments on telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition. Problems of statistics and experimental design loom large in the literature. Computers and other electronic gadgets are widely used in both the running of experiments and the assessment of the results. There have been innovations in terminology. The Continental and American term 'parapsychology' is beginning to replace 'psychical research", to which it is largely equivalent. From America has come the term 'extrasensory perception' (ESP) to cover any instance of the apparent acquisition of non-inferential knowledge of matters of fact without the use of the known sense organs. ESP is usually said to have three varieties: 'telepathy', in which the knowledge is of events in another person's mind, 'clairvoyance', in which the knowledge is of physical objects or states of affairs; and 'precognition' (telepathic or clairvoyant), where the knowledge relates to happenings still in the future. The word 'knowledge' is, however, not entirely appropriate, for there may be telepathic or clairvoyant 'interaction', in which a person's mental state or actions may be influenced by an external state of affairs, though he does not 'know' or 'cognize' it. Another American term is 'psychokinesis' (PK), the direct influence of mental events on physical events external to the agent's body. The term ' psi' (Greek letter 4* ) is sometimes used to cover both ESP and PK. I cannot, in the space available to me, undertake a general review and assessment of the evidence for psi-phenomena. That a fairly good case can be made out for ESP will be taken for granted in much of the rest of this book.


Mediumship and Survival

Despite changes of emphasis the parapsychological enterprise today is recognizably continuous with the undertaking set afoot by those distinguished and earnest Victorians one hundred years ago. There has in fact been in the last decade or so something of a revival of interest among parapsychologists in the problem of survival. It is my task in 8 Mediumship and Survival this book to review some of the factual evidence, old and new, which has been thought to bear one way or another upon this problem. I emphasize the 'some', for it is both impossible and undesirable to attempt to be comprehensive. The quantity of potentially relevant material is enormous (a select bibliography will be found in 44e), and those who have not taken a serious look at complete sets of the Proceedings and Journal of the SPR and the ASPR have perhaps little idea of its extent. Some of this material I can cut out at once, because it consists mainly of evidence for fraud and self-deception. I omit it with regret, for much entertainment is to be derived from studying the methods of psychic photographers and fraudulent physical mediums. Another class of material which I shall omit is much harder to define satisfactorily. It consists of evidence, maybe sound, maybe not, for phenomena which, if genuine, could with some degree of plausibility be interpreted in terms of the survival hypothesis if that were antecedently established, but which do not by themselves even begin to constitute evidence for that hypothesis. Phenomena such as the production of 'spirit lights' at a seance, or the elongation of the medium's body, or the levitation of the medium into the air, will perhaps serve as examples. Such phenomena have often been attributed to the activities of 'the spirits', and they may well be very difficult to explain; but there is nothing about them, taken just in themselves, to suggest to us that they are manifestations of a personality, still less of the personality of a deceased human being.


Mediumship and Survival

A simulacrum or shell, or a hollow voice mouthing empty words, need have 'behind' them no personality, no surviving sentient mind. Further evidence would be required before we could begin to take the survivalist explanation seriously. And it is easy, up to a point, to see what such evidence would have to consist in. We would need evidence ol intelligence, ol personality characteristics, ol goals, purposes and allections, and ol a stream of memory, that are largely or recognizably continuous with those once possessed by a certain formerly incarnate human being. That is the sort of evidence Introduction 9 we are concerned with, and a materialization, 'direct voice', or tape- recorded spirit voice, would have to provide it in addition to mere physical similarity before we could begin to take it seriously as evidence lor survival. For that reason phenomena of these classes will not often be mentioned in this book. I shall instead, and by the same token, concentrate upon classes of phenomena - certain sorts of apparitions, and some cases of mental mediumship and of ostensible reincarnation - which do sometimes appear to provide evidence for the survival of a personality. Of course the notion of personal identity is a complex and elusive one, and some people would say that personal identity is logically as well as factually linked to bodily continuity, so that it makes no sense to talk of a person surviving the dissolution of his body. I shall touch brielly on this issue later on. Another possibility to be borne in mind - one with which not a little of the evidence could be squared - is that there is survival, but survival only of a diminished and truncated something, capable ol manifesting as a quasi-person in certain circumstances, but not ordinarily to be thought of as a person at all.


Mediumship and Survival

I do not, however, want to spend too much time discussing such issues in the abstract before I have given some concrete examples ol the evidence, or supposed evidence, with which we have to deal. Most of the material which I shall cite will, as I have said, come from the publications of the SPR and the ASPR. Occasionally I shall draw upon evidence of comparable quality from other sources; and where I cite cases of more dubious authenticity, it will be mainly to illustrate possibilities. Of course the question immediately arises of what, in this context, would constitute evidence of appropriate quality. Some writers of sceptical tendency are apt to deny not just that we have, but that we ever could have, evidence strong enough to establish the genuineness of such paranormal phenomena as telepathy or precognition, let alone to establish human survival of bodily death. The position of these extreme disbelievers was discussed by Edmund Gurney in an illuminating essay first published in 1887 (54). Many ol them have implicitly based themselves on principles derived from a celebrated essay on miracles by the eighteenth century Scottish philosopher, David Hume. Hume's argument (suitably emended) is, in essence, this. The cumulative evidence in favour of certain basic 10 Mediumship and Survival 'laws of nature' is immensely strong, so strong, in fact, that no evidence in favour of an event contravening one of them, in favour, that is, of a paranormal phenomenon, could ever outweigh it. Hence whenever we encounter supposed evidence for a paranormal event, we are always justified in dismissing that evidence. The 'laws of nature' taken by upholders of this doctrine as 'basic' are commonly ones which they think fundamental to a rather crudely materialistic view of the universe. If practising scientists as a body had ever come to take this argument seriously we would, I suppose, still believe ourselves to inhabit a universe whose leading features would be conceived precisely as they were conceived at the moment of mass conversion to Hume's doctrines.


Mediumship and Survival

The first of these possibilities does not strike me as a very serious one, at least so far as the cases investigated by the SPR are concerned. It is true that several hoaxes have come to light alter the publication of the case reports. But in the great majority of cases the witnesses have been persons of unblemished reputation, with no apparent motive for deceit. They have as a matter ol routine given signed statements to the Society's representatives, they have submitted to questioning, their 12 Mediumship and Survival friends have given corroborative testimony, all relevant supporting documents, e.g. death certificates, have been obtained and put on file; and so forth. I do not think that under these circumstances it is reasonable to postulate wholesale hoaxing as a general explanation of the inflow of case reports. The matter stands somewhat differently with regard to possible fraud by mediums. Many physical mediums, and some mental mediums, have been caught in the most egregious trickery. Still, I shall not in this book be dealing with physical mediumship to any extent, and the mental mediums whom I shall principally discuss - most notably Mrs Piper and Mrs Leonard - were never caught in fraud despite some rigorous precautions. In the case of Mrs Piper these precautions included opening her mail and having her shadowed by detectives to ascertain whether or not she employed agents. Mrs Leonard was also at one time shadowed by detectives. I do not think that the fraud hypothesis will help us here. 2. Mistaken Testimony That eyewitness testimony, especially as to unusual or bizarre happenings, cannot be relied upon, is a commonplace of sceptical assaults upon the credibility of evidence for the sorts of phenomena we are considering; and it is a commonplace which can be substantiated by an appeal to a large body of psychological findings.


Mediumship and Survival

These findings, however, bear somewhat unequally upon different parts of our subject- matter. Testimony concerning the phenomena of physical medium- ship, which are commonly exhibited under conditions of near darkness and of emotional stress, is notoriously unreliable. However I shall present very little of such testimony. When it comes to mental mediumship the case is different. We usually have complete contemporary records of what such mediums say or write, so that the question of mistaken testimony rarely arises. It is over stories of apparitions and related phenomena that the problem impinges most directly upon the subject-matter of this book. Some writers (see, e.g., 169a) appear to want to dismiss almost all testimony concerning apparitions on the following grounds: (a) In only a lew cases did the percipients immediately write down a lull account of their experience. Stories told months or even years after the event are likely to be seriously in error, for memory is notoriously fallible, and tall stories tend to grow with retelling. In one celebrated case, the principal witness, Sir Edmund Hornby, claimed that he saw Introduction 1 3 an apparition whilst he was in bed with his wife, who also confirmed the story. However it was later established that at the date of the supposed apparition Sir Edmund was not yet married, (b) Numerous experimental investigations have cast doubt on the reliability ol eyewitness testimony even when that testimony has been given immediately alter the event. I do not think that these objectives are very powerful. With regard to (a) we do have the witnesses' contemporary statements in a modest number of cases. Furthermore there is no reason to believe that percipients ol apparitions have a general tendency towards retrospective exaggeration. Stevenson (153b) gives a number of instances in which witnesses have written a second account many years alter the first without introducingsubstantialchangesorexaggerations.


Nicaraguas Slow March to Communism

Nine months after the revolution- ary junta look office, its two "bourgeois" representatives resigned in disillusion- ment. One, Violetta Chamorro, insisted disingenuously that she resigned only for reasons of health, citing a fractured bone in her foot. The other, Alfonso Robelo, Tounded the Social Democratic Party. This was hardly the behavior of a class- conscious bourgeoisie. Thus, when Somoza fell, the Sandinistas were somewhat surprised to discover the extent of their own dominance. As the movement's leadership explained to the Sandinista Assembly two months after Somoza's ouster: "Sandinism repre- sents the sole domestic force, . . . Our failure to exercise full power has been more pro forma and quantitative than real and qualitative." Had the Sandinistas been willing to live with the moderate program of the junta that they themselves had helped to write, their pride of place in the broad coalition that had toppled Somoza and in any revolutionary government would have been secure. This would have been assured not only by their military strength but because virtually everyone in Nicaragua recognized their leader- ship of the anti-Somoza rebellion and admired their courage and self-sacrifice. But to be the leaders of a coalition government with moderate goals, to wield power only within limits, was not for them. As their leaders put it many times in that period: "we have a project." That project was to remake Nicaraguan society according to their particular conception of socialism. What made the "project" especially difficult is that the FSLN was so small. In their penultimate offensive of September 1978, the Sandinistas had thrown 1 50 fighters into the battle, according to Humberto Ortega, their chief military commander. That was almost certainly the bulk of their membership. Hundreds, 5 perhaps a few thousand, flocked to fight under the Sandinista banner during the ensuing months, but though welcomed as combatants, few were accepted as members.


Nicaraguas Slow March to Communism

The Sandinistas have coped with this dilemmas in two ways. One is to import large numbers of cadres from Communist countries, especially Cuba. The other is to extend the tentacles of social control from the bottom up, reaching Nicaraguans where they live, work, study, and shop, while leaving in place the most visible symbols of opposition and "pluralism" so as not to enrage the beast to the north. The U.S. government estimates that there are 7,500 Cubans stationed in Nicaragua, of whom about 3,000 are assigned to the military and security services, as well as several hundred Russians and East Europeans and several score Libyans and PLO, Cuban military personnel serve with each unit of the Nicaraguan army from the company level up. In the security services, Cubans are reported to have charge of the unit providing personal bodyguards to the Lommandantes, and provide guidance in all fields, except "high tech" intelli- gence methods for which East Germans are preferred. In one case, and perhaps more, a Cuban has been given Nicaraguan citizenship and been made one of the official chiefs of Nicaraguan intelligence. Bulgarians serve in the Ministry of Planning as the chief economic advisers. Non-communist governments that offered to send personnel to Nicaragua were rebuffed by the Sandinistas. This included not only the United States, which offered Peace Corps volunteers, but also Costa Rica which offered ii .1. Ik-is and Panama which offered military advisors. These two governments wne rebuffed despite the fact that they provided critical assistance to the FSLN in lis wai against Somoza, including the transshipment and "laundering" of the ( uban supplied weapons on which the revolution depended. This is only one piece of a vast amount of evidence that refutes the ' iindiniflas' claim to be "nonaligned," as well as the argument of some western ■ >l''.n vers that they are aligned only ambiguously or reluctantly.


Nicaraguas Slow March to Communism

Borge said that these officials had gained their positions as a "refuge to avoid punishment and repudiation." But leading Nicaraguan dissidents say that the FSLN deliberately recruited these Somocistas, using their known former affiliations as blackmail to assure their obedience. Since anyone holding an official position in the CDS was certainly checked out by Borge's State Security force (DGSE), and indeed since defectors from the DGSE say that CDS officials report to or are employed by State Security, it is hard to believe that Borge was unaware of the role played by ex-Somocistas. More likely, Borge's belated acknowledgment of that role is prelude to the tirne-honored Communist practice of purging underlings as scapegoats to assuage popular discontent. The CDS's and the workplace party Base Committees stamp Nicaragua with one of the distinct characteristics of totalitarian systems — citizens are not allowed to be politically neutral or uninvolved. Merely not to belong to the CDS or Base Committee marks someone as derelict from the Sandinista norms of good citizenship and invites suspicion. The consequences may not be dire, but the act requires courage. Every individual, thus, faces a choice of either participating in the institutions that enforce conformity or being their victim. The CDS's also exemplify another feature of Nicaraguan society that severely vitiates its claim to "pluralism." This is the intertwining of party and state institutions. As pro~Sandinist academic Richard Fagen has explained it, the FSLN's definition of its "vanguard" role is "that FSLN hegemony . . , ought to be a structural, not just a temporary, feature of the political economy of the nation.'" Thus, for example, although the CDS's are party institutions, they distribute ration cards. Salaries for top CDS officials, and other party expendi- tures, are paid out of public revenues. In the schools, students are required to sing both the Sandinista and Nicaraguan anthems and to salute both the national and the Sandinista flags.


Nicaraguas Slow March to Communism

It also lured the priest who serves as spokesman for Radio Catolica to the home of a female parishioner where he was seized, stripped of his clothes and then pushed out of the house naked to be filmed by a Sandinista TV crew, which just happened to be waiting outside. And it apparently sent a group of agents, posing as representatives of the Interna- tional Red Cross, to a Miskito village, where they asked to be directed to the hideouts of local Miskito resistance forces, in order to bring them humanitarian aid. On the other hand, the Sandinistas have indulged in little eye-catching violence. A relatively small number of executions have been attributed to them, and physical torture of prisoners is far less common than psychological abuse. This has distinguished the FSLN from many other triumphant Communist parties and has gone far toward softening Western perceptions of them. Their behavior seems all the more commendable in view of the sanguinary political traditions of Nicaragua, and the fact that the Somoza regime, though in most 13 w;iys less restrictive than the Sandinistas, had a reputation for crude brutality. One major exception to this relatively benign pattern of Sandinista behavior has been in their war with the Miskito Indians. Numerous instances of executions and torture, as well as rapes and other abuse of Miskito civilians have been documented to the satisfaction of all impartial observers. In addition, lecent testimony from some DGSE defectors raises questions about whether, in other situations far from public view, the Sandinistas have indulged in more killing and physical torture than has previously been realized. Although the FSLN has refrained, for whatever reasons, from unleashing an outright reign of terror, it instead conducts a reign of intimidation. Opposition figures are often arrested for brief periods of interrogation, during which they are sometimes subjected to death threats both against themselves and their families.


Nicaraguas Slow March to Communism

Brooklyn Rivera, one of the Miskito leaders, commented: "They try to control an organization. If that fails, they try to divide it. If that fails they form another organization with a simi- lar name." For the moment, the parallel organizations contribute to the process of weakening and discouraging the original ones. In the long term, the Sandinistas may foresee mergers between various of the parallel groups and their counter- part originals, as a graceful, relatively non-controversial way for the latter to expire. After more than six years of rule, the Sandinistas have brought ruin to the Nicaraguan economy. According to official Nicaraguan figures, the economy has been shrinking while inflation and foreign debt have been soaring. GNP per eapita has fallen to the levels of twenty years ago. Immense increases in the price of food and clothing, without any commensurate wage increases, mean that the average Nicaragua's standard of living has plummeted. This of course has been exacerbated by the civil war and the U.S. embargo, but its fundamental cause is irrational economic policies that transformed a food exporting country into a land of severe shortages. It is not clear how much this distresses the Sandinistas. "Our economy might drop to 1940 levels," said Jaime Wheelock, but "the important thing is . . . the ability to make the revolution prevail" against its enemies. And although the economy drops, the Sandinista rulers themselves don't share in the privations. They have taken for themselves the homes, cars and luxuries left behind by Somoza and expropriated from other wealthy Nicaraguans. Las Colinas, a luxury neighborhood of Managua, is now largely populated by the Sandinista due, guarded by a roadblock that keeps ordinary Nicaraguans away. Borge and some of the other commandantes are known to each have several homes and » .11 s, justified on the grounds that this improves their security.


User's reference guide : a complete, detailed guide to using and enjoying your Texas Instruments TI-99/4A computer

SELECT" switch on the modulator and the channel selector on your television are set to the same channel (either 3 or 4, whichever is not a broadcasting channel in your area). User's Reference Guide 1-3 General Information A TOUR OF YOUR COMPUTER Your computer console is the central part of your computer system. It's designed so that all of the other units of the system easily connect to this console. No tools are required. Getting Started Let's look at the front and right side of your computer. 1 1 This is the ON/OFF switch. The small light next to the switch indicates when the computer is ON. 2 Command Module software* snaps into this oudet. 3 This keyboard is used to type information into the computer. 4 This outlet is for optional peripheral accessories. Details are included with the appropriate peripheral. This is the back and left side of the console: 7 5 The Cassette Interface Cable* connects to the console at this 9-pin "D" outlet. 6 The Power Cord attaches to the console at this 4-pin outlet. 7 This 5-pin connector (also called a DIN connector) is for audio-out and video-out. This connector will insert easily when properly aligned. 8 The Wired Remote Controllers connect to this 9-pin outlet. Details are included with the accessory. {Note: Do not confuse this 9-pin outlet with the 9-pin outlet on the back of the console. They are not interchangeable.) *sold separately General Information A Tour of the Keyboard Let's take a close look at the keyboard. The keyboard is like a standard typewriter, with keys of several types. Pressing any key causes its lower-case (small capital) character to display on the screen, and holding down the SHIFT key while pressing any other key returns the uppercase (large capital) character for that key. Except for the alphabetical keys, each key's upper-case character is printed at the top of the key face, while the lower-case character is printed at the bottom.


Built-in Numeric Functions A glossary of often-used terms is found in the back of this manual. Notational Conventions At the beginning of the discussion for each TI BASIC command or statement, a line appears which shows the general format for entering the command or statement. Certain notational conventions have been used in these format lines. These conventions are discussed here to help you understand how they are used. { } - The braces indicate that you have a choice of what to use. You may use only one of the items given within the braces. []- The brackets indicate that the item within is optional. You may use it if you wish, but it is not required. ... - The ellipsis indicates that the preceding item may be repeated as many times as you desire. italics - Words appearing in italics are a general description of the item or items that need to appear there. When words are printed in italics, you need to enter your own choice in place of the italicized words when you enter the statement or command. Examples For each statement or command in this manual, program examples are shown at the right. Each line you must enter is indicated by the prompt character (>) to the left of the line, just as it appears on the screen. Lines which the computer places on the screen do not show the prompt character. The examples shown in this book are printed in upper-case (large capital) letters. If you want to reproduce the examples exactly as you see them here, press down the ALPHA LOCK key. In most cases the computer accepts either upper-case or lower- case letters. However, when you LIST a program, the screen displays all reserved words, variable names, and subprogram names as large capitals. • User's Reference Guide II-3 General Information Introduction Once your computer is set up, it is a simple process to begin using TI BASIC.


FCTN *- (LEFT) - The Left- Arrow (backspace) key moves the cursor one position to the left every time it is pressed. When the cursor moves over a character it does not delete or change it in any way. If the cursor reaches the beginning of the line, pressing the Left-Arrow key has no effect. FCTH -* (RIGHT) - The Right- Arrow (forwardspace) key moves the cursor one position to the right each time it is pressed. Using this key allows you to move the cursor over a character without deleting or changing it in any way. If the cursor reaches the end of the line (4 screen lines), pressing the Right-Arrow key has no effect. FCTH 2 (INS) - The Insert key is used to insert characters in the middle of a program line. To insert characters, position the cursor (using FCTH - or FCTH - ) over the character immediately to the right of the place where you wish to insert characters, then press the Insert key. After you have pressed the Insert key, each time you press a character, the cursor and every character of the program line that is not to the left of the cursor is moved one position to the right. The character corresponding to the key you pressed is then inserted in the blank position left by the shifting of the cursor and other characters. Note that characters shifted off the end of the program line are deleted from the line. When you have finished inserting characters, press any other special key listed above, except QUIT. User's Reference Guide II-5 Special Keys FCTN 1 (DEL) - The Delete key is used to delete characters from the program line. To delete characters, position the cursor (using FCTN - or FCTN - ) over the character you wish to delete, then press the Delete key. When you press the Delete key, the character under the cursor is deleted and all characters of the program line to the right of the cursor are moved one position to the left.


The cursor does not move. A blank space is used to fill the position at the right end of the program line left by the shifting of the characters. FCTN 4 (CLEAR) - The Clear or Break key has two functions, depending on when you use it. ■ When this key is pressed while a program is running, a breakpoint will be taken at the next program line to be executed. This key allows you to temporarily stop a program while it is running. Note that you must continue to hold the Break key until the program stops running. When you stop running a program using the Break key, the message "BREAKPOINT AT line-number" is displayed. The program line designated by the line-number has not been performed. You can start the program running again where you stopped by entering the CONTINUE command. ■ When the Clear key is pressed while typing in a program line, the line scrolls up on the screen and is not entered. This key has additional functions in Edit Mode and in Number Mode. FCTN 3 (ERASE) - The Erase key erases the entire program line which you are typing. The line is not entered. This key works differently in Edit Mode and Number Mode. SPACE BAR The Space Bar moves the cursor one position to the right each time it is pressed. If you move the cursor over a character using the Space Bar, that character is replaced by the space character. Blank Spaces In general, a blank space can occur almost anywhere in a program without affecting the execution of the program. However, any extra blank spaces you put in that are not required will be deleted when the program line is displayed by the EDIT, NUM, or LIST command. There are some places where blank spaces must not appear, specifically: (1) within a line number (2) within a reserved word (3) within a numeric constant (4) within a variable name The following are some examples of incorrect use of blank spaces.


Note that when an existing program line is displayed in Number Mode, the prompt character ( >) is not shown to the left of the line number. This indicates the line is an existing program line and you may choose to edit the line. For information on editing, see the section below. If you do not want to change the existing line, simply press ENTER when the line is displayed and it will not be changed. After you press ENTER, the next line number is generated. In Number Mode, if you enter a program line and an error occurs, the appropriate error message is displayed as usual and then the same line number is displayed again. Retype the line correctly and then enter it again. If a line number would be generated in Number Mode which is greater than 32767, the computer leaves Number Mode. Editing in Number Mode Whether you are entering new lines or changing existing program lines while in Number Mode, all of the special editing keys may be used. Since some of the keys work differently in Number Mode than in Command Mode, the keys and how they work in Number Mode are discussed here. ENTER - This key has different functions depending on the situation. The functions and situations are described below. ■ If you press ENTER immediately after a line number is generated, then the computer leaves Number Mode. ■ If you type in a statement after the line number is generated and then press ENTER, the new line is added to the program. Then the next line number is generated. ■ If an existing program line is displayed and you press ENTER immediately after it is displayed, the line remains the same in the program. Then the next line number is generated. ■ If an existing program line is displayed and you erase the entire text of the line (leaving only the line number on the screen) and then press enter, the computer leaves Number Mode.


When you enter Edit Mode, the program line you requested is displayed on the screen. The prompt character (>) is not displayed to the left of the line when you are in Edit Mode. When the requested line is displayed, the flashing cursor is positioned in the second character position to the right of the line number. Changes may be made to any character on the line except the line number using the special keys described below and typing over the characters you wish to change. You cannot move the cursor back over the line number. Thus, you cannot change the line number in Edit Mode. The special editing keys and their functions in Edit Mode are discussed here. ENTER - When you press the ENTER key, all changes you have made to the program line become permanent and the computer leaves Edit Mode. If you have erased the entire text of the program line and then press ENTER, the program line is deleted. Note that the cursor does not have to be at the end of the line for the entire line to be entered. FCTN t (UP) - When you press the Up-Arrow key, all changes you have made to the program line are entered and become permanent. The next lower numbered line in the program is then displayed for editing. If no lower numbered program line exists, then the computer leaves Edit Mode. Note that the cursor does not have to be at the end of the line for the entire line to be entered by the Up-Arrow key. FCTN I (DOWN) - When you press the Down-Arrow key, all changes you have made to the program line are entered and become permanent. The next higher numbered program line is then displayed for editing. If no higher numbered program line exists, then the computer leaves Edit Mode.


FCTN 4 (CLEAR) — If you press the Clear key at any time while in Edit Mode, the current line scrolls up on the screen and the computer leaves Edit Mode. Any changes which had been made on the line before you pressed the Clear key are ignored. Thus, the existing program line does not change. FCTN 3 (ERASE) — The Erase key erases the entire text of the program line currently displayed for editing. The line number is not erased. User's Reference Guide 11-39 SAVE SAVE file-name The SAVE command allows you to copy the current program in the computer's memory onto an accessory device. By using the OLD command, you can later put the program into memory for running or editing. A brief explanation of using a cassette recorder as a storage device is given here. (For a more detailed discussion, see the "Cassette Interface Cable" section of this manual.) Instructions for using the TI Disk Memory System are given in the owner's manual that accompanies the TI Disk Drive Controller. You select which cassette recorder the computer will use by entering the file-name CSl or CS2 following the keyword SAVE. After you have connected your recorder to the computer, type the SAVE command, and press ENTER. The computer then begins printing instructions on the screen to help you understand the SAVE procedures. Follow the directions as they appear on the screen. On the right are the computer-generated SAVE instructions. CSl is used in the example, but the same procedures apply for CS2 also. When you enter the SAVE command, the computer tells you how to use the recorder, as shown on the right. After the program has been copied, the computer asks if you want to check the tape to be sure your program was recorded correctly. If you press N, the flashing cursor will appear at the left of the screen.


The "File Processing" section helps you construct the statements used with accessory devices. And, since your TI computer is enhanced by graphics, color, and sound, many built-in subprograms also serve an input-output function. The "Color Graphics and Sound" section shows you how to use these features. User's Reference Guide INPUT INPUT [input-prompt:] variable-list (For information on the use of the INPUT statement with a file, see the "File Processing" section.) This form of the INPUT statement is used when entering data via the keyboard. The INPUT statement causes the program to pause until valid data is entered from the keyboard. Although the computer usually accepts up to one input line (4 lines on your screen) for each INPUT statement, a long list of values may be rejected by the computer. If you receive the message "LINE TOO LONG" after entering an input line, you will need to divide the lengthy INPUT statement into at least two separate statements. Entering the Input Statement The input-prompt is a string expression that indicates on the screen the values you should enter at that time. Including an input-prompt in the INPUT statement is optional. When the computer performs an INPUT statement that does not have an input-prompt, it displays a question mark (?) followed by a space and waits for you to enter your data. If you use an input-prompt, the string expression must be followed by a colon. When the computer performs this type of INPUT statement, it will display the input-prompt message on the screen and wait for you to enter your data. The variable-list contains those variables which are assigned values when the INPUT statement is performed. Variable names in the variable-list are separated by commas and may be numeric and/or string variables.


Data in the data-lists are obtained via READ statements when the program is run. The data-list contains the values to be assigned to the variables specified in the variable-list of a READ statement. Items in the data-list art separated by commas. When a program reaches a DATA statement, it proceeds to the next statement with no other effect. DATA statements may appear anywhere in a program, but the order in which they appear is important. Data from the data-lists are read sequentially, beginning with the first item in the first DATA statement. If your program includes more than one DATA statement, the DATA statements are read in ascending line-number order unless otherwise specified by a RESTORE statement. Thus, the order in which the data appears within the data-list and the order of the DATA statements within the program normally determine in which order the data is read. Data in the data-list must correspond to the type of the variable to which it is assigned. Thus, if a numeric variable is specified in the READ statement, a numeric constant must be in the corresponding place in the DATA statement. Similarly, if a string variable is specified, a string constant must be in the corresponding place in the DATA statement. Remember that a number is a valid string, so you may have a number in the corresponding place in the DATA statement when a string constant is required. When using string constants in a DATA statement, you may enclose the string in quotes. However, if the string you include contains a comma, a leading quote mark, leading spaces, or trailing spaces, it must be enclosed in quotes. If the list of string constants in the DATA statement contains adjacent commas, the computer assumes you want to enter a null string (a string with no characters).


BASIC program is cleared by insertion of a Command Module. REMEDY Check that transformer power cord is plugged into the wall. Ensure that power cord is connected to the rear of the console. Check that power is on, and screen controls are set for optimum picture. Ensure that cables are properly connected as specified in the Color Monitor Operating Guide and Warranty. See that volume control is turned to proper level. Check connection of cables. Ensure that cassette is connected to the 9-pin connector on the rear of the unit . See "General Information." Remember that the cassette motor is controlled by the computer. Read the instructions in the "Cassette Interface Cable" section. Ensure that unit is connected to the 9-pin connector on the leftside of the computer console, and that ALPHA LOCK is in the off (up) position. Remember that only certain software is designed for use with the Remote Controls. This is a normal reset procedure designed to protect your color screen. Stray characters appear or other erratic operation occurs or computer will not respond to keyboard input. Static electricity discharges from the user to the console can alter program data stored in the internal memory. To correct this problem turn the console off and then on. A Command Module especially designed to verify proper operation of the major functions of your system is available at your retailer. You can also purchase the Diagnostic module for use at home. User's Reference Guide V-1 Maintenance and Service Information When returning your computer for repair or replacement, return the computer console, power cord, and any Command Modules which were involved when the difficulty occurred. For your protection, the computer should be sent insured; Texas Instruments cannot assume any responsibility for loss or damage to the computer during shipment. It is recommended that the computer be shipped in its original container to minimize the possibility of shipping damage.